Provided by: libhtml-tiny-perl_1.05-3.1_all 
NAME
HTML::Tiny - Lightweight, dependency free HTML/XML generation
VERSION
This document describes HTML::Tiny version 1.05
SYNOPSIS
use HTML::Tiny;
my $h = HTML::Tiny->new;
# Generate a simple page
print $h->html(
[
$h->head( $h->title( 'Sample page' ) ),
$h->body(
[
$h->h1( { class => 'main' }, 'Sample page' ),
$h->p( 'Hello, World', { class => 'detail' }, 'Second para' )
]
)
]
);
# Outputs
<html>
<head>
<title>Sample page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 class="main">Sample page</h1>
<p>Hello, World</p>
<p class="detail">Second para</p>
</body>
</html>
DESCRIPTION
"HTML::Tiny" is a simple, dependency free module for generating HTML (and XML). It
concentrates on generating syntactically correct XHTML using a simple Perl notation.
In addition to the HTML generation functions utility functions are provided to
• encode and decode URL encoded strings
• entity encode HTML
• build query strings
• JSON encode data structures
INTERFACE
"new"
Create a new "HTML::Tiny". The constructor takes one optional argument: "mode". "mode"
can be either 'xml' (default) or 'html'. The difference is that in HTML mode, closed
tags will not be closed with a forward slash; instead, closed tags will be returned as
single open tags.
Example:
# Set HTML mode.
my $h = HTML::Tiny->new( mode => 'html' );
# The default is XML mode, but this can also be defined explicitly.
$h = HTML::Tiny->new( mode => 'xml' );
HTML is a dialect of SGML, and is not XML in any way. "Orphan" open tags or unclosed
tags are legal and in fact expected by user agents. In practice, if you want to
generate XML or XHTML, supply no arguments. If you want valid HTML, use "mode =>
'html'".
HTML Generation
"tag( $name, ... )"
Returns HTML (or XML) that encloses each of the arguments in the specified tag. For
example
print $h->tag('p', 'Hello', 'World');
would print
<p>Hello</p><p>World</p>
notice that each argument is individually wrapped in the specified tag. To avoid this
multiple arguments can be grouped in an anonymous array:
print $h->tag('p', ['Hello', 'World']);
would print
<p>HelloWorld</p>
The [ and ] can be thought of as grouping a number of arguments.
Attributes may be supplied by including an anonymous hash as the first element in the
argument list (after the tag name):
print $h->tag('p', { class => 'normal' }, 'Foo');
would print
<p class="normal">Foo</p>
Attribute values will be HTML entity encoded as necessary.
Multiple hashes may be supplied in which case they will be merged:
print $h->tag('p',
{ class => 'normal' }, 'Bar',
{ style => 'color: red' }, 'Bang!'
);
would print
<p class="normal">Bar</p><p class="normal" style="color: red">Bang!</p>
Notice that the class="normal" attribute is merged with the style attribute for the
second paragraph.
To remove an attribute set its value to undef:
print $h->tag('p',
{ class => 'normal' }, 'Bar',
{ class => undef }, 'Bang!'
);
would print
<p class="normal">Bar</p><p>Bang!</p>
An empty attribute - such as 'checked' in a checkbox can be encoded by passing an
empty array reference:
print $h->closed( 'input', { type => 'checkbox', checked => [] } );
would print
<input checked type="checkbox" />
Return Value
In a scalar context "tag" returns a string. In a list context it returns an array each
element of which corresponds to one of the original arguments:
my @html = $h->tag('p', 'this', 'that');
would return
@html = (
'<p>this</p>',
'<p>that</p>'
);
That means that when you nest calls to tag (or the equivalent HTML aliases - see
below) the individual arguments to the inner call will be tagged separately by each
enclosing call. In practice this means that
print $h->tag('p', $h->tag('b', 'Foo', 'Bar'));
would print
<p><b>Foo</b></p><p><b>Bar</b></p>
You can modify this behavior by grouping multiple args in an anonymous array:
print $h->tag('p', [ $h->tag('b', 'Foo', 'Bar') ] );
would print
<p><b>Foo</b><b>Bar</b></p>
This behaviour is powerful but can take a little time to master. If you imagine '['
and ']' preventing the propagation of the 'tag individual items' behaviour it might
help visualise how it works.
Here's an HTML table (using the tag-name convenience methods - see below) that
demonstrates it in more detail:
print $h->table(
[
$h->tr(
[ $h->th( 'Name', 'Score', 'Position' ) ],
[ $h->td( 'Therese', 90, 1 ) ],
[ $h->td( 'Chrissie', 85, 2 ) ],
[ $h->td( 'Andy', 50, 3 ) ]
)
]
);
which would print the unformatted version of:
<table>
<tr><th>Name</th><th>Score</th><th>Position</th></tr>
<tr><td>Therese</td><td>90</td><td>1</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chrissie</td><td>85</td><td>2</td></tr>
<tr><td>Andy</td><td>50</td><td>3</td></tr>
</table>
Note how you don't need a td() for every cell or a tr() for every row. Notice also
how the square brackets around the rows prevent tr() from wrapping each individual
cell.
Often when generating nested HTML you will find yourself writing corresponding nested
calls to HTML generation methods. The table generation code above is an example of
this.
If you prefer these nested method calls can be deferred like this:
print $h->table(
[
\'tr',
[ \'th', 'Name', 'Score', 'Position' ],
[ \'td', 'Therese', 90, 1 ],
[ \'td', 'Chrissie', 85, 2 ],
[ \'td', 'Andy', 50, 3 ]
]
);
In general a nested call like
$h->method( args )
may be rewritten like this
[ \'method', args ]
This allows complex HTML to be expressed as a pure data structure. See the "stringify"
method for more information.
"open( $name, ... )"
Generate an opening HTML or XML tag. For example:
print $h->open('marker');
would print
<marker>
Attributes can be provided in the form of anonymous hashes in the same way as for
"tag". For example:
print $h->open('marker', { lat => 57.0, lon => -2 });
would print
<marker lat="57.0" lon="-2">
As for "tag" multiple attribute hash references will be merged. The example above
could be written:
print $h->open('marker', { lat => 57.0 }, { lon => -2 });
"close( $name )"
Generate a closing HTML or XML tag. For example:
print $h->close('marker');
would print:
</marker>
"closed( $name, ... )"
Generate a closed HTML or XML tag. For example
print $h->closed('marker');
would print:
<marker />
As for "tag" and "open" attributes may be provided as hash references:
print $h->closed('marker', { lat => 57.0 }, { lon => -2 });
would print:
<marker lat="57.0" lon="-2" />
"auto_tag( $name, ... )"
Calls either "tag" or "closed" based on built in rules for the tag. Used internally to
implement the tag-named methods.
"stringify( $obj )"
Called internally to obtain string representations of values.
It also implements the deferred method call notation (mentioned above) so that
my $table = $h->table(
[
$h->tr(
[ $h->th( 'Name', 'Score', 'Position' ) ],
[ $h->td( 'Therese', 90, 1 ) ],
[ $h->td( 'Chrissie', 85, 2 ) ],
[ $h->td( 'Andy', 50, 3 ) ]
)
]
);
may also be written like this:
my $table = $h->stringify(
[
\'table',
[
\'tr',
[ \'th', 'Name', 'Score', 'Position' ],
[ \'td', 'Therese', 90, 1 ],
[ \'td', 'Chrissie', 85, 2 ],
[ \'td', 'Andy', 50, 3 ]
]
]
);
Any reference to an array whose first element is a reference to a scalar
[ \'methodname', args ]
is executed as a call to the named method with the specified args.
Methods named after tags
In addition to the methods described above "HTML::Tiny" provides all of the following HTML
generation methods:
a abbr acronym address area b base bdo big blockquote body br
button caption cite code col colgroup dd del div dfn dl dt em
fieldset form frame frameset h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 head hr html i
iframe img input ins kbd label legend li link map meta noframes
noscript object ol optgroup option p param pre q samp script select
small span strong style sub sup table tbody td textarea tfoot th
thead title tr tt ul var
The following methods generate closed XHTML (<br />) tags by default:
area base br col frame hr img input meta param
So:
print $h->br; # prints <br />
print $h->input({ name => 'field1' });
# prints <input name="field1" />
print $h->img({ src => 'pic.jpg' });
# prints <img src="pic.jpg" />
All other tag methods generate tags to wrap whatever content they are passed:
print $h->p('Hello, World');
prints:
<p>Hello, World</p>
So the following are equivalent:
print $h->a({ href => 'http://hexten.net' }, 'Hexten');
and
print $h->tag('a', { href => 'http://hexten.net' }, 'Hexten');
Utility Methods
"url_encode( $str )"
URL encode a string. Spaces become '+' and non-alphanumeric characters are encoded as
'%' + their hexadecimal character code.
$h->url_encode( ' <hello> ' ) # returns '+%3chello%3e+'
"url_decode( $str )"
URL decode a string. Reverses the effect of "url_encode".
$h->url_decode( '+%3chello%3e+' ) # returns ' <hello> '
"query_encode( $hash_ref )"
Generate a query string from an anonymous hash of key, value pairs:
print $h->query_encode({ a => 1, b => 2 })
would print
a=1&b=2
"entity_encode( $str )"
Encode the characters '<', '>', '&', '\'' and '"' as their HTML entity equivalents:
print $h->entity_encode( '<>\'"&' );
would print:
<>'"&
"json_encode"
Encode a data structure in JSON (Javascript) format:
print $h->json_encode( { ar => [ 1, 2, 3, { a => 1, b => 2 } ] } );
would print:
{"ar":[1,2,3,{"a":1,"b":2}]}
Because JSON is valid Javascript this method can be useful when generating ad-hoc
Javascript. For example
my $some_perl_data = {
score => 45,
name => 'Fred',
history => [ 32, 37, 41, 45 ]
};
# Transfer value to Javascript
print $h->script( { type => 'text/javascript' },
"\nvar someVar = " . $h->json_encode( $some_perl_data ) . ";\n " );
# Prints
# <script type="text/javascript">
# var someVar = {"history":[32,37,41,45],"name":"Fred","score":45};
# </script>
If you attempt to json encode a blessed object "json_encode" will look for a "TO_JSON"
method and, if found, use its return value as the structure to be converted in place
of the object. An attempt to encode a blessed object that does not implement "TO_JSON"
will fail.
Subclassing
An "HTML::Tiny" is a blessed hash ref.
"validate_tag( $closed, $name, $attr )"
Subclass "validate_tag" to throw an error or issue a warning when an attempt is made
to generate an invalid tag.
CONFIGURATION AND ENVIRONMENT
HTML::Tiny requires no configuration files or environment variables.
DEPENDENCIES
By design HTML::Tiny has no non-core dependencies.
To run the tests you will require Test::More.
INCOMPATIBILITIES
None reported.
BUGS AND LIMITATIONS
No bugs have been reported.
Please report any bugs or feature requests to "bug-html-tiny@rt.cpan.org", or through the
web interface at <http://rt.cpan.org>.
AUTHOR
Andy Armstrong "<andy@hexten.net>"
Aristotle Pagaltzis "<pagaltzis@gmx.de>"
LICENCE AND COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2008, Andy Armstrong "<andy@hexten.net>". All rights reserved.
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself. See perlartistic.
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY
BECAUSE THIS SOFTWARE IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE SOFTWARE,
TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE
COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE SOFTWARE "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO
THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE SOFTWARE PROVE
DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR, OR CORRECTION.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT
HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE SOFTWARE AS PERMITTED BY
THE ABOVE LICENCE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE
SOFTWARE (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR
LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE SOFTWARE TO OPERATE WITH ANY
OTHER SOFTWARE), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.