Provided by: netpbm_10.97.00-2_amd64 
NAME
pamhomography - map one arbitrary quadrilateral image region to another
SYNOPSIS
pamhomography
[-from=coords]
[-to=coords]
[-mapfile=map_file]
[-view=coords]
[-fill=color]
[pam_file]
You can abbreviate any option to its shortest unique prefix. You can use two hyphens
instead of one to delimit an option. You can separate an option from its value with
whitespace instead of =.
DESCRIPTION
This program is part of Netpbm ⟨http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/⟩ .
pamhomography transforms a quadrilateral-not necessarily rectangular-region of an image,
producing a new image.
You can do any affine image transformation
⟨https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_transformation#Image_transformation⟩ : translation,
reflection, scaling, rotation, and shearing/skewing. However, pamhomography additionally
can do bilinear transforms, which means it can warp any quadrilateral to any other
quadrilateral, even when this mapping cannot be described using a single set of linear
equations. This can be useful, for example, for creating perspective views of rectangular
images or for reverse-mapping a perspective view back to a rectangular projection.
OPTIONS
In addition to the options common to all programs based on libnetpbm (most notably -quiet,
see Common Options ⟨http://index.html#commonoptions⟩ ), pamhomography recognizes the
following command line options:
-from=coords
This defines the source quadrilateral. coords is a list of four
integer-valued (x, y) coordinates. If you do not
specify -from, the source quadrilateral is taken to be the four
corners of the input image in clockwise order, starting from the upper
left.
-to=coords
This defines the target quadrilateral. coords is a list of four integer-valued (x,
y) coordinates. If you do not specify -to, the target quadrilateral is taken to be
the four corners of the input image in clockwise order, starting from the upper
left.
-mapfile=map_file
This names a text file that describes the mapping from the source to the target
quadrilateral. The file map_file must contain either eight integer-valued (x, y)
coordinates, being the four source coordinates followed by the corresponding four
target coordinates, or only four (x, y) coordinates, being only the four target
coordinates. In the latter case, the source quadrilateral is taken to be the four
corners of the input image in clockwise order, starting from the upper left.
-view=coords
This defines the target view. coords is a list of two integer-valued (x, y)
coordinates: the upper left and lower right boundaries, respectively, of the pixels
that will be visible in the output image. If -view is not specified, the target
view will fit precisely the target quadrilateral.
-fill=color
This is the color with which the program fills all pixels that lie outside of the
target quadrilateral. Specify the color as described for the
argument of the pnm_parsecolor() library routine
⟨http://libnetpbm_image.html#colorname⟩ .
The default is black, and for images with a transparency plane, transparent.
Cooordinates should normally be specified in clockwise order. The syntax is fairly
flexible: all characters other than the plus sign, minus sign, and digits are treated as
separators. Although coordinates need to be integers, they may lie outside the image's
boundary.
If you specify -mapfile along with -from and/or -to, -from and -to override the
quadrilaterals specified by map_file.
PARAMETERS
pamhomography's only parameter, pam_file, is the name of the
file containing the input image. If you don't specify pam_file, the
image comes from Standard Input.
NOTES
The output image uses the same Netpbm format as the input image.
Simple transformations are best handled by other Netpbm programs, such as those listed in
the 'SEE ALSO' ⟨#SEE-ALSO⟩ section below. Use pamhomography for more sophisticated
transformations such as perspective adjustments, rotations around an arbitrary point in
the image, extraction of non-rectangular quadrilaterals, shearings by coordinates rather
than by angle, and, in general, all transformations that are most easily expressed as
mapping four points in one image to four points in another image.
EXAMPLES
The following examples use the park_row.ppm ⟨park_row.ppm⟩ test image, which is a
photograph of New York City's Park Row Building
⟨https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:15_Park_Row_3.JPG⟩ , scaled to 441×640,
converted to a PPM file, and redistributed under the terms of the
GFDL ⟨https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License⟩ .
The first example showcases the real power of bilinear transformations. Assuming
park_row_rect.map has the following contents:
(0, 0) (440, 0) (440, 639) (0, 639)
then
projects the building's facade from a perspective view to a rectilinear front-on view.
Remember that pamhomography ignores the parentheses and commas used in park_row_rect.map;
they merely make the file more human-readable. We equivalently could have written
or any of myriad other variations.
pamhomography can warp the image to a trapezoid to make it look like it's leaning
backwards in 3-D:
As a very simple example,
flips the image left-to-right. Note that in this case the target quadrilateral's
coordinates are listed in counterclockwise order because that represents the
correspondence between points (0, 0) ↔ (440, 0) and (0, 639) ↔ (639, 0).
Scaling is also straightforward. The following command scales down the image from
441×640 to 341×540:
Let's add 100 pixels of tan border to the above. We use -view and -fill to accomplish that
task:
We can add a border without having to scale the image:
The -view option can also be used to extract a rectangle out of an image, discarding the
rest of the image:
Specifying the same set of coordinates to -from and -to has the same effect but also
allows you to extract non-rectangular quadrilaterals from an image:
Rotation is doable but takes some effort. The challenge is that you need to compute the
rotated coordinates yourself. The matrix expression to rotate points \((x_1, y_1)\)
\((x_2, y_2)\), \((x_3, y_3)\), and \((x_4, y_4)\) clockwise by \(\theta\) degrees around
point \((c_x, c_y)\) is
\[ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & c_x \\ 0 & 1 & c_y \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}
\cos \theta & -\sin \theta & 0 \\ \sin \theta & \cos \theta & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & -c_x \\ 0 & 1 & -c_y \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}
x_1 & x_2 & x_3 & x_4 \\ y_1 & y_2 & y_3 & y_4 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \quad. \]
For example, to rotate park_row.ppm 30° clockwise around (220, 320) you would compute
\[ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 220 \\ 0 & 1 & 320 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}
\cos 30^{\circ} & -\sin 30^{\circ} & 0 \\ \sin 30^{\circ} & \cos 30^{\circ} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 &
1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & -220 \\ 0 & 1 & -320 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 440 & 440 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 639 & 639 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix} =
\begin{bmatrix} 189.4744 & 570.5256 & 251.0256 & -130.0256 \\ -67.1281 & 152.8719 &
706.2621 & 486.2621 \\ 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 \end{bmatrix} \quad, \]
round these coordinates to integers, transpose the matrix, and produce the following map
file, park_row_rot30.map:
571 153
251 706
-130 486
(These are the 'to' coordinates; we use the default, full-image 'from' coordinates.) The
mapping then works as in all of the preceding examples:
SEE ALSO
•
pamcut(1)
•
pamenlarge(1)
•
pamflip(1)
•
pamperspective(1)
•
pamscale(1)
•
pamstretch(1)
•
pam(1)
•
pnmmargin(1)
•
pnmpad(1)
•
pnmrotate(1)
•
pnmshear(1)
HISTORY
pamhomography was new in Netpbm 10.94 (March 2021).
AUTHOR
Copyright © 2020 Scott Pakin, scott+pbm@pakin.org
Table of Contents
•
SYNOPSIS ⟨#SYNOPSIS⟩
•
DESCRIPTION ⟨#DESCRIPTION⟩
•
OPTIONS ⟨#OPTIONS⟩
•
PARAMETERS ⟨#PARAMETERS⟩
•
NOTES ⟨#NOTES⟩
•
EXAMPLES ⟨#EXAMPLES⟩
•
SEE ALSO ⟨#SEE-ALSO⟩
•
HISTORY ⟨#HISTORY⟩
•
AUTHOR ⟨#AUTHOR⟩
DOCUMENT SOURCE
This manual page was generated by the Netpbm tool 'makeman' from HTML source. The master
documentation is at
http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pamhomography.html