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NAME
seccomp_unotify - Seccomp user-space notification mechanism
SYNOPSIS
#include <linux/seccomp.h>
#include <linux/filter.h>
#include <linux/audit.h>
int seccomp(unsigned int operation, unsigned int flags, void *args);
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
int ioctl(int fd, SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV,
struct seccomp_notif *req);
int ioctl(int fd, SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND,
struct seccomp_notif_resp *resp);
int ioctl(int fd, SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ID_VALID, __u64 *id);
int ioctl(int fd, SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ADDFD,
struct seccomp_notif_addfd *addfd);
DESCRIPTION
This page describes the user-space notification mechanism provided by the Secure Computing
(seccomp) facility. As well as the use of the SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_NEW_LISTENER flag, the
SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF action value, and the SECCOMP_GET_NOTIF_SIZES operation described
in seccomp(2), this mechanism involves the use of a number of related ioctl(2) operations
(described below).
Overview
In conventional usage of a seccomp filter, the decision about how to treat a system call
is made by the filter itself. By contrast, the user-space notification mechanism allows
the seccomp filter to delegate the handling of the system call to another user-space
process. Note that this mechanism is explicitly not intended as a method implementing
security policy; see NOTES.
In the discussion that follows, the thread(s) on which the seccomp filter is installed is
(are) referred to as the target, and the process that is notified by the user-space
notification mechanism is referred to as the supervisor.
A suitably privileged supervisor can use the user-space notification mechanism to perform
actions on behalf of the target. The advantage of the user-space notification mechanism
is that the supervisor will usually be able to retrieve information about the target and
the performed system call that the seccomp filter itself cannot. (A seccomp filter is
limited in the information it can obtain and the actions that it can perform because it is
running on a virtual machine inside the kernel.)
An overview of the steps performed by the target and the supervisor is as follows:
1. The target establishes a seccomp filter in the usual manner, but with two differences:
• The seccomp(2) flags argument includes the flag SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_NEW_LISTENER.
Consequently, the return value of the (successful) seccomp(2) call is a new
"listening" file descriptor that can be used to receive notifications. Only one
"listening" seccomp filter can be installed for a thread.
• In cases where it is appropriate, the seccomp filter returns the action value
SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF. This return value will trigger a notification event.
2. In order that the supervisor can obtain notifications using the listening file
descriptor, (a duplicate of) that file descriptor must be passed from the target to the
supervisor. One way in which this could be done is by passing the file descriptor over
a UNIX domain socket connection between the target and the supervisor (using the
SCM_RIGHTS ancillary message type described in unix(7)). Another way to do this is
through the use of pidfd_getfd(2).
3. The supervisor will receive notification events on the listening file descriptor.
These events are returned as structures of type seccomp_notif. Because this structure
and its size may evolve over kernel versions, the supervisor must first determine the
size of this structure using the seccomp(2) SECCOMP_GET_NOTIF_SIZES operation, which
returns a structure of type seccomp_notif_sizes. The supervisor allocates a buffer of
size seccomp_notif_sizes.seccomp_notif bytes to receive notification events. In
addition,the supervisor allocates another buffer of size
seccomp_notif_sizes.seccomp_notif_resp bytes for the response (a struct
seccomp_notif_resp structure) that it will provide to the kernel (and thus the target).
4. The target then performs its workload, which includes system calls that will be
controlled by the seccomp filter. Whenever one of these system calls causes the filter
to return the SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF action value, the kernel does not (yet) execute
the system call; instead, execution of the target is temporarily blocked inside the
kernel (in a sleep state that is interruptible by signals) and a notification event is
generated on the listening file descriptor.
5. The supervisor can now repeatedly monitor the listening file descriptor for
SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF-triggered events. To do this, the supervisor uses the
SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV ioctl(2) operation to read information about a notification
event; this operation blocks until an event is available. The operation returns a
seccomp_notif structure containing information about the system call that is being
attempted by the target. (As described in NOTES, the file descriptor can also be
monitored with select(2), poll(2), or epoll(7).)
6. The seccomp_notif structure returned by the SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV operation includes
the same information (a seccomp_data structure) that was passed to the seccomp filter.
This information allows the supervisor to discover the system call number and the
arguments for the target's system call. In addition, the notification event contains
the ID of the thread that triggered the notification and a unique cookie value that is
used in subsequent SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ID_VALID and SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND
operations.
The information in the notification can be used to discover the values of pointer
arguments for the target's system call. (This is something that can't be done from
within a seccomp filter.) One way in which the supervisor can do this is to open the
corresponding /proc/[tid]/mem file (see proc(5)) and read bytes from the location that
corresponds to one of the pointer arguments whose value is supplied in the notification
event. (The supervisor must be careful to avoid a race condition that can occur when
doing this; see the description of the SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ID_VALID ioctl(2) operation
below.) In addition, the supervisor can access other system information that is
visible in user space but which is not accessible from a seccomp filter.
7. Having obtained information as per the previous step, the supervisor may then choose to
perform an action in response to the target's system call (which, as noted above, is
not executed when the seccomp filter returns the SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF action value).
One example use case here relates to containers. The target may be located inside a
container where it does not have sufficient capabilities to mount a filesystem in the
container's mount namespace. However, the supervisor may be a more privileged process
that does have sufficient capabilities to perform the mount operation.
8. The supervisor then sends a response to the notification. The information in this
response is used by the kernel to construct a return value for the target's system call
and provide a value that will be assigned to the errno variable of the target.
The response is sent using the SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND ioctl(2) operation, which is
used to transmit a seccomp_notif_resp structure to the kernel. This structure includes
a cookie value that the supervisor obtained in the seccomp_notif structure returned by
the SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV operation. This cookie value allows the kernel to
associate the response with the target. This structure must include the cookie value
that the supervisor obtained in the seccomp_notif structure returned by the
SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV operation; the cookie allows the kernel to associate the
response with the target.
9. Once the notification has been sent, the system call in the target thread unblocks,
returning the information that was provided by the supervisor in the notification
response.
As a variation on the last two steps, the supervisor can send a response that tells the
kernel that it should execute the target thread's system call; see the discussion of
SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE, below.
IOCTL OPERATIONS
The following ioctl(2) operations are supported by the seccomp user-space notification
file descriptor. For each of these operations, the first (file descriptor) argument of
ioctl(2) is the listening file descriptor returned by a call to seccomp(2) with the
SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_NEW_LISTENER flag.
SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV
The SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV operation (available since Linux 5.0) is used to obtain a
user-space notification event. If no such event is currently pending, the operation
blocks until an event occurs. The third ioctl(2) argument is a pointer to a structure of
the following form which contains information about the event. This structure must be
zeroed out before the call.
struct seccomp_notif {
__u64 id; /* Cookie */
__u32 pid; /* TID of target thread */
__u32 flags; /* Currently unused (0) */
struct seccomp_data data; /* See seccomp(2) */
};
The fields in this structure are as follows:
id This is a cookie for the notification. Each such cookie is guaranteed to be unique
for the corresponding seccomp filter.
• The cookie can be used with the SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ID_VALID ioctl(2) operation
described below.
• When returning a notification response to the kernel, the supervisor must include
the cookie value in the seccomp_notif_resp structure that is specified as the
argument of the SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND operation.
pid This is the thread ID of the target thread that triggered the notification event.
flags This is a bit mask of flags providing further information on the event. In the
current implementation, this field is always zero.
data This is a seccomp_data structure containing information about the system call that
triggered the notification. This is the same structure that is passed to the
seccomp filter. See seccomp(2) for details of this structure.
On success, this operation returns 0; on failure, -1 is returned, and errno is set to
indicate the cause of the error. This operation can fail with the following errors:
EINVAL (since Linux 5.5)
The seccomp_notif structure that was passed to the call contained nonzero fields.
ENOENT The target thread was killed by a signal as the notification information was being
generated, or the target's (blocked) system call was interrupted by a signal
handler.
SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ID_VALID
The SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ID_VALID operation (available since Linux 5.0) is used to check
that a notification ID returned by an earlier SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV operation is still
valid (i.e., that the target still exists and its system call is still blocked waiting for
a response).
The third ioctl(2) argument is a pointer to the cookie (id) returned by the
SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV operation.
This operation is necessary to avoid race conditions that can occur when the pid returned
by the SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV operation terminates, and that process ID is reused by
another process. An example of this kind of race is the following
1. A notification is generated on the listening file descriptor. The returned
seccomp_notif contains the TID of the target thread (in the pid field of the
structure).
2. The target terminates.
3. Another thread or process is created on the system that by chance reuses the TID that
was freed when the target terminated.
4. The supervisor open(2)s the /proc/[tid]/mem file for the TID obtained in step 1, with
the intention of (say) inspecting the memory location(s) that containing the
argument(s) of the system call that triggered the notification in step 1.
In the above scenario, the risk is that the supervisor may try to access the memory of a
process other than the target. This race can be avoided by following the call to open(2)
with a SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ID_VALID operation to verify that the process that generated
the notification is still alive. (Note that if the target terminates after the latter
step, a subsequent read(2) from the file descriptor may return 0, indicating end of file.)
See NOTES for a discussion of other cases where SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ID_VALID checks must
be performed.
On success (i.e., the notification ID is still valid), this operation returns 0. On
failure (i.e., the notification ID is no longer valid), -1 is returned, and errno is set
to ENOENT.
SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND
The SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND operation (available since Linux 5.0) is used to send a
notification response back to the kernel. The third ioctl(2) argument of this structure
is a pointer to a structure of the following form:
struct seccomp_notif_resp {
__u64 id; /* Cookie value */
__s64 val; /* Success return value */
__s32 error; /* 0 (success) or negative error number */
__u32 flags; /* See below */
};
The fields of this structure are as follows:
id This is the cookie value that was obtained using the SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV
operation. This cookie value allows the kernel to correctly associate this
response with the system call that triggered the user-space notification.
val This is the value that will be used for a spoofed success return for the target's
system call; see below.
error This is the value that will be used as the error number (errno) for a spoofed error
return for the target's system call; see below.
flags This is a bit mask that includes zero or more of the following flags:
SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE (since Linux 5.5)
Tell the kernel to execute the target's system call.
Two kinds of response are possible:
• A response to the kernel telling it to execute the target's system call. In this case,
the flags field includes SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE and the error and val fields
must be zero.
This kind of response can be useful in cases where the supervisor needs to do deeper
analysis of the target's system call than is possible from a seccomp filter (e.g.,
examining the values of pointer arguments), and, having decided that the system call
does not require emulation by the supervisor, the supervisor wants the system call to be
executed normally in the target.
The SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE flag should be used with caution; see NOTES.
• A spoofed return value for the target's system call. In this case, the kernel does not
execute the target's system call, instead causing the system call to return a spoofed
value as specified by fields of the seccomp_notif_resp structure. The supervisor should
set the fields of this structure as follows:
+ flags does not contain SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE.
+ error is set either to 0 for a spoofed "success" return or to a negative error number
for a spoofed "failure" return. In the former case, the kernel causes the target's
system call to return the value specified in the val field. In the latter case, the
kernel causes the target's system call to return -1, and errno is assigned the
negated error value.
+ val is set to a value that will be used as the return value for a spoofed "success"
return for the target's system call. The value in this field is ignored if the error
field contains a nonzero value.
On success, this operation returns 0; on failure, -1 is returned, and errno is set to
indicate the cause of the error. This operation can fail with the following errors:
EINPROGRESS
A response to this notification has already been sent.
EINVAL An invalid value was specified in the flags field.
EINVAL The flags field contained SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE, and the error or val
field was not zero.
ENOENT The blocked system call in the target has been interrupted by a signal handler or
the target has terminated.
SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ADDFD
The SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ADDFD operation (available since Linux 5.9) allows the supervisor
to install a file descriptor into the target's file descriptor table. Much like the use
of SCM_RIGHTS messages described in unix(7), this operation is semantically equivalent to
duplicating a file descriptor from the supervisor's file descriptor table into the
target's file descriptor table.
The SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ADDFD operation permits the supervisor to emulate a target system
call (such as socket(2) or openat(2)) that generates a file descriptor. The supervisor
can perform the system call that generates the file descriptor (and associated open file
description) and then use this operation to allocate a file descriptor that refers to the
same open file description in the target. (For an explanation of open file descriptions,
see open(2).)
Once this operation has been performed, the supervisor can close its copy of the file
descriptor.
In the target, the received file descriptor is subject to the same Linux Security Module
(LSM) checks as are applied to a file descriptor that is received in an SCM_RIGHTS
ancillary message. If the file descriptor refers to a socket, it inherits the cgroup
version 1 network controller settings (classid and netprioidx) of the target.
The third ioctl(2) argument is a pointer to a structure of the following form:
struct seccomp_notif_addfd {
__u64 id; /* Cookie value */
__u32 flags; /* Flags */
__u32 srcfd; /* Local file descriptor number */
__u32 newfd; /* 0 or desired file descriptor
number in target */
__u32 newfd_flags; /* Flags to set on target file
descriptor */
};
The fields in this structure are as follows:
id This field should be set to the notification ID (cookie value) that was obtained
via SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV.
flags This field is a bit mask of flags that modify the behavior of the operation.
Currently, only one flag is supported:
SECCOMP_ADDFD_FLAG_SETFD
When allocating the file descriptor in the target, use the file descriptor
number specified in the newfd field.
SECCOMP_ADDFD_FLAG_SEND (since Linux 5.14)
Perform the equivalent of SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ADDFD plus
SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND as an atomic operation. On successful invocation,
the target process's errno will be 0 and the return value will be the file
descriptor number that was allocated in the target. If allocating the file
descriptor in the target fails, the target's system call continues to be
blocked until a successful response is sent.
srcfd This field should be set to the number of the file descriptor in the supervisor
that is to be duplicated.
newfd This field determines which file descriptor number is allocated in the target. If
the SECCOMP_ADDFD_FLAG_SETFD flag is set, then this field specifies which file
descriptor number should be allocated. If this file descriptor number is already
open in the target, it is atomically closed and reused. If the descriptor
duplication fails due to an LSM check, or if srcfd is not a valid file descriptor,
the file descriptor newfd will not be closed in the target process.
If the SECCOMP_ADDFD_FLAG_SETFD flag it not set, then this field must be 0, and the
kernel allocates the lowest unused file descriptor number in the target.
newfd_flags
This field is a bit mask specifying flags that should be set on the file descriptor
that is received in the target process. Currently, only the following flag is
implemented:
O_CLOEXEC
Set the close-on-exec flag on the received file descriptor.
On success, this ioctl(2) call returns the number of the file descriptor that was
allocated in the target. Assuming that the emulated system call is one that returns a
file descriptor as its function result (e.g., socket(2)), this value can be used as the
return value (resp.val) that is supplied in the response that is subsequently sent with
the SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND operation.
On error, -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the cause of the error.
This operation can fail with the following errors:
EBADF Allocating the file descriptor in the target would cause the target's RLIMIT_NOFILE
limit to be exceeded (see getrlimit(2)).
EBUSY If the flag SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND is used, this means the operation can't
proceed until other SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ADDFD requests are processed.
EINPROGRESS
The user-space notification specified in the id field exists but has not yet been
fetched (by a SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV) or has already been responded to (by a
SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND).
EINVAL An invalid flag was specified in the flags or newfd_flags field, or the newfd field
is nonzero and the SECCOMP_ADDFD_FLAG_SETFD flag was not specified in the flags
field.
EMFILE The file descriptor number specified in newfd exceeds the limit specified in
/proc/sys/fs/nr_open.
ENOENT The blocked system call in the target has been interrupted by a signal handler or
the target has terminated.
Here is some sample code (with error handling omitted) that uses the
SECCOMP_ADDFD_FLAG_SETFD operation (here, to emulate a call to openat(2)):
int fd, removeFd;
fd = openat(req->data.args[0], path, req->data.args[2],
req->data.args[3]);
struct seccomp_notif_addfd addfd;
addfd.id = req->id; /* Cookie from SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV */
addfd.srcfd = fd;
addfd.newfd = 0;
addfd.flags = 0;
addfd.newfd_flags = O_CLOEXEC;
targetFd = ioctl(notifyFd, SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ADDFD, &addfd);
close(fd); /* No longer needed in supervisor */
struct seccomp_notif_resp *resp;
/* Code to allocate 'resp' omitted */
resp->id = req->id;
resp->error = 0; /* "Success" */
resp->val = targetFd;
resp->flags = 0;
ioctl(notifyFd, SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND, resp);
NOTES
One example use case for the user-space notification mechanism is to allow a container
manager (a process which is typically running with more privilege than the processes
inside the container) to mount block devices or create device nodes for the container.
The mount use case provides an example of where the SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE
ioctl(2) operation is useful. Upon receiving a notification for the mount(2) system call,
the container manager (the "supervisor") can distinguish a request to mount a block
filesystem (which would not be possible for a "target" process inside the container) and
mount that file system. If, on the other hand, the container manager detects that the
operation could be performed by the process inside the container (e.g., a mount of a
tmpfs(5) filesystem), it can notify the kernel that the target process's mount(2) system
call can continue.
select()/poll()/epoll semantics
The file descriptor returned when seccomp(2) is employed with the
SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_NEW_LISTENER flag can be monitored using poll(2), epoll(7), and
select(2). These interfaces indicate that the file descriptor is ready as follows:
• When a notification is pending, these interfaces indicate that the file descriptor is
readable. Following such an indication, a subsequent SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV ioctl(2)
will not block, returning either information about a notification or else failing with
the error EINTR if the target has been killed by a signal or its system call has been
interrupted by a signal handler.
• After the notification has been received (i.e., by the SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV ioctl(2)
operation), these interfaces indicate that the file descriptor is writable, meaning that
a notification response can be sent using the SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND ioctl(2)
operation.
• After the last thread using the filter has terminated and been reaped using waitpid(2)
(or similar), the file descriptor indicates an end-of-file condition (readable in
select(2); POLLHUP/EPOLLHUP in poll(2)/ epoll_wait(2)).
Design goals; use of SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE
The intent of the user-space notification feature is to allow system calls to be performed
on behalf of the target. The target's system call should either be handled by the
supervisor or allowed to continue normally in the kernel (where standard security policies
will be applied).
Note well: this mechanism must not be used to make security policy decisions about the
system call, which would be inherently race-prone for reasons described next.
The SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE flag must be used with caution. If set by the
supervisor, the target's system call will continue. However, there is a time-of-check,
time-of-use race here, since an attacker could exploit the interval of time where the
target is blocked waiting on the "continue" response to do things such as rewriting the
system call arguments.
Note furthermore that a user-space notifier can be bypassed if the existing filters allow
the use of seccomp(2) or prctl(2) to install a filter that returns an action value with a
higher precedence than SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF (see seccomp(2)).
It should thus be absolutely clear that the seccomp user-space notification mechanism can
not be used to implement a security policy! It should only ever be used in scenarios
where a more privileged process supervises the system calls of a lesser privileged target
to get around kernel-enforced security restrictions when the supervisor deems this safe.
In other words, in order to continue a system call, the supervisor should be sure that
another security mechanism or the kernel itself will sufficiently block the system call if
its arguments are rewritten to something unsafe.
Caveats regarding the use of /proc/[tid]/mem
The discussion above noted the need to use the SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ID_VALID ioctl(2) when
opening the /proc/[tid]/mem file of the target to avoid the possibility of accessing the
memory of the wrong process in the event that the target terminates and its ID is recycled
by another (unrelated) thread. However, the use of this ioctl(2) operation is also
necessary in other situations, as explained in the following paragraphs.
Consider the following scenario, where the supervisor tries to read the pathname argument
of a target's blocked mount(2) system call:
• From one of its functions (func()), the target calls mount(2), which triggers a user-
space notification and causes the target to block.
• The supervisor receives the notification, opens /proc/[tid]/mem, and (successfully)
performs the SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ID_VALID check.
• The target receives a signal, which causes the mount(2) to abort.
• The signal handler executes in the target, and returns.
• Upon return from the handler, the execution of func() resumes, and it returns (and
perhaps other functions are called, overwriting the memory that had been used for the
stack frame of func()).
• Using the address provided in the notification information, the supervisor reads from
the target's memory location that used to contain the pathname.
• The supervisor now calls mount(2) with some arbitrary bytes obtained in the previous
step.
The conclusion from the above scenario is this: since the target's blocked system call may
be interrupted by a signal handler, the supervisor must be written to expect that the
target may abandon its system call at any time; in such an event, any information that the
supervisor obtained from the target's memory must be considered invalid.
To prevent such scenarios, every read from the target's memory must be separated from use
of the bytes so obtained by a SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ID_VALID check. In the above example,
the check would be placed between the two final steps. An example of such a check is
shown in EXAMPLES.
Following on from the above, it should be clear that a write by the supervisor into the
target's memory can never be considered safe.
Caveats regarding blocking system calls
Suppose that the target performs a blocking system call (e.g., accept(2)) that the
supervisor should handle. The supervisor might then in turn execute the same blocking
system call.
In this scenario, it is important to note that if the target's system call is now
interrupted by a signal, the supervisor is not informed of this. If the supervisor does
not take suitable steps to actively discover that the target's system call has been
canceled, various difficulties can occur. Taking the example of accept(2), the supervisor
might remain blocked in its accept(2) holding a port number that the target (which, after
the interruption by the signal handler, perhaps closed its listening socket) might expect
to be able to reuse in a bind(2) call.
Therefore, when the supervisor wishes to emulate a blocking system call, it must do so in
such a way that it gets informed if the target's system call is interrupted by a signal
handler. For example, if the supervisor itself executes the same blocking system call,
then it could employ a separate thread that uses the SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ID_VALID
operation to check if the target is still blocked in its system call. Alternatively, in
the accept(2) example, the supervisor might use poll(2) to monitor both the notification
file descriptor (so as to discover when the target's accept(2) call has been interrupted)
and the listening file descriptor (so as to know when a connection is available).
If the target's system call is interrupted, the supervisor must take care to release
resources (e.g., file descriptors) that it acquired on behalf of the target.
Interaction with SA_RESTART signal handlers
Consider the following scenario:
• The target process has used sigaction(2) to install a signal handler with the SA_RESTART
flag.
• The target has made a system call that triggered a seccomp user-space notification and
the target is currently blocked until the supervisor sends a notification response.
• A signal is delivered to the target and the signal handler is executed.
• When (if) the supervisor attempts to send a notification response, the
SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND ioctl(2)) operation will fail with the ENOENT error.
In this scenario, the kernel will restart the target's system call. Consequently, the
supervisor will receive another user-space notification. Thus, depending on how many
times the blocked system call is interrupted by a signal handler, the supervisor may
receive multiple notifications for the same instance of a system call in the target.
One oddity is that system call restarting as described in this scenario will occur even
for the blocking system calls listed in signal(7) that would never normally be restarted
by the SA_RESTART flag.
Furthermore, if the supervisor response is a file descriptor added with
SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ADDFD, then the flag SECCOMP_ADDFD_FLAG_SEND can be used to atomically
add the file descriptor and return that value, making sure no file descriptors are
inadvertently leaked into the target.
BUGS
If a SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV ioctl(2) operation is performed after the target terminates,
then the ioctl(2) call simply blocks (rather than returning an error to indicate that the
target no longer exists).
EXAMPLES
The (somewhat contrived) program shown below demonstrates the use of the interfaces
described in this page. The program creates a child process that serves as the "target"
process. The child process installs a seccomp filter that returns the
SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF action value if a call is made to mkdir(2). The child process then
calls mkdir(2) once for each of the supplied command-line arguments, and reports the
result returned by the call. After processing all arguments, the child process
terminates.
The parent process acts as the supervisor, listening for the notifications that are
generated when the target process calls mkdir(2). When such a notification occurs, the
supervisor examines the memory of the target process (using /proc/[pid]/mem) to discover
the pathname argument that was supplied to the mkdir(2) call, and performs one of the
following actions:
• If the pathname begins with the prefix "/tmp/", then the supervisor attempts to create
the specified directory, and then spoofs a return for the target process based on the
return value of the supervisor's mkdir(2) call. In the event that that call succeeds,
the spoofed success return value is the length of the pathname.
• If the pathname begins with "./" (i.e., it is a relative pathname), the supervisor sends
a SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE response to the kernel to say that the kernel should
execute the target process's mkdir(2) call.
• If the pathname begins with some other prefix, the supervisor spoofs an error return for
the target process, so that the target process's mkdir(2) call appears to fail with the
error EOPNOTSUPP ("Operation not supported"). Additionally, if the specified pathname
is exactly "/bye", then the supervisor terminates.
This program can be used to demonstrate various aspects of the behavior of the seccomp
user-space notification mechanism. To help aid such demonstrations, the program logs
various messages to show the operation of the target process (lines prefixed "T:") and the
supervisor (indented lines prefixed "S:").
In the following example, the target attempts to create the directory /tmp/x. Upon
receiving the notification, the supervisor creates the directory on the target's behalf,
and spoofs a success return to be received by the target process's mkdir(2) call.
$ ./seccomp_unotify /tmp/x
T: PID = 23168
T: about to mkdir("/tmp/x")
S: got notification (ID 0x17445c4a0f4e0e3c) for PID 23168
S: executing: mkdir("/tmp/x", 0700)
S: success! spoofed return = 6
S: sending response (flags = 0; val = 6; error = 0)
T: SUCCESS: mkdir(2) returned 6
T: terminating
S: target has terminated; bye
In the above output, note that the spoofed return value seen by the target process is 6
(the length of the pathname /tmp/x), whereas a normal mkdir(2) call returns 0 on success.
In the next example, the target attempts to create a directory using the relative pathname
./sub. Since this pathname starts with "./", the supervisor sends a
SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE response to the kernel, and the kernel then
(successfully) executes the target process's mkdir(2) call.
$ ./seccomp_unotify ./sub
T: PID = 23204
T: about to mkdir("./sub")
S: got notification (ID 0xddb16abe25b4c12) for PID 23204
S: target can execute system call
S: sending response (flags = 0x1; val = 0; error = 0)
T: SUCCESS: mkdir(2) returned 0
T: terminating
S: target has terminated; bye
If the target process attempts to create a directory with a pathname that doesn't start
with "." and doesn't begin with the prefix "/tmp/", then the supervisor spoofs an error
return (EOPNOTSUPP, "Operation not supported") for the target's mkdir(2) call (which is
not executed):
$ ./seccomp_unotify /xxx
T: PID = 23178
T: about to mkdir("/xxx")
S: got notification (ID 0xe7dc095d1c524e80) for PID 23178
S: spoofing error response (Operation not supported)
S: sending response (flags = 0; val = 0; error = -95)
T: ERROR: mkdir(2): Operation not supported
T: terminating
S: target has terminated; bye
In the next example, the target process attempts to create a directory with the pathname
/tmp/nosuchdir/b. Upon receiving the notification, the supervisor attempts to create that
directory, but the mkdir(2) call fails because the directory /tmp/nosuchdir does not
exist. Consequently, the supervisor spoofs an error return that passes the error that it
received back to the target process's mkdir(2) call.
$ ./seccomp_unotify /tmp/nosuchdir/b
T: PID = 23199
T: about to mkdir("/tmp/nosuchdir/b")
S: got notification (ID 0x8744454293506046) for PID 23199
S: executing: mkdir("/tmp/nosuchdir/b", 0700)
S: failure! (errno = 2; No such file or directory)
S: sending response (flags = 0; val = 0; error = -2)
T: ERROR: mkdir(2): No such file or directory
T: terminating
S: target has terminated; bye
If the supervisor receives a notification and sees that the argument of the target's
mkdir(2) is the string "/bye", then (as well as spoofing an EOPNOTSUPP error), the
supervisor terminates. If the target process subsequently executes another mkdir(2) that
triggers its seccomp filter to return the SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF action value, then the
kernel causes the target process's system call to fail with the error ENOSYS ("Function
not implemented"). This is demonstrated by the following example:
$ ./seccomp_unotify /bye /tmp/y
T: PID = 23185
T: about to mkdir("/bye")
S: got notification (ID 0xa81236b1d2f7b0f4) for PID 23185
S: spoofing error response (Operation not supported)
S: sending response (flags = 0; val = 0; error = -95)
S: terminating **********
T: ERROR: mkdir(2): Operation not supported
T: about to mkdir("/tmp/y")
T: ERROR: mkdir(2): Function not implemented
T: terminating
Program source
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <linux/audit.h>
#include <linux/filter.h>
#include <linux/seccomp.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/prctl.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
} while (0)
/* Send the file descriptor 'fd' over the connected UNIX domain socket
'sockfd'. Returns 0 on success, or -1 on error. */
static int
sendfd(int sockfd, int fd)
{
struct msghdr msgh;
struct iovec iov;
int data;
struct cmsghdr *cmsgp;
/* Allocate a char array of suitable size to hold the ancillary data.
However, since this buffer is in reality a 'struct cmsghdr', use a
union to ensure that it is suitably aligned. */
union {
char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))];
/* Space large enough to hold an 'int' */
struct cmsghdr align;
} controlMsg;
/* The 'msg_name' field can be used to specify the address of the
destination socket when sending a datagram. However, we do not
need to use this field because 'sockfd' is a connected socket. */
msgh.msg_name = NULL;
msgh.msg_namelen = 0;
/* On Linux, we must transmit at least one byte of real data in
order to send ancillary data. We transmit an arbitrary integer
whose value is ignored by recvfd(). */
msgh.msg_iov = &iov;
msgh.msg_iovlen = 1;
iov.iov_base = &data;
iov.iov_len = sizeof(int);
data = 12345;
/* Set 'msghdr' fields that describe ancillary data */
msgh.msg_control = controlMsg.buf;
msgh.msg_controllen = sizeof(controlMsg.buf);
/* Set up ancillary data describing file descriptor to send */
cmsgp = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msgh);
cmsgp->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
cmsgp->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS;
cmsgp->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int));
memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsgp), &fd, sizeof(int));
/* Send real plus ancillary data */
if (sendmsg(sockfd, &msgh, 0) == -1)
return -1;
return 0;
}
/* Receive a file descriptor on a connected UNIX domain socket. Returns
the received file descriptor on success, or -1 on error. */
static int
recvfd(int sockfd)
{
struct msghdr msgh;
struct iovec iov;
int data, fd;
ssize_t nr;
/* Allocate a char buffer for the ancillary data. See the comments
in sendfd() */
union {
char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))];
struct cmsghdr align;
} controlMsg;
struct cmsghdr *cmsgp;
/* The 'msg_name' field can be used to obtain the address of the
sending socket. However, we do not need this information. */
msgh.msg_name = NULL;
msgh.msg_namelen = 0;
/* Specify buffer for receiving real data */
msgh.msg_iov = &iov;
msgh.msg_iovlen = 1;
iov.iov_base = &data; /* Real data is an 'int' */
iov.iov_len = sizeof(int);
/* Set 'msghdr' fields that describe ancillary data */
msgh.msg_control = controlMsg.buf;
msgh.msg_controllen = sizeof(controlMsg.buf);
/* Receive real plus ancillary data; real data is ignored */
nr = recvmsg(sockfd, &msgh, 0);
if (nr == -1)
return -1;
cmsgp = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msgh);
/* Check the validity of the 'cmsghdr' */
if (cmsgp == NULL ||
cmsgp->cmsg_len != CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int)) ||
cmsgp->cmsg_level != SOL_SOCKET ||
cmsgp->cmsg_type != SCM_RIGHTS) {
errno = EINVAL;
return -1;
}
/* Return the received file descriptor to our caller */
memcpy(&fd, CMSG_DATA(cmsgp), sizeof(int));
return fd;
}
static void
sigchldHandler(int sig)
{
char msg[] = "\tS: target has terminated; bye\n";
write(STDOUT_FILENO, msg, sizeof(msg) - 1);
_exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
static int
seccomp(unsigned int operation, unsigned int flags, void *args)
{
return syscall(__NR_seccomp, operation, flags, args);
}
/* The following is the x86-64-specific BPF boilerplate code for checking
that the BPF program is running on the right architecture + ABI. At
completion of these instructions, the accumulator contains the system
call number. */
/* For the x32 ABI, all system call numbers have bit 30 set */
#define X32_SYSCALL_BIT 0x40000000
#define X86_64_CHECK_ARCH_AND_LOAD_SYSCALL_NR \
BPF_STMT(BPF_LD | BPF_W | BPF_ABS, \
(offsetof(struct seccomp_data, arch))), \
BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K, AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64, 0, 2), \
BPF_STMT(BPF_LD | BPF_W | BPF_ABS, \
(offsetof(struct seccomp_data, nr))), \
BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JGE | BPF_K, X32_SYSCALL_BIT, 0, 1), \
BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K, SECCOMP_RET_KILL_PROCESS)
/* installNotifyFilter() installs a seccomp filter that generates
user-space notifications (SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF) when the process
calls mkdir(2); the filter allows all other system calls.
The function return value is a file descriptor from which the
user-space notifications can be fetched. */
static int
installNotifyFilter(void)
{
struct sock_filter filter[] = {
X86_64_CHECK_ARCH_AND_LOAD_SYSCALL_NR,
/* mkdir() triggers notification to user-space supervisor */
BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K, __NR_mkdir, 0, 1),
BPF_STMT(BPF_RET + BPF_K, SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF),
/* Every other system call is allowed */
BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K, SECCOMP_RET_ALLOW),
};
struct sock_fprog prog = {
.len = sizeof(filter) / sizeof(filter[0]),
.filter = filter,
};
/* Install the filter with the SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_NEW_LISTENER flag;
as a result, seccomp() returns a notification file descriptor. */
int notifyFd = seccomp(SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER,
SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_NEW_LISTENER, &prog);
if (notifyFd == -1)
errExit("seccomp-install-notify-filter");
return notifyFd;
}
/* Close a pair of sockets created by socketpair() */
static void
closeSocketPair(int sockPair[2])
{
if (close(sockPair[0]) == -1)
errExit("closeSocketPair-close-0");
if (close(sockPair[1]) == -1)
errExit("closeSocketPair-close-1");
}
/* Implementation of the target process; create a child process that:
(1) installs a seccomp filter with the
SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_NEW_LISTENER flag;
(2) writes the seccomp notification file descriptor returned from
the previous step onto the UNIX domain socket, 'sockPair[0]';
(3) calls mkdir(2) for each element of 'argv'.
The function return value in the parent is the PID of the child
process; the child does not return from this function. */
static pid_t
targetProcess(int sockPair[2], char *argv[])
{
pid_t targetPid = fork();
if (targetPid == -1)
errExit("fork");
if (targetPid > 0) /* In parent, return PID of child */
return targetPid;
/* Child falls through to here */
printf("T: PID = %ld\n", (long) getpid());
/* Install seccomp filter(s) */
if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0))
errExit("prctl");
int notifyFd = installNotifyFilter();
/* Pass the notification file descriptor to the tracing process over
a UNIX domain socket */
if (sendfd(sockPair[0], notifyFd) == -1)
errExit("sendfd");
/* Notification and socket FDs are no longer needed in target */
if (close(notifyFd) == -1)
errExit("close-target-notify-fd");
closeSocketPair(sockPair);
/* Perform a mkdir() call for each of the command-line arguments */
for (char **ap = argv; *ap != NULL; ap++) {
printf("\nT: about to mkdir(\"%s\")\n", *ap);
int s = mkdir(*ap, 0700);
if (s == -1)
perror("T: ERROR: mkdir(2)");
else
printf("T: SUCCESS: mkdir(2) returned %d\n", s);
}
printf("\nT: terminating\n");
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
/* Check that the notification ID provided by a SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV
operation is still valid. It will no longer be valid if the target
process has terminated or is no longer blocked in the system call that
generated the notification (because it was interrupted by a signal).
This operation can be used when doing such things as accessing
/proc/PID files in the target process in order to avoid TOCTOU race
conditions where the PID that is returned by SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV
terminates and is reused by another process. */
static bool
cookieIsValid(int notifyFd, uint64_t id)
{
return ioctl(notifyFd, SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ID_VALID, &id) == 0;
}
/* Access the memory of the target process in order to fetch the
pathname referred to by the system call argument 'argNum' in
'req->data.args[]'. The pathname is returned in 'path',
a buffer of 'len' bytes allocated by the caller.
Returns true if the pathname is successfully fetched, and false
otherwise. For possible causes of failure, see the comments below. */
static bool
getTargetPathname(struct seccomp_notif *req, int notifyFd,
int argNum, char *path, size_t len)
{
char procMemPath[PATH_MAX];
snprintf(procMemPath, sizeof(procMemPath), "/proc/%d/mem", req->pid);
int procMemFd = open(procMemPath, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
if (procMemFd == -1)
return false;
/* Check that the process whose info we are accessing is still alive
and blocked in the system call that caused the notification.
If the SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_ID_VALID operation (performed in
cookieIsValid()) succeeded, we know that the /proc/PID/mem file
descriptor that we opened corresponded to the process for which we
received a notification. If that process subsequently terminates,
then read() on that file descriptor will return 0 (EOF). */
if (!cookieIsValid(notifyFd, req->id)) {
close(procMemFd);
return false;
}
/* Read bytes at the location containing the pathname argument */
ssize_t nread = pread(procMemFd, path, len, req->data.args[argNum]);
close(procMemFd);
if (nread <= 0)
return false;
/* Once again check that the notification ID is still valid. The
case we are particularly concerned about here is that just
before we fetched the pathname, the target's blocked system
call was interrupted by a signal handler, and after the handler
returned, the target carried on execution (past the interrupted
system call). In that case, we have no guarantees about what we
are reading, since the target's memory may have been arbitrarily
changed by subsequent operations. */
if (!cookieIsValid(notifyFd, req->id)) {
perror("\tS: notification ID check failed!!!");
return false;
}
/* Even if the target's system call was not interrupted by a signal,
we have no guarantees about what was in the memory of the target
process. (The memory may have been modified by another thread, or
even by an external attacking process.) We therefore treat the
buffer returned by pread() as untrusted input. The buffer should
contain a terminating null byte; if not, then we will trigger an
error for the target process. */
if (strnlen(path, nread) < nread)
return true;
return false;
}
/* Allocate buffers for the seccomp user-space notification request and
response structures. It is the caller's responsibility to free the
buffers returned via 'req' and 'resp'. */
static void
allocSeccompNotifBuffers(struct seccomp_notif **req,
struct seccomp_notif_resp **resp,
struct seccomp_notif_sizes *sizes)
{
/* Discover the sizes of the structures that are used to receive
notifications and send notification responses, and allocate
buffers of those sizes. */
if (seccomp(SECCOMP_GET_NOTIF_SIZES, 0, sizes) == -1)
errExit("seccomp-SECCOMP_GET_NOTIF_SIZES");
*req = malloc(sizes->seccomp_notif);
if (*req == NULL)
errExit("malloc-seccomp_notif");
/* When allocating the response buffer, we must allow for the fact
that the user-space binary may have been built with user-space
headers where 'struct seccomp_notif_resp' is bigger than the
response buffer expected by the (older) kernel. Therefore, we
allocate a buffer that is the maximum of the two sizes. This
ensures that if the supervisor places bytes into the response
structure that are past the response size that the kernel expects,
then the supervisor is not touching an invalid memory location. */
size_t resp_size = sizes->seccomp_notif_resp;
if (sizeof(struct seccomp_notif_resp) > resp_size)
resp_size = sizeof(struct seccomp_notif_resp);
*resp = malloc(resp_size);
if (resp == NULL)
errExit("malloc-seccomp_notif_resp");
}
/* Handle notifications that arrive via the SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF file
descriptor, 'notifyFd'. */
static void
handleNotifications(int notifyFd)
{
struct seccomp_notif_sizes sizes;
struct seccomp_notif *req;
struct seccomp_notif_resp *resp;
char path[PATH_MAX];
allocSeccompNotifBuffers(&req, &resp, &sizes);
/* Loop handling notifications */
for (;;) {
/* Wait for next notification, returning info in '*req' */
memset(req, 0, sizes.seccomp_notif);
if (ioctl(notifyFd, SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV, req) == -1) {
if (errno == EINTR)
continue;
errExit("\tS: ioctl-SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV");
}
printf("\tS: got notification (ID %#llx) for PID %d\n",
req->id, req->pid);
/* The only system call that can generate a notification event
is mkdir(2). Nevertheless, we check that the notified system
call is indeed mkdir() as kind of future-proofing of this
code in case the seccomp filter is later modified to
generate notifications for other system calls. */
if (req->data.nr != __NR_mkdir) {
printf("\tS: notification contained unexpected "
"system call number; bye!!!\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
bool pathOK = getTargetPathname(req, notifyFd, 0, path,
sizeof(path));
/* Prepopulate some fields of the response */
resp->id = req->id; /* Response includes notification ID */
resp->flags = 0;
resp->val = 0;
/* If getTargetPathname() failed, trigger an EINVAL error
response (sending this response may yield an error if the
failure occurred because the notification ID was no longer
valid); if the directory is in /tmp, then create it on behalf
of the supervisor; if the pathname starts with '.', tell the
kernel to let the target process execute the mkdir();
otherwise, give an error for a directory pathname in any other
location. */
if (!pathOK) {
resp->error = -EINVAL;
printf("\tS: spoofing error for invalid pathname (%s)\n",
strerror(-resp->error));
} else if (strncmp(path, "/tmp/", strlen("/tmp/")) == 0) {
printf("\tS: executing: mkdir(\"%s\", %#llo)\n",
path, req->data.args[1]);
if (mkdir(path, req->data.args[1]) == 0) {
resp->error = 0; /* "Success" */
resp->val = strlen(path); /* Used as return value of
mkdir() in target */
printf("\tS: success! spoofed return = %lld\n",
resp->val);
} else {
/* If mkdir() failed in the supervisor, pass the error
back to the target */
resp->error = -errno;
printf("\tS: failure! (errno = %d; %s)\n", errno,
strerror(errno));
}
} else if (strncmp(path, "./", strlen("./")) == 0) {
resp->error = resp->val = 0;
resp->flags = SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE;
printf("\tS: target can execute system call\n");
} else {
resp->error = -EOPNOTSUPP;
printf("\tS: spoofing error response (%s)\n",
strerror(-resp->error));
}
/* Send a response to the notification */
printf("\tS: sending response "
"(flags = %#x; val = %lld; error = %d)\n",
resp->flags, resp->val, resp->error);
if (ioctl(notifyFd, SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND, resp) == -1) {
if (errno == ENOENT)
printf("\tS: response failed with ENOENT; "
"perhaps target process's syscall was "
"interrupted by a signal?\n");
else
perror("ioctl-SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND");
}
/* If the pathname is just "/bye", then the supervisor breaks out
of the loop and terminates. This allows us to see what happens
if the target process makes further calls to mkdir(2). */
if (strcmp(path, "/bye") == 0)
break;
}
free(req);
free(resp);
printf("\tS: terminating **********\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* Implementation of the supervisor process:
(1) obtains the notification file descriptor from 'sockPair[1]'
(2) handles notifications that arrive on that file descriptor. */
static void
supervisor(int sockPair[2])
{
int notifyFd = recvfd(sockPair[1]);
if (notifyFd == -1)
errExit("recvfd");
closeSocketPair(sockPair); /* We no longer need the socket pair */
handleNotifications(notifyFd);
}
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int sockPair[2];
setbuf(stdout, NULL);
if (argc < 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "At least one pathname argument is required\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* Create a UNIX domain socket that is used to pass the seccomp
notification file descriptor from the target process to the
supervisor process. */
if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0, sockPair) == -1)
errExit("socketpair");
/* Create a child process--the "target"--that installs seccomp
filtering. The target process writes the seccomp notification
file descriptor onto 'sockPair[0]' and then calls mkdir(2) for
each directory in the command-line arguments. */
(void) targetProcess(sockPair, &argv[optind]);
/* Catch SIGCHLD when the target terminates, so that the
supervisor can also terminate. */
struct sigaction sa;
sa.sa_handler = sigchldHandler;
sa.sa_flags = 0;
sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
if (sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL) == -1)
errExit("sigaction");
supervisor(sockPair);
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
SEE ALSO
ioctl(2), pidfd_getfd(2), pidfd_open(2), seccomp(2)
A further example program can be found in the kernel source file samples/seccomp/user-
trap.c.
COLOPHON
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found at https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.