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NAME

     ip — Internet Protocol

SYNOPSIS

     #include <sys/types.h>
     #include <sys/socket.h>
     #include <netinet/in.h>

     int
     socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, proto);

DESCRIPTION

     IP is the transport layer protocol used by the Internet protocol family.  Options may be set
     at the IP level when using higher-level protocols that are based on IP (such as TCP and
     UDP).  It may also be accessed through a “raw socket” when developing new protocols, or
     special-purpose applications.

     There are several IP-level setsockopt(2) and getsockopt(2) options.  IP_OPTIONS may be used
     to provide IP options to be transmitted in the IP header of each outgoing packet or to
     examine the header options on incoming packets.  IP options may be used with any socket type
     in the Internet family.  The format of IP options to be sent is that specified by the IP
     protocol specification (RFC-791), with one exception: the list of addresses for Source Route
     options must include the first-hop gateway at the beginning of the list of gateways.  The
     first-hop gateway address will be extracted from the option list and the size adjusted
     accordingly before use.  To disable previously specified options, use a zero-length buffer:

     setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_OPTIONS, NULL, 0);

     IP_TOS and IP_TTL may be used to set the type-of-service and time-to-live fields in the IP
     header for SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM, and certain types of SOCK_RAW sockets.  For example,

     int tos = IPTOS_LOWDELAY;       /* see <netinet/ip.h> */
     setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS, &tos, sizeof(tos));

     int ttl = 60;                   /* max = 255 */
     setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));

     IP_MINTTL may be used to set the minimum acceptable TTL a packet must have when received on
     a socket.  All packets with a lower TTL are silently dropped.  This option is only really
     useful when set to 255, preventing packets from outside the directly connected networks
     reaching local listeners on sockets.

     IP_DONTFRAG may be used to set the Don't Fragment flag on IP packets.  Currently this option
     is respected only on udp(4) and raw ip sockets, unless the IP_HDRINCL option has been set.
     On tcp(4) sockets, the Don't Fragment flag is controlled by the Path MTU Discovery option.
     Sending a packet larger than the MTU size of the egress interface, determined by the
     destination address, returns an EMSGSIZE error.

     If the IP_ORIGDSTADDR option is enabled on a SOCK_DGRAM socket, the recvmsg(2) call will
     return the destination IP address and destination port for a UDP datagram.  The msg_control
     field in the msghdr structure points to a buffer that contains a cmsghdr structure followed
     by the sockaddr_in structure.  The cmsghdr fields have the following values:

     cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct sockaddr_in))
     cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP
     cmsg_type = IP_ORIGDSTADDR

     If the IP_RECVDSTADDR option is enabled on a SOCK_DGRAM socket, the recvmsg(2) call will
     return the destination IP address for a UDP datagram.  The msg_control field in the msghdr
     structure points to a buffer that contains a cmsghdr structure followed by the IP address.
     The cmsghdr fields have the following values:

     cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct in_addr))
     cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP
     cmsg_type = IP_RECVDSTADDR

     The source address to be used for outgoing UDP datagrams on a socket can be specified as
     ancillary data with a type code of IP_SENDSRCADDR.  The msg_control field in the msghdr
     structure should point to a buffer that contains a cmsghdr structure followed by the IP
     address.  The cmsghdr fields should have the following values:

     cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct in_addr))
     cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP
     cmsg_type = IP_SENDSRCADDR

     The socket should be either bound to INADDR_ANY and a local port, and the address supplied
     with IP_SENDSRCADDR should't be INADDR_ANY, or the socket should be bound to a local address
     and the address supplied with IP_SENDSRCADDR should be INADDR_ANY.  In the latter case bound
     address is overridden via generic source address selection logic, which would choose IP
     address of interface closest to destination.

     For convenience, IP_SENDSRCADDR is defined to have the same value as IP_RECVDSTADDR, so the
     IP_RECVDSTADDR control message from recvmsg(2) can be used directly as a control message for
     sendmsg(2).

     If the IP_ONESBCAST option is enabled on a SOCK_DGRAM or a SOCK_RAW socket, the destination
     address of outgoing broadcast datagrams on that socket will be forced to the undirected
     broadcast address, INADDR_BROADCAST, before transmission.  This is in contrast to the
     default behavior of the system, which is to transmit undirected broadcasts via the first
     network interface with the IFF_BROADCAST flag set.

     This option allows applications to choose which interface is used to transmit an undirected
     broadcast datagram.  For example, the following code would force an undirected broadcast to
     be transmitted via the interface configured with the broadcast address 192.168.2.255:

     char msg[512];
     struct sockaddr_in sin;
     int onesbcast = 1;      /* 0 = disable (default), 1 = enable */

     setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ONESBCAST, &onesbcast, sizeof(onesbcast));
     sin.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("192.168.2.255");
     sin.sin_port = htons(1234);
     sendto(s, msg, sizeof(msg), 0, &sin, sizeof(sin));

     It is the application's responsibility to set the IP_TTL option to an appropriate value in
     order to prevent broadcast storms.  The application must have sufficient credentials to set
     the SO_BROADCAST socket level option, otherwise the IP_ONESBCAST option has no effect.

     If the IP_BINDANY option is enabled on a SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM or a SOCK_RAW socket, one
     can bind(2) to any address, even one not bound to any available network interface in the
     system.  This functionality (in conjunction with special firewall rules) can be used for
     implementing a transparent proxy.  The PRIV_NETINET_BINDANY privilege is needed to set this
     option.

     If the IP_RECVTTL option is enabled on a SOCK_DGRAM socket, the recvmsg(2) call will return
     the IP TTL (time to live) field for a UDP datagram.  The msg_control field in the msghdr
     structure points to a buffer that contains a cmsghdr structure followed by the TTL.  The
     cmsghdr fields have the following values:

     cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(u_char))
     cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP
     cmsg_type = IP_RECVTTL

     If the IP_RECVTOS option is enabled on a SOCK_DGRAM socket, the recvmsg(2) call will return
     the IP TOS (type of service) field for a UDP datagram.  The msg_control field in the msghdr
     structure points to a buffer that contains a cmsghdr structure followed by the TOS.  The
     cmsghdr fields have the following values:

     cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(u_char))
     cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP
     cmsg_type = IP_RECVTOS

     If the IP_RECVIF option is enabled on a SOCK_DGRAM socket, the recvmsg(2) call returns a
     struct sockaddr_dl corresponding to the interface on which the packet was received.  The
     msg_control field in the msghdr structure points to a buffer that contains a cmsghdr
     structure followed by the struct sockaddr_dl.  The cmsghdr fields have the following values:

     cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct sockaddr_dl))
     cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP
     cmsg_type = IP_RECVIF

     IP_PORTRANGE may be used to set the port range used for selecting a local port number on a
     socket with an unspecified (zero) port number.  It has the following possible values:

     IP_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT  use the default range of values, normally IPPORT_HIFIRSTAUTO through
                           IPPORT_HILASTAUTO.  This is adjustable through the sysctl setting:
                           net.inet.ip.portrange.first and net.inet.ip.portrange.last.

     IP_PORTRANGE_HIGH     use a high range of values, normally IPPORT_HIFIRSTAUTO and
                           IPPORT_HILASTAUTO.  This is adjustable through the sysctl setting:
                           net.inet.ip.portrange.hifirst and net.inet.ip.portrange.hilast.

     IP_PORTRANGE_LOW      use a low range of ports, which are normally restricted to privileged
                           processes on UNIX systems.  The range is normally from IPPORT_RESERVED
                           - 1 down to IPPORT_RESERVEDSTART in descending order.  This is
                           adjustable through the sysctl setting: net.inet.ip.portrange.lowfirst
                           and net.inet.ip.portrange.lowlast.

     The range of privileged ports which only may be opened by root-owned processes may be
     modified by the net.inet.ip.portrange.reservedlow and net.inet.ip.portrange.reservedhigh
     sysctl settings.  The values default to the traditional range, 0 through IPPORT_RESERVED - 1
     (0 through 1023), respectively.  Note that these settings do not affect and are not
     accounted for in the use or calculation of the other net.inet.ip.portrange values above.
     Changing these values departs from UNIX tradition and has security consequences that the
     administrator should carefully evaluate before modifying these settings.

     Ports are allocated at random within the specified port range in order to increase the
     difficulty of random spoofing attacks.  In scenarios such as benchmarking, this behavior may
     be undesirable.  In these cases, net.inet.ip.portrange.randomized can be used to toggle
     randomization off.  If more than net.inet.ip.portrange.randomcps ports have been allocated
     in the last second, then return to sequential port allocation.  Return to random allocation
     only once the current port allocation rate drops below net.inet.ip.portrange.randomcps for
     at least net.inet.ip.portrange.randomtime seconds.  The default values for
     net.inet.ip.portrange.randomcps and net.inet.ip.portrange.randomtime are 10 port allocations
     per second and 45 seconds correspondingly.

   Multicast Options
     IP multicasting is supported only on AF_INET sockets of type SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_RAW, and
     only on networks where the interface driver supports multicasting.

     The IP_MULTICAST_TTL option changes the time-to-live (TTL) for outgoing multicast datagrams
     in order to control the scope of the multicasts:

     u_char ttl;     /* range: 0 to 255, default = 1 */
     setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));

     Datagrams with a TTL of 1 are not forwarded beyond the local network.  Multicast datagrams
     with a TTL of 0 will not be transmitted on any network, but may be delivered locally if the
     sending host belongs to the destination group and if multicast loopback has not been
     disabled on the sending socket (see below).  Multicast datagrams with TTL greater than 1 may
     be forwarded to other networks if a multicast router is attached to the local network.

     For hosts with multiple interfaces, where an interface has not been specified for a
     multicast group membership, each multicast transmission is sent from the primary network
     interface.  The IP_MULTICAST_IF option overrides the default for subsequent transmissions
     from a given socket:

     struct in_addr addr;
     setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_IF, &addr, sizeof(addr));

     where "addr" is the local IP address of the desired interface or INADDR_ANY to specify the
     default interface.

     To specify an interface by index, an instance of ip_mreqn may be passed instead.  The
     imr_ifindex member should be set to the index of the desired interface, or 0 to specify the
     default interface.  The kernel differentiates between these two structures by their size.

     The use of IP_MULTICAST_IF is not recommended, as multicast memberships are scoped to each
     individual interface.  It is supported for legacy use only by applications, such as routing
     daemons, which expect to be able to transmit link-local IPv4 multicast datagrams
     (224.0.0.0/24) on multiple interfaces, without requesting an individual membership for each
     interface.

     An interface's local IP address and multicast capability can be obtained via the SIOCGIFCONF
     and SIOCGIFFLAGS ioctls.  Normal applications should not need to use this option.

     If a multicast datagram is sent to a group to which the sending host itself belongs (on the
     outgoing interface), a copy of the datagram is, by default, looped back by the IP layer for
     local delivery.  The IP_MULTICAST_LOOP option gives the sender explicit control over whether
     or not subsequent datagrams are looped back:

     u_char loop;    /* 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) */
     setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, &loop, sizeof(loop));

     This option improves performance for applications that may have no more than one instance on
     a single host (such as a routing daemon), by eliminating the overhead of receiving their own
     transmissions.  It should generally not be used by applications for which there may be more
     than one instance on a single host (such as a conferencing program) or for which the sender
     does not belong to the destination group (such as a time querying program).

     The sysctl setting net.inet.ip.mcast.loop controls the default setting of the
     IP_MULTICAST_LOOP socket option for new sockets.

     A multicast datagram sent with an initial TTL greater than 1 may be delivered to the sending
     host on a different interface from that on which it was sent, if the host belongs to the
     destination group on that other interface.  The loopback control option has no effect on
     such delivery.

     A host must become a member of a multicast group before it can receive datagrams sent to the
     group.  To join a multicast group, use the IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP option:

     struct ip_mreqn mreqn;
     setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &mreqn, sizeof(mreqn));

     where mreqn is the following structure:

     struct ip_mreqn {
         struct in_addr imr_multiaddr; /* IP multicast address of group */
         struct in_addr imr_interface; /* local IP address of interface */
         int            imr_ifindex;   /* interface index */
     }

     imr_ifindex should be set to the index of a particular multicast-capable interface if the
     host is multihomed.  If imr_ifindex is non-zero, value of imr_interface is ignored.
     Otherwise, if imr_ifindex is 0, kernel will use IP address from imr_interface to lookup the
     interface.  Value of imr_interface may be set to INADDR_ANY to choose the default interface,
     although this is not recommended; this is considered to be the first interface corresponding
     to the default route.  Otherwise, the first multicast-capable interface configured in the
     system will be used.

     Legacy struct ip_mreq, that lacks imr_ifindex field is also supported by IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP
     setsockopt.  In this case kernel would behave as if imr_ifindex was set to zero:
     imr_interface will be used to lookup interface.

     Prior to FreeBSD 7.0, if the imr_interface member is within the network range 0.0.0.0/8, it
     is treated as an interface index in the system interface MIB, as per the RIP Version 2 MIB
     Extension (RFC-1724).  In versions of FreeBSD since 7.0, this behavior is no longer
     supported.  Developers should instead use the RFC 3678 multicast source filter APIs; in
     particular, MCAST_JOIN_GROUP.

     Up to IP_MAX_MEMBERSHIPS memberships may be added on a single socket.  Membership is
     associated with a single interface; programs running on multihomed hosts may need to join
     the same group on more than one interface.

     To drop a membership, use:

     struct ip_mreq mreq;
     setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(mreq));

     where mreq contains the same values as used to add the membership.  Memberships are dropped
     when the socket is closed or the process exits.

     The IGMP protocol uses the primary IP address of the interface as its identifier for group
     membership.  This is the first IP address configured on the interface.  If this address is
     removed or changed, the results are undefined, as the IGMP membership state will then be
     inconsistent.  If multiple IP aliases are configured on the same interface, they will be
     ignored.

     This shortcoming was addressed in IPv6; MLDv2 requires that the unique link-local address
     for an interface is used to identify an MLDv2 listener.

   Source-Specific Multicast Options
     Since FreeBSD 8.0, the use of Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) is supported.  These
     extensions require an IGMPv3 multicast router in order to make best use of them.  If a
     legacy multicast router is present on the link, FreeBSD will simply downgrade to the version
     of IGMP spoken by the router, and the benefits of source filtering on the upstream link will
     not be present, although the kernel will continue to squelch transmissions from blocked
     sources.

     Each group membership on a socket now has a filter mode:

     MCAST_EXCLUDE  Datagrams sent to this group are accepted, unless the source is in a list of
                    blocked source addresses.

     MCAST_INCLUDE  Datagrams sent to this group are accepted only if the source is in a list of
                    accepted source addresses.

     Groups joined using the legacy IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP option are placed in exclusive-mode, and
     are able to request that certain sources are blocked or allowed.  This is known as the
     delta-based API.

     To block a multicast source on an existing group membership:

     struct ip_mreq_source mreqs;
     setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_BLOCK_SOURCE, &mreqs, sizeof(mreqs));

     where mreqs is the following structure:

     struct ip_mreq_source {
         struct in_addr imr_multiaddr; /* IP multicast address of group */
         struct in_addr imr_sourceaddr; /* IP address of source */
         struct in_addr imr_interface; /* local IP address of interface */
     }
     imr_sourceaddr should be set to the address of the source to be blocked.

     To unblock a multicast source on an existing group:

     struct ip_mreq_source mreqs;
     setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_UNBLOCK_SOURCE, &mreqs, sizeof(mreqs));

     The IP_BLOCK_SOURCE and IP_UNBLOCK_SOURCE options are not permitted for inclusive-mode group
     memberships.

     To join a multicast group in MCAST_INCLUDE mode with a single source, or add another source
     to an existing inclusive-mode membership:

     struct ip_mreq_source mreqs;
     setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP, &mreqs, sizeof(mreqs));

     To leave a single source from an existing group in inclusive mode:

     struct ip_mreq_source mreqs;
     setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_DROP_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP, &mreqs, sizeof(mreqs));
     If this is the last accepted source for the group, the membership will be dropped.

     The IP_ADD_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP and IP_DROP_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP options are not accepted for
     exclusive-mode group memberships.  However, both exclusive and inclusive mode memberships
     support the use of the full-state API documented in RFC 3678.  For management of source
     filter lists using this API, please refer to sourcefilter(3).

     The sysctl settings net.inet.ip.mcast.maxsocksrc and net.inet.ip.mcast.maxgrpsrc are used to
     specify an upper limit on the number of per-socket and per-group source filter entries which
     the kernel may allocate.

   Raw IP Sockets
     Raw IP sockets are connectionless, and are normally used with the sendto(2) and recvfrom(2)
     calls, though the connect(2) call may also be used to fix the destination for future packets
     (in which case the read(2) or recv(2) and write(2) or send(2) system calls may be used).

     If proto is 0, the default protocol IPPROTO_RAW is used for outgoing packets, and only
     incoming packets destined for that protocol are received.  If proto is non-zero, that
     protocol number will be used on outgoing packets and to filter incoming packets.

     Outgoing packets automatically have an IP header prepended to them (based on the destination
     address and the protocol number the socket is created with), unless the IP_HDRINCL option
     has been set.  Unlike in previous BSD releases, incoming packets are received with IP header
     and options intact, leaving all fields in network byte order.

     IP_HDRINCL indicates the complete IP header is included with the data and may be used only
     with the SOCK_RAW type.

     #include <netinet/in_systm.h>
     #include <netinet/ip.h>

     int hincl = 1;                  /* 1 = on, 0 = off */
     setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL, &hincl, sizeof(hincl));

     Unlike previous BSD releases, the program must set all the fields of the IP header,
     including the following:

     ip->ip_v = IPVERSION;
     ip->ip_hl = hlen >> 2;
     ip->ip_id = 0;  /* 0 means kernel set appropriate value */
     ip->ip_off = htons(offset);
     ip->ip_len = htons(len);

     The packet should be provided as is to be sent over wire.  This implies all fields,
     including ip_len and ip_off to be in network byte order.  See byteorder(3) for more
     information on network byte order.  If the ip_id field is set to 0 then the kernel will
     choose an appropriate value.  If the header source address is set to INADDR_ANY, the kernel
     will choose an appropriate address.

ERRORS

     A socket operation may fail with one of the following errors returned:

     [EISCONN]          when trying to establish a connection on a socket which already has one,
                        or when trying to send a datagram with the destination address specified
                        and the socket is already connected;

     [ENOTCONN]         when trying to send a datagram, but no destination address is specified,
                        and the socket has not been connected;

     [ENOBUFS]          when the system runs out of memory for an internal data structure;

     [EADDRNOTAVAIL]    when an attempt is made to create a socket with a network address for
                        which no network interface exists.

     [EACCES]           when an attempt is made to create a raw IP socket by a non-privileged
                        process.

     The following errors specific to IP may occur when setting or getting IP options:

     [EINVAL]           An unknown socket option name was given.

     [EINVAL]           The IP option field was improperly formed; an option field was shorter
                        than the minimum value or longer than the option buffer provided.

     The following errors may occur when attempting to send IP datagrams via a “raw socket” with
     the IP_HDRINCL option set:

     [EINVAL]           The user-supplied ip_len field was not equal to the length of the
                        datagram written to the socket.

SEE ALSO

     getsockopt(2), recv(2), send(2), byteorder(3), CMSG_DATA(3), sourcefilter(3), icmp(4),
     igmp(4), inet(4), intro(4), multicast(4)

     D. Thaler, B. Fenner, and B. Quinn, Socket Interface Extensions for Multicast Source
     Filters, RFC 3678, Jan 2004.

HISTORY

     The ip protocol appeared in 4.2BSD.  The ip_mreqn structure appeared in Linux 2.4.

BUGS

     Before FreeBSD 10.0 packets received on raw IP sockets had the ip_hl subtracted from the
     ip_len field.

     Before FreeBSD 11.0 packets received on raw IP sockets had the ip_len and ip_off fields
     converted to host byte order.  Packets written to raw IP sockets were expected to have
     ip_len and ip_off in host byte order.