Provided by: libmason-perl_2.24-2_all bug

NAME

       Mason::Manual::Components - The building blocks of Mason

DESCRIPTION

       The component - a file with a mix of Perl and HTML - is Mason's basic building block.
       Pages are usually formed by combining the output from multiple components.  An article
       page for a online magazine, for example, might call separate components for the company
       masthead, ad banner, left table of contents, and article body.

           +---------+------------------+
           |Masthead | Banner Ad        |
           +---------+------------------+
           |         |                  |
           |+-------+|Text of Article ..|
           ||       ||                  |
           ||Related||Text of Article ..|
           ||Stories||                  |
           ||       ||Text of Article ..|
           |+-------+|                  |
           |         +------------------+
           |         | Footer           |
           +---------+------------------+

       The top level component decides the overall page layout.  Individual cells are then filled
       by the output of subordinate components.  Pages might be built up from as few as one, to
       as many as hundreds of components, with each component contributing a chunk of HTML.

       Splitting up a page into multiple components gives you roughly the same benefits as
       splitting up an application into multiple classes: encapsulation, reusability, development
       concurrency, separation of concerns, etc.

       Mason actually compiles components down to Perl/Moose classes, which means that many of
       the tools you use to develop regular classes - profilers, debuggers, and the like - can be
       used with Mason components with slight tweaking.

COMPONENT FILES

   The component root and component paths
       When you use Mason, you specify a component root that all component files live under.
       Thereafter, any component will be referred to by its virtual path relative to the root,
       rather than its full filename.

       For example, if the component root is '/opt/web/comps', then the component path
       '/foo/bar.mc' refers to the file '/opt/web/comps/foo/bar.mc'.

       It is also possible to specify multiple component roots, ala Perl's @INC, in which case a
       component path might refer to one of several files.

   Component file extensions
       By default Mason facilitates and enforces standard file extensions for components.

       .mc - top-level component
           A top-level component can serve as the page component in a request.

       .mi - internal component
           An internal component can only be accessed from other components.

       .mp - pure-perl component
           A pure-perl component contains only code; it is parsed as if its entire content was
           within a %class block. You do not need to (and are not allowed to) include Mason tags
           in this component, and it will not produce any output if called. This is just a way of
           defining a class that other components can easily interact with and extend. Some
           applications include: controller logic, web form handlers, and autobase components.

       These extensions are configurable via "pure_perl_extensions" in Mason::Interp and
       "top_level_extensions" in Mason::Interp.

CALLING COMPONENTS

       The initial component in a request, called the page component, is called from run, which
       in turn may be called from a PSGI handler or an web framework view depending on your
       setup. See Mason::Manual::RequestDispatch for more information about how the page
       component is chosen.

       A component can call another component with the <& &> tag:

           <& /path/to/comp.mi, name=>value, ... &>

       or via the comp or scomp methods:

           <%init>
           $m->comp('/some/component.mi', foo => 5);
           my $output = $m->scomp('/some/other/component.mi');
           </%init>

       From the implementation perspective, calling a component means creating a new instance of
       the component's class with the specified parameters, and then calling method "handle" (for
       the page component) or "main" (for an internal component) on the instance.

ATTRIBUTES

       You can declare attributes in components and pass them when calling components.

   Declaring attributes
       Use Moose 'has' syntax to declare attributes within a "<%class>" section:

           <%class>
           has 'foo';
           has 'bar' => (required => 1);
           has 'baz' => (isa => 'Int', default => 17);
           </%class>

   Attributes are read-write by default
       Mason::Component::Moose imports MooseX::HasDefaults::RW into all components, which makes
       attributes read-write unless stated otherwise. This is not considered best practice for
       general OO programming, but component instances are short-lived and not usually accessed
       outside of their class so we feel the convenience is warranted.

   Accessing attributes
       A declared attribute 'foo' can be accessed inside the component via the Perl6-ish syntax

           $.foo

       which is transformed by DollarDot to

           $self->foo

       In the rest of this documentation we will use $. notation, but feel free to substitute
       "$self->" conceptually and/or in reality.

       To set the attribute, you must use:

           $.foo(5);

       unless you're using LvalueAttributes, in which case you can say

           $.foo = 5;

       "$.args" will return a hashref of all of the parameters passed to the component when it
       was created/called, regardless of whether they correspond to declared attributes.

METHODS

       The base component class, Mason::Component, has but a few built-in methods: handle,
       render, wrap, main, m, and cmeta.

       The "main" method contains the mix of HTML and Perl in the main part of the component.

       You can add other methods that output HTML via the "<$method>" section; these methods
       automatically have access to $self and $m.

           <%method leftcol>
             <table><tr>
               <td><% $foo %></td>
               ...
             </tr></table>
           </%method>

           ...

           <% # call leftcol method and insert HTML here %>
           <% $.leftcol %>

       Methods can also take argument lists:

           <%method list ($style, $items)>
           <ul style="<% $style %>">
           % foreach my $item (@$items) {
           ...
           % }
           </ul>
           </%method>

       Both "main" and other methods defined with "<%method>" automatically get a "return undef"
       at their end, so that they don't accidentally return values.

       Pure-Perl methods that return a value can be added within the << <%class> >> section.

           <%class>
           method multiply ($a, $b) {
               return $a * $b;
           }
           </%class>

           ...

           <%init>
           my $value = $.multiply(5, 6);
           </%init>

       Note that Method::Signatures::Simple provides the "method" keyword and argument lists;
       this is used throughout Mason internals as well. If you prefer straight-up Perl
       subroutines:

           <%class>
           sub multiply {
               my ($self, $a, $b) = @_;
               return $a * $b;
           }
           </%class>

   Output versus return value
       Most Mason methods output content such as HTML. The content is not actually returned, but
       is instead appended to an implicit buffer. This is slightly more complicated but is
       necessary for supporting streaming applications.

       When Mason generates "main" and other methods declared with "<%method>", it puts an
       implicit

           return undef;

       at the bottom of the method, so that unless you specify otherwise, there will be no return
       value. This is important because of syntactical shortcuts like

           <% inner() %>
           <% $.leftcol %>

       which would (undesirably) print the return value if it existed.

INHERITANCE

       Each component class naturally inherits from (or 'extends') a superclass. The default
       superclass for components is Mason::Component, but this may be overridden in two ways: the
       extends flag and autobase components.

   Extends flag
       A component can declare its superclass via the "extends" flag:

           <%flags>
           extends => '/some/other/component'
           </%flags>

       The path may be absolute as shown above, or relative to the component's path.

       Note that including a raw "extends" keyword in a "<%class>" section will not work
       reliably.

   Autobase components
       Autobase components are specially named components that automatically become the
       superclass of all components in their directory and subdirectories. The default names are
       "Base.mp" and "Base.mc" - you can customize this with the "autobase_names" parameter.

       For example, in this directory hierarchy,

           Base.mp
           main.mc
           colors/
              red.mc
              blue.mc
           flavors/
              Base.mc
              vanilla.mc
              chocolate.mc

       assuming that no components have "extends" flags,

       •   /Base.mp is the superclass of /main.mc, /colors/red.mc, /colors/blue.mc, and
           /flavors/Base.mc.

       •   /flavors/Base.mc is the superclass of vanilla.mc and chocolate.mc.

       If "Base.mp" and "Base.mc" appear in the same directory, they will both be recognized;
       everything below will inherit from "Base.mc", and "Base.mc" will inherit from "Base.mp".
       This might be useful for separating content wrapping from shared method definitions, for
       example.

GENERATED CLASS

       It can be helpful to understand how Mason generates component classes, especially for
       troubleshooting unexpected component behavior.

   Object files
       Mason writes the generated class into an object file, located in

           <mason_data_directory>/obj/<component_path>.mobj

       For example if your data directory is /home/myapp/data and the component path is
       /foo/bar.mc, the corresponding object file will be

           /home/myapp/data/obj/foo/bar.mc.mobj

       The object file is rewritten whenever Mason detects a change in the source file.

       Object files aren't generated in a particularly clean way, so if you're going to be
       peeking at them, consider using the TidyObjectfiles plugin.

   Class name
       The class name is determined at load time by prepending the
       "Mason::Interp/component_class_prefix" to the component path, which slashes replaced with
       '::'. Two different Interp objects loading the same object file will thus create two
       separate classes.

   A simple example
       Here's a simple component:

           Hello world! The local time is <% scalar(localtime) %>.

       and here's the class that gets generated for it, filtered with "TidyObjectFiles":

            1  use Mason::Component::Moose;
            2  our ( $m, $_m_buffer );
            3  *m         = \$Mason::Request::current_request;
            4  *_m_buffer = \$Mason::Request::current_buffer;
            5  sub _inner { inner() }
            6  my $_class_cmeta;
            7
            8  method _set_class_cmeta ($interp) {
            9      $_class_cmeta = $interp->component_class_meta_class->new(
           10          'class'        => CLASS,
           11          'dir_path'     => '/',
           12          'interp'       => $interp,
           13          'is_top_level' => '1',
           14          'object_file'  => __FILE__,
           15          'path'         => '/hi.mc',
           16          'source_file'  => '/home/myapp/comps/hi.mc',
           17      );
           18  }
           19  sub _class_cmeta { $_class_cmeta }
           20
           21  method main {
           22  #line 1 "/home/myapp/comps/hi.mc"
           23      $$_m_buffer .= 'Hi there! The time is ';
           24  #line 1 "/home/myapp/comps/hi.mc"
           25      for ( scalar( scalar(localtime) ) ) { $$_m_buffer .= $_ if defined }
           26  #line 1 "/home/myapp/comps/hi.mc"
           27      $$_m_buffer .= '.
           28  ';
           29
           30      return;
           31  }

       (Caveat: the above is as of time of writing and may well be out of date with the current
       code generator, but it is accurate enough for explanatory purposes.)

       Line 1 brings in Mason::Component::Moose, which imports Moose, CLASS,
       Method::Signatures::Simple and other things into the current package.

       Lines 2-4 defines two dynamic globals, $m (the current request) and $_m_buffer (the
       current output buffer). These are aliased so that they can be changed for every component
       from a single place.

       Lines 6-19 create the Mason::Component::ClassMeta object returned from cmeta.

       Lines 21-31 contain the main method, which encapsulates all the output and Perl statements
       in the component that aren't explicitly inside a "<%method>" or "<%class>" block.

       Lines 22, 24, and 26 contain '#line' statements which make error messages appear to come
       from the source file rather than the object file (and hence more useful). This can be
       disabled with no_source_line_numbers.

       Lines 23, 25, and 27 output plain strings or the results of code by appending them to the
       current output buffer. The current output buffer can change within a request, for example
       when capture or scomp is called.

       Two things that would be in a normal class are missing above: the "package" and "extends"
       declarations. These are added dynamically when the object file is evaluated.

SEE ALSO

       Mason

AUTHOR

       Jonathan Swartz <swartz@pobox.com>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

       This software is copyright (c) 2012 by Jonathan Swartz.

       This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as
       the Perl 5 programming language system itself.