Provided by: systemd_251.4-1ubuntu7_amd64 
NAME
systemd-analyze - Analyze and debug system manager
SYNOPSIS
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] [time]
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] blame
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] critical-chain [UNIT...]
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] dump
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] plot [>file.svg]
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] dot [PATTERN...] [>file.dot]
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] unit-paths
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] exit-status [STATUS...]
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] capability [CAPABILITY...]
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] condition CONDITION...
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] syscall-filter [SET...]
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] filesystems [SET...]
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] calendar SPEC...
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] timestamp TIMESTAMP...
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] timespan SPAN...
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] cat-config NAME|PATH...
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] verify [FILE...]
systemd-analyze [OPTIONS...] security UNIT...
DESCRIPTION
systemd-analyze may be used to determine system boot-up performance statistics and
retrieve other state and tracing information from the system and service manager, and to
verify the correctness of unit files. It is also used to access special functions useful
for advanced system manager debugging.
If no command is passed, systemd-analyze time is implied.
systemd-analyze time
This command prints the time spent in the kernel before userspace has been reached, the
time spent in the initial RAM disk (initrd) before normal system userspace has been
reached, and the time normal system userspace took to initialize. Note that these
measurements simply measure the time passed up to the point where all system services have
been spawned, but not necessarily until they fully finished initialization or the disk is
idle.
Example 1. Show how long the boot took
# in a container
$ systemd-analyze time
Startup finished in 296ms (userspace)
multi-user.target reached after 275ms in userspace
# on a real machine
$ systemd-analyze time
Startup finished in 2.584s (kernel) + 19.176s (initrd) + 47.847s (userspace) = 1min 9.608s
multi-user.target reached after 47.820s in userspace
systemd-analyze blame
This command prints a list of all running units, ordered by the time they took to
initialize. This information may be used to optimize boot-up times. Note that the output
might be misleading as the initialization of one service might be slow simply because it
waits for the initialization of another service to complete. Also note: systemd-analyze
blame doesn't display results for services with Type=simple, because systemd considers
such services to be started immediately, hence no measurement of the initialization delays
can be done. Also note that this command only shows the time units took for starting up,
it does not show how long unit jobs spent in the execution queue. In particular it shows
the time units spent in "activating" state, which is not defined for units such as device
units that transition directly from "inactive" to "active". This command hence gives an
impression of the performance of program code, but cannot accurately reflect latency
introduced by waiting for hardware and similar events.
Example 2. Show which units took the most time during boot
$ systemd-analyze blame
32.875s pmlogger.service
20.905s systemd-networkd-wait-online.service
13.299s dev-vda1.device
...
23ms sysroot.mount
11ms initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service
3ms sys-kernel-config.mount
systemd-analyze critical-chain [UNIT...]
This command prints a tree of the time-critical chain of units (for each of the specified
UNITs or for the default target otherwise). The time after the unit is active or started
is printed after the "@" character. The time the unit takes to start is printed after the
"+" character. Note that the output might be misleading as the initialization of services
might depend on socket activation and because of the parallel execution of units. Also,
similar to the blame command, this only takes into account the time units spent in
"activating" state, and hence does not cover units that never went through an "activating"
state (such as device units that transition directly from "inactive" to "active").
Moreover it does not show information on jobs (and in particular not jobs that timed out).
Example 3. systemd-analyze critical-chain
$ systemd-analyze critical-chain
multi-user.target @47.820s
└─pmie.service @35.968s +548ms
└─pmcd.service @33.715s +2.247s
└─network-online.target @33.712s
└─systemd-networkd-wait-online.service @12.804s +20.905s
└─systemd-networkd.service @11.109s +1.690s
└─systemd-udevd.service @9.201s +1.904s
└─systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service @7.306s +1.776s
└─kmod-static-nodes.service @6.976s +177ms
└─systemd-journald.socket
└─system.slice
└─-.slice
systemd-analyze dump
This command outputs a (usually very long) human-readable serialization of the complete
server state. Its format is subject to change without notice and should not be parsed by
applications.
Example 4. Show the internal state of user manager
$ systemd-analyze --user dump
Timestamp userspace: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp generators-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp generators-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp units-load-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp units-load-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
-> Unit proc-timer_list.mount:
Description: /proc/timer_list
...
-> Unit default.target:
Description: Main user target
...
systemd-analyze plot
This command prints an SVG graphic detailing which system services have been started at
what time, highlighting the time they spent on initialization.
Example 5. Plot a bootchart
$ systemd-analyze plot >bootup.svg
$ eog bootup.svg&
systemd-analyze dot [pattern...]
This command generates textual dependency graph description in dot format for further
processing with the GraphViz dot(1) tool. Use a command line like systemd-analyze dot |
dot -Tsvg >systemd.svg to generate a graphical dependency tree. Unless --order or
--require is passed, the generated graph will show both ordering and requirement
dependencies. Optional pattern globbing style specifications (e.g. *.target) may be given
at the end. A unit dependency is included in the graph if any of these patterns match
either the origin or destination node.
Example 6. Plot all dependencies of any unit whose name starts with "avahi-daemon"
$ systemd-analyze dot 'avahi-daemon.*' | dot -Tsvg >avahi.svg
$ eog avahi.svg
Example 7. Plot the dependencies between all known target units
$ systemd-analyze dot --to-pattern='*.target' --from-pattern='*.target' \
| dot -Tsvg >targets.svg
$ eog targets.svg
systemd-analyze unit-paths
This command outputs a list of all directories from which unit files, .d overrides, and
.wants, .requires symlinks may be loaded. Combine with --user to retrieve the list for the
user manager instance, and --global for the global configuration of user manager
instances.
Example 8. Show all paths for generated units
$ systemd-analyze unit-paths | grep '^/run'
/run/systemd/system.control
/run/systemd/transient
/run/systemd/generator.early
/run/systemd/system
/run/systemd/system.attached
/run/systemd/generator
/run/systemd/generator.late
Note that this verb prints the list that is compiled into systemd-analyze itself, and does
not communicate with the running manager. Use
systemctl [--user] [--global] show -p UnitPath --value
to retrieve the actual list that the manager uses, with any empty directories omitted.
systemd-analyze exit-status [STATUS...]
This command prints a list of exit statuses along with their "class", i.e. the source of
the definition (one of "glibc", "systemd", "LSB", or "BSD"), see the Process Exit Codes
section in systemd.exec(5). If no additional arguments are specified, all known statuses
are shown. Otherwise, only the definitions for the specified codes are shown.
Example 9. Show some example exit status names
$ systemd-analyze exit-status 0 1 {63..65}
NAME STATUS CLASS
SUCCESS 0 glibc
FAILURE 1 glibc
- 63 -
USAGE 64 BSD
DATAERR 65 BSD
systemd-analyze capability [CAPABILITY...]
This command prints a list of Linux capabilities along with their numeric IDs. See
capabilities(7) for details. If no argument is specified the full list of capabilities
known to the service manager and the kernel is shown. Capabilities defined by the kernel
but not known to the service manager are shown as "cap_???". Optionally, if arguments are
specified they may refer to specific cabilities by name or numeric ID, in which case only
the indicated capabilities are shown in the table.
Example 10. Show some example capability names
$ systemd-analyze capability 0 1 {30..32}
NAME NUMBER
cap_chown 0
cap_dac_override 1
cap_audit_control 30
cap_setfcap 31
cap_mac_override 32
systemd-analyze condition CONDITION...
This command will evaluate Condition*=... and Assert*=... assignments, and print their
values, and the resulting value of the combined condition set. See systemd.unit(5) for a
list of available conditions and asserts.
Example 11. Evaluate conditions that check kernel versions
$ systemd-analyze condition 'ConditionKernelVersion = ! <4.0' \
'ConditionKernelVersion = >=5.1' \
'ConditionACPower=|false' \
'ConditionArchitecture=|!arm' \
'AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release'
test.service: AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release succeeded.
Asserts succeeded.
test.service: ConditionArchitecture=|!arm succeeded.
test.service: ConditionACPower=|false failed.
test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=>=5.1 succeeded.
test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=!<4.0 succeeded.
Conditions succeeded.
systemd-analyze syscall-filter [SET...]
This command will list system calls contained in the specified system call set SET, or all
known sets if no sets are specified. Argument SET must include the "@" prefix.
systemd-analyze filesystems [SET...]
This command will list filesystems in the specified filesystem set SET, or all known sets
if no sets are specified. Argument SET must include the "@" prefix.
systemd-analyze calendar EXPRESSION...
This command will parse and normalize repetitive calendar time events, and will calculate
when they elapse next. This takes the same input as the OnCalendar= setting in
systemd.timer(5), following the syntax described in systemd.time(7). By default, only the
next time the calendar expression will elapse is shown; use --iterations= to show the
specified number of next times the expression elapses. Each time the expression elapses
forms a timestamp, see the timestamp verb below.
Example 12. Show leap days in the near future
$ systemd-analyze calendar --iterations=5 '*-2-29 0:0:0'
Original form: *-2-29 0:0:0
Normalized form: *-02-29 00:00:00
Next elapse: Sat 2020-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
From now: 11 months 15 days left
Iter. #2: Thu 2024-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
From now: 4 years 11 months left
Iter. #3: Tue 2028-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
From now: 8 years 11 months left
Iter. #4: Sun 2032-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
From now: 12 years 11 months left
Iter. #5: Fri 2036-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
From now: 16 years 11 months left
systemd-analyze timestamp TIMESTAMP...
This command parses a timestamp (i.e. a single point in time) and outputs the normalized
form and the difference between this timestamp and now. The timestamp should adhere to the
syntax documented in systemd.time(7), section "PARSING TIMESTAMPS".
Example 13. Show parsing of timestamps
$ systemd-analyze timestamp yesterday now tomorrow
Original form: yesterday
Normalized form: Mon 2019-05-20 00:00:00 CEST
(in UTC): Sun 2019-05-19 22:00:00 UTC
UNIX seconds: @15583032000
From now: 1 day 9h ago
Original form: now
Normalized form: Tue 2019-05-21 09:48:39 CEST
(in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 07:48:39 UTC
UNIX seconds: @1558424919.659757
From now: 43us ago
Original form: tomorrow
Normalized form: Wed 2019-05-22 00:00:00 CEST
(in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 22:00:00 UTC
UNIX seconds: @15584760000
From now: 14h left
systemd-analyze timespan EXPRESSION...
This command parses a time span (i.e. a difference between two timestamps) and outputs the
normalized form and the equivalent value in microseconds. The time span should adhere to
the syntax documented in systemd.time(7), section "PARSING TIME SPANS". Values without
units are parsed as seconds.
Example 14. Show parsing of timespans
$ systemd-analyze timespan 1s 300s '1year 0.000001s'
Original: 1s
μs: 1000000
Human: 1s
Original: 300s
μs: 300000000
Human: 5min
Original: 1year 0.000001s
μs: 31557600000001
Human: 1y 1us
systemd-analyze cat-config NAME|PATH...
This command is similar to systemctl cat, but operates on config files. It will copy the
contents of a config file and any drop-ins to standard output, using the usual systemd set
of directories and rules for precedence. Each argument must be either an absolute path
including the prefix (such as /etc/systemd/logind.conf or /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf),
or a name relative to the prefix (such as systemd/logind.conf).
Example 15. Showing logind configuration
$ systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/logind.conf
# /etc/systemd/logind.conf
...
[Login]
NAutoVTs=8
...
# /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf.d/20-test.conf
... some override from another package
# /etc/systemd/logind.conf.d/50-override.conf
... some administrator override
systemd-analyze verify FILE...
This command will load unit files and print warnings if any errors are detected. Files
specified on the command line will be loaded, but also any other units referenced by them.
A unit's name on disk can be overridden by specifying an alias after a colon; see below
for an example. The full unit search path is formed by combining the directories for all
command line arguments, and the usual unit load paths. The variable $SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH is
supported, and may be used to replace or augment the compiled in set of unit load paths;
see systemd.unit(5). All units files present in the directories containing the command
line arguments will be used in preference to the other paths.
The following errors are currently detected:
• unknown sections and directives,
• missing dependencies which are required to start the given unit,
• man pages listed in Documentation= which are not found in the system,
• commands listed in ExecStart= and similar which are not found in the system or not
executable.
Example 16. Misspelt directives
$ cat ./user.slice
[Unit]
WhatIsThis=11
Documentation=man:nosuchfile(1)
Requires=different.service
[Service]
Description=x
$ systemd-analyze verify ./user.slice
[./user.slice:9] Unknown lvalue 'WhatIsThis' in section 'Unit'
[./user.slice:13] Unknown section 'Service'. Ignoring.
Error: org.freedesktop.systemd1.LoadFailed:
Unit different.service failed to load:
No such file or directory.
Failed to create user.slice/start: Invalid argument
user.slice: man nosuchfile(1) command failed with code 16
Example 17. Missing service units
$ tail ./a.socket ./b.socket
==> ./a.socket <==
[Socket]
ListenStream=100
==> ./b.socket <==
[Socket]
ListenStream=100
Accept=yes
$ systemd-analyze verify ./a.socket ./b.socket
Service a.service not loaded, a.socket cannot be started.
Service b@0.service not loaded, b.socket cannot be started.
Example 18. Aliasing a unit
$ cat /tmp/source
[Unit]
Description=Hostname printer
[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/usr/bin/echo %H
MysteryKey=true
$ systemd-analyze verify /tmp/source
Failed to prepare filename /tmp/source: Invalid argument
$ systemd-analyze verify /tmp/source:alias.service
/tmp/systemd-analyze-XXXXXX/alias.service:7: Unknown key name 'MysteryKey' in section 'Service', ignoring.
systemd-analyze security [UNIT...]
This command analyzes the security and sandboxing settings of one or more specified
service units. If at least one unit name is specified the security settings of the
specified service units are inspected and a detailed analysis is shown. If no unit name is
specified, all currently loaded, long-running service units are inspected and a terse
table with results shown. The command checks for various security-related service
settings, assigning each a numeric "exposure level" value, depending on how important a
setting is. It then calculates an overall exposure level for the whole unit, which is an
estimation in the range 0.0...10.0 indicating how exposed a service is security-wise. High
exposure levels indicate very little applied sandboxing. Low exposure levels indicate
tight sandboxing and strongest security restrictions. Note that this only analyzes the
per-service security features systemd itself implements. This means that any additional
security mechanisms applied by the service code itself are not accounted for. The exposure
level determined this way should not be misunderstood: a high exposure level neither means
that there is no effective sandboxing applied by the service code itself, nor that the
service is actually vulnerable to remote or local attacks. High exposure levels do
indicate however that most likely the service might benefit from additional settings
applied to them.
Please note that many of the security and sandboxing settings individually can be
circumvented — unless combined with others. For example, if a service retains the
privilege to establish or undo mount points many of the sandboxing options can be undone
by the service code itself. Due to that is essential that each service uses the most
comprehensive and strict sandboxing and security settings possible. The tool will take
into account some of these combinations and relationships between the settings, but not
all. Also note that the security and sandboxing settings analyzed here only apply to the
operations executed by the service code itself. If a service has access to an IPC system
(such as D-Bus) it might request operations from other services that are not subject to
the same restrictions. Any comprehensive security and sandboxing analysis is hence
incomplete if the IPC access policy is not validated too.
Example 19. Analyze systemd-logind.service
$ systemd-analyze security --no-pager systemd-logind.service
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
✗ DeviceAllow= Service has no device ACL 0.2
✓ IPAddressDeny= Service blocks all IP address ranges
...
→ Overall exposure level for systemd-logind.service: 4.1 OK 🙂
systemd-analyze inspect-elf FILE...
This command will load the specified file(s), and if they are ELF objects (executables,
libraries, core files, etc.) it will parse the embedded packaging metadata, if any, and
print it in a table or json format. See the Packaging Metadata[1] documentation for more
information.
Example 20. Table output
$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf --json=pretty /tmp/core.fsverity.1000.f77dac5dc161402aa44e15b7dd9dcf97.58561.1637106137000000
{
"elfType" : "coredump",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
},
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/libfsverity.so.0" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "b5e428254abf14237b0ae70ed85fffbb98a78f88"
}
}
OPTIONS
The following options are understood:
--system
Operates on the system systemd instance. This is the implied default.
--user
Operates on the user systemd instance.
--global
Operates on the system-wide configuration for user systemd instance.
--order, --require
When used in conjunction with the dot command (see above), selects which dependencies
are shown in the dependency graph. If --order is passed, only dependencies of type
After= or Before= are shown. If --require is passed, only dependencies of type
Requires=, Requisite=, Wants= and Conflicts= are shown. If neither is passed, this
shows dependencies of all these types.
--from-pattern=, --to-pattern=
When used in conjunction with the dot command (see above), this selects which
relationships are shown in the dependency graph. Both options require a glob(7)
pattern as an argument, which will be matched against the left-hand and the
right-hand, respectively, nodes of a relationship.
Each of these can be used more than once, in which case the unit name must match one
of the values. When tests for both sides of the relation are present, a relation must
pass both tests to be shown. When patterns are also specified as positional arguments,
they must match at least one side of the relation. In other words, patterns specified
with those two options will trim the list of edges matched by the positional
arguments, if any are given, and fully determine the list of edges shown otherwise.
--fuzz=timespan
When used in conjunction with the critical-chain command (see above), also show units,
which finished timespan earlier, than the latest unit in the same level. The unit of
timespan is seconds unless specified with a different unit, e.g. "50ms".
--man=no
Do not invoke man(1) to verify the existence of man pages listed in Documentation=.
--generators
Invoke unit generators, see systemd.generator(7). Some generators require root
privileges. Under a normal user, running with generators enabled will generally result
in some warnings.
--recursive-errors=MODE
Control verification of units and their dependencies and whether systemd-analyze
verify exits with a non-zero process exit status or not. With yes, return a non-zero
process exit status when warnings arise during verification of either the specified
unit or any of its associated dependencies. With no, return a non-zero process exit
status when warnings arise during verification of only the specified unit. With one,
return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification of
either the specified unit or its immediate dependencies. If this option is not
specified, zero is returned as the exit status regardless whether warnings arise
during verification or not.
--root=PATH
With cat-files and verify, operate on files underneath the specified root path PATH.
--image=PATH
With cat-files and verify, operate on files inside the specified image path PATH.
--offline=BOOL
With security, perform an offline security review of the specified unit file(s), i.e.
does not have to rely on PID 1 to acquire security information for the files like the
security verb when used by itself does. This means that --offline= can be used with
--root= and --image= as well. If a unit's overall exposure level is above that set by
--threshold= (default value is 100), --offline= will return an error.
--profile=PATH
With security --offline=, takes into consideration the specified portable profile when
assessing the unit(s) settings. The profile can be passed by name, in which case the
well-known system locations will be searched, or it can be the full path to a specific
drop-in file.
--threshold=NUMBER
With security, allow the user to set a custom value to compare the overall exposure
level with, for the specified unit file(s). If a unit's overall exposure level, is
greater than that set by the user, security will return an error. --threshold= can be
used with --offline= as well and its default value is 100.
--security-policy=PATH
With security, allow the user to define a custom set of requirements formatted as a
JSON file against which to compare the specified unit file(s) and determine their
overall exposure level to security threats.
Table 1. Accepted Assessment Test Identifiers
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│Assessment Test Identifier │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│UserOrDynamicUser │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│SupplementaryGroups │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│PrivateMounts │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│PrivateDevices │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│PrivateTmp │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│PrivateNetwork │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│PrivateUsers │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ProtectControlGroups │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ProtectKernelModules │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ProtectKernelTunables │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ProtectKernelLogs │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ProtectClock │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ProtectHome │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ProtectHostname │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ProtectSystem │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RootDirectoryOrRootImage │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│LockPersonality │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│MemoryDenyWriteExecute │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│NoNewPrivileges │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_ADMIN │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_PTRACE │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_TIME │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_NET_ADMIN │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_RAWIO │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_MODULE │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_AUDIT │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYSLOG │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_NICE_RESOURCE │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_MKNOD │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_CHOWN_FSETID_SETFCAP │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_DAC_FOWNER_IPC_OWNER │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_KILL │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE_BROADCAST_RAW │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_BOOT │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_MAC │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_IPC_LOCK │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_CHROOT │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_WAKE_ALARM │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_LEASE │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│UMask │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│KeyringMode │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ProtectProc │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ProcSubset │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│NotifyAccess │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RemoveIPC │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│Delegate │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RestrictRealtime │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RestrictSUIDSGID │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RestrictNamespaces_user │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RestrictNamespaces_mnt │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RestrictNamespaces_ipc │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RestrictNamespaces_pid │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RestrictNamespaces_cgroup │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RestrictNamespaces_uts │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RestrictNamespaces_net │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_INET_INET6 │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_UNIX │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_NETLINK │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_PACKET │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│RestrictAddressFamilies_OTHER │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│SystemCallArchitectures │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│SystemCallFilter_swap │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│SystemCallFilter_obsolete │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│SystemCallFilter_clock │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│SystemCallFilter_cpu_emulation │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│SystemCallFilter_debug │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│SystemCallFilter_mount │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│SystemCallFilter_module │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│SystemCallFilter_raw_io │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│SystemCallFilter_reboot │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│SystemCallFilter_privileged │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│SystemCallFilter_resources │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│IPAddressDeny │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│DeviceAllow │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│AmbientCapabilities │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
See example "JSON Policy" below.
--json=MODE
With the security command, generate a JSON formatted output of the security analysis
table. The format is a JSON array with objects containing the following fields: set
which indicates if the setting has been enabled or not, name which is what is used to
refer to the setting, json_field which is the JSON compatible identifier of the
setting, description which is an outline of the setting state, and exposure which is a
number in the range 0.0...10.0, where a higher value corresponds to a higher security
threat. The JSON version of the table is printed to standard output. The MODE passed
to the option can be one of three: off which is the default, pretty and short which
respectively output a prettified or shorted JSON version of the security table.
--iterations=NUMBER
When used with the calendar command, show the specified number of iterations the
specified calendar expression will elapse next. Defaults to 1.
--base-time=TIMESTAMP
When used with the calendar command, show next iterations relative to the specified
point in time. If not specified defaults to the current time.
--unit=UNIT
When used with the condition command, evaluate all the Condition*=... and Assert*=...
assignments in the specified unit file. The full unit search path is formed by
combining the directories for the specified unit with the usual unit load paths. The
variable $SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH is supported, and may be used to replace or augment the
compiled in set of unit load paths; see systemd.unit(5). All units files present in
the directory containing the specified unit will be used in preference to the other
paths.
-H, --host=
Execute the operation remotely. Specify a hostname, or a username and hostname
separated by "@", to connect to. The hostname may optionally be suffixed by a port ssh
is listening on, separated by ":", and then a container name, separated by "/", which
connects directly to a specific container on the specified host. This will use SSH to
talk to the remote machine manager instance. Container names may be enumerated with
machinectl -H HOST. Put IPv6 addresses in brackets.
-M, --machine=
Execute operation on a local container. Specify a container name to connect to,
optionally prefixed by a user name to connect as and a separating "@" character. If
the special string ".host" is used in place of the container name, a connection to the
local system is made (which is useful to connect to a specific user's user bus:
"--user --machine=lennart@.host"). If the "@" syntax is not used, the connection is
made as root user. If the "@" syntax is used either the left hand side or the right
hand side may be omitted (but not both) in which case the local user name and ".host"
are implied.
--quiet
Suppress hints and other non-essential output.
-h, --help
Print a short help text and exit.
--version
Print a short version string and exit.
--no-pager
Do not pipe output into a pager.
EXIT STATUS
On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code otherwise.
ENVIRONMENT
$SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL
The maximum log level of emitted messages (messages with a higher log level, i.e. less
important ones, will be suppressed). Either one of (in order of decreasing importance)
emerg, alert, crit, err, warning, notice, info, debug, or an integer in the range
0...7. See syslog(3) for more information.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR
A boolean. If true, messages written to the tty will be colored according to priority.
This setting is only useful when messages are written directly to the terminal,
because journalctl(1) and other tools that display logs will color messages based on
the log level on their own.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_TIME
A boolean. If true, console log messages will be prefixed with a timestamp.
This setting is only useful when messages are written directly to the terminal or a
file, because journalctl(1) and other tools that display logs will attach timestamps
based on the entry metadata on their own.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION
A boolean. If true, messages will be prefixed with a filename and line number in the
source code where the message originates.
Note that the log location is often attached as metadata to journal entries anyway.
Including it directly in the message text can nevertheless be convenient when
debugging programs.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_TID
A boolean. If true, messages will be prefixed with the current numerical thread ID
(TID).
Note that the this information is attached as metadata to journal entries anyway.
Including it directly in the message text can nevertheless be convenient when
debugging programs.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET
The destination for log messages. One of console (log to the attached tty),
console-prefixed (log to the attached tty but with prefixes encoding the log level and
"facility", see syslog(3), kmsg (log to the kernel circular log buffer), journal (log
to the journal), journal-or-kmsg (log to the journal if available, and to kmsg
otherwise), auto (determine the appropriate log target automatically, the default),
null (disable log output).
$SYSTEMD_PAGER
Pager to use when --no-pager is not given; overrides $PAGER. If neither $SYSTEMD_PAGER
nor $PAGER are set, a set of well-known pager implementations are tried in turn,
including less(1) and more(1), until one is found. If no pager implementation is
discovered no pager is invoked. Setting this environment variable to an empty string
or the value "cat" is equivalent to passing --no-pager.
Note: if $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE is not set, $SYSTEMD_PAGER (as well as $PAGER) will be
silently ignored.
$SYSTEMD_LESS
Override the options passed to less (by default "FRSXMK").
Users might want to change two options in particular:
K
This option instructs the pager to exit immediately when Ctrl+C is pressed. To
allow less to handle Ctrl+C itself to switch back to the pager command prompt,
unset this option.
If the value of $SYSTEMD_LESS does not include "K", and the pager that is invoked
is less, Ctrl+C will be ignored by the executable, and needs to be handled by the
pager.
X
This option instructs the pager to not send termcap initialization and
deinitialization strings to the terminal. It is set by default to allow command
output to remain visible in the terminal even after the pager exits. Nevertheless,
this prevents some pager functionality from working, in particular paged output
cannot be scrolled with the mouse.
See less(1) for more discussion.
$SYSTEMD_LESSCHARSET
Override the charset passed to less (by default "utf-8", if the invoking terminal is
determined to be UTF-8 compatible).
$SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE
Takes a boolean argument. When true, the "secure" mode of the pager is enabled; if
false, disabled. If $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE is not set at all, secure mode is enabled if
the effective UID is not the same as the owner of the login session, see geteuid(2)
and sd_pid_get_owner_uid(3). In secure mode, LESSSECURE=1 will be set when invoking
the pager, and the pager shall disable commands that open or create new files or start
new subprocesses. When $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE is not set at all, pagers which are not
known to implement secure mode will not be used. (Currently only less(1) implements
secure mode.)
Note: when commands are invoked with elevated privileges, for example under sudo(8) or
pkexec(1), care must be taken to ensure that unintended interactive features are not
enabled. "Secure" mode for the pager may be enabled automatically as describe above.
Setting SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE=0 or not removing it from the inherited environment allows
the user to invoke arbitrary commands. Note that if the $SYSTEMD_PAGER or $PAGER
variables are to be honoured, $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE must be set too. It might be
reasonable to completely disable the pager using --no-pager instead.
$SYSTEMD_COLORS
Takes a boolean argument. When true, systemd and related utilities will use colors in
their output, otherwise the output will be monochrome. Additionally, the variable can
take one of the following special values: "16", "256" to restrict the use of colors to
the base 16 or 256 ANSI colors, respectively. This can be specified to override the
automatic decision based on $TERM and what the console is connected to.
$SYSTEMD_URLIFY
The value must be a boolean. Controls whether clickable links should be generated in
the output for terminal emulators supporting this. This can be specified to override
the decision that systemd makes based on $TERM and other conditions.
EXAMPLES
Example 21. JSON Policy
The JSON file passed as a path parameter to --security-policy= has a top-level JSON
object, with keys being the assessment test identifiers mentioned above. The values in the
file should be JSON objects with one or more of the following fields: description_na
(string), description_good (string), description_bad (string), weight (unsigned integer),
and range (unsigned integer). If any of these fields corresponding to a specific id of the
unit file is missing from the JSON object, the default built-in field value corresponding
to that same id is used for security analysis as default. The weight and range fields are
used in determining the overall exposure level of the unit files: the value of each
setting is assigned a badness score, which is multiplied by the policy weight and divided
by the policy range to determine the overall exposure that the setting implies. The
computed badness is summed across all settings in the unit file, normalized to the 1...100
range, and used to determine the overall exposure level of the unit. By allowing users to
manipulate these fields, the 'security' verb gives them the option to decide for themself
which ids are more important and hence should have a greater effect on the exposure level.
A weight of "0" means the setting will not be checked.
{
"PrivateDevices":
{
"description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices",
"description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateMounts":
{
"description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts",
"description_bad": "Service may install system mounts",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateNetwork":
{
"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateTmp":
{
"description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateUsers":
{
"description_good": "Service does not have access to other users",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other users",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
}
}
SEE ALSO
systemd(1), systemctl(1)
NOTES
1. Packaging Metadata
https://systemd.io/COREDUMP_PACKAGE_METADATA/