Provided by: curl_7.88.1-8ubuntu1_amd64 bug

NAME

       curl - transfer a URL

SYNOPSIS

       curl [options / URLs]

DESCRIPTION

       curl  is  a  tool  for transferring data from or to a server. It supports these protocols:
       DICT, FILE, FTP, FTPS, GOPHER, GOPHERS, HTTP, HTTPS, IMAP, IMAPS, LDAP, LDAPS, MQTT, POP3,
       POP3S, RTMP, RTMPS, RTSP, SCP, SFTP, SMB, SMBS, SMTP, SMTPS, TELNET, TFTP, WS and WSS. The
       command is designed to work without user interaction.

       curl offers a busload of useful  tricks  like  proxy  support,  user  authentication,  FTP
       upload,  HTTP  post,  SSL connections, cookies, file transfer resume and more. As you will
       see below, the number of features will make your head spin.

       curl is powered by libcurl for all transfer-related features. See libcurl(3) for details.

URL

       The URL syntax is protocol-dependent. You find a detailed description in RFC 3986.

       You can specify multiple URLs or parts of URLs by writing  part  sets  within  braces  and
       quoting the URL as in:

         "http://site.{one,two,three}.com"

       or you can get sequences of alphanumeric series by using [] as in:

         "ftp://ftp.example.com/file[1-100].txt"

         "ftp://ftp.example.com/file[001-100].txt"    (with leading zeros)

         "ftp://ftp.example.com/file[a-z].txt"

       Nested sequences are not supported, but you can use several ones next to each other:

         "http://example.com/archive[1996-1999]/vol[1-4]/part{a,b,c}.html"

       You  can  specify  any  amount  of  URLs  on  the  command line. They will be fetched in a
       sequential manner in the specified order. You can specify command line  options  and  URLs
       mixed and in any order on the command line.

       You can specify a step counter for the ranges to get every Nth number or letter:

         "http://example.com/file[1-100:10].txt"

         "http://example.com/file[a-z:2].txt"

       When  using  [] or {} sequences when invoked from a command line prompt, you probably have
       to put the full URL within double quotes to avoid the shell from interfering with it. This
       also goes for other characters treated special, like for example '&', '?' and '*'.

       Provide  the  IPv6 zone index in the URL with an escaped percentage sign and the interface
       name. Like in

         "http://[fe80::3%25eth0]/"

       If you specify URL without protocol:// prefix, curl will attempt to  guess  what  protocol
       you  might  want. It will then default to HTTP but try other protocols based on often-used
       host name prefixes. For example, for host names starting with "ftp." curl will assume  you
       want to speak FTP.

       curl will do its best to use what you pass to it as a URL. It is not trying to validate it
       as a syntactically correct URL by any means but is fairly liberal with what it accepts.

       curl will attempt to re-use connections for multiple file transfers, so that getting  many
       files  from  the  same  server  will  not do multiple connects / handshakes. This improves
       speed. Of course this is only done on files specified on a single command line and  cannot
       be used between separate curl invocations.

OUTPUT

       If  not  told  otherwise, curl writes the received data to stdout. It can be instructed to
       instead save that data into a local file, using the  -o,  --output  or  -O,  --remote-name
       options.  If  curl  is  given  multiple URLs to transfer on the command line, it similarly
       needs multiple options for where to save them.

       curl does not parse or otherwise "understand" the content it gets or writes as output.  It
       does  no  encoding  or  decoding,  unless  explicitly asked to with dedicated command line
       options.

PROTOCOLS

       curl supports numerous protocols, or put in URL terms: schemes. Your particular build  may
       not support them all.

       DICT   Lets you lookup words using online dictionaries.

       FILE   Read  or  write  local files. curl does not support accessing file:// URL remotely,
              but when running on Microsoft Windows using the native UNC approach will work.

       FTP(S) curl supports the File Transfer Protocol with a lot of tweaks and levers.  With  or
              without using TLS.

       GOPHER(S)
              Retrieve files.

       HTTP(S)
              curl  supports HTTP with numerous options and variations. It can speak HTTP version
              0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 2 and 3 depending on build options  and  the  correct  command  line
              options.

       IMAP(S)
              Using  the  mail  reading  protocol,  curl  can  "download" emails for you. With or
              without using TLS.

       LDAP(S)
              curl can do directory lookups for you, with or without TLS.

       MQTT   curl supports MQTT version 3. Downloading over MQTT equals "subscribe" to  a  topic
              while uploading/posting equals "publish" on a topic. MQTT over TLS is not supported
              (yet).

       POP3(S)
              Downloading from a pop3 server means getting a mail. With or without using TLS.

       RTMP(S)
              The Realtime Messaging Protocol is primarily used to  server  streaming  media  and
              curl can download it.

       RTSP   curl supports RTSP 1.0 downloads.

       SCP    curl supports SSH version 2 scp transfers.

       SFTP   curl supports SFTP (draft 5) done over SSH version 2.

       SMB(S) curl supports SMB version 1 for upload and download.

       SMTP(S)
              Uploading contents to an SMTP server means sending an email. With or without TLS.

       TELNET Telling  curl  to  fetch  a telnet URL starts an interactive session where it sends
              what it reads on stdin and outputs what the server sends it.

       TFTP   curl can do TFTP downloads and uploads.

PROGRESS METER

       curl normally displays a progress  meter  during  operations,  indicating  the  amount  of
       transferred  data,  transfer  speeds  and  estimated  time  left,  etc. The progress meter
       displays the transfer rate in bytes per second. The suffixes (k, M,  G,  T,  P)  are  1024
       based. For example 1k is 1024 bytes. 1M is 1048576 bytes.

       curl  displays  this  data  to  the  terminal  by  default, so if you invoke curl to do an
       operation and it is about to write data to the terminal, it disables the progress meter as
       otherwise it would mess up the output mixing progress meter and response data.

       If  you  want  a  progress  meter  for HTTP POST or PUT requests, you need to redirect the
       response output to a file, using shell redirect (>), -o, --output or similar.

       This does not apply to FTP upload as that operation does not spit out any response data to
       the terminal.

       If  you  prefer  a progress "bar" instead of the regular meter, -#, --progress-bar is your
       friend. You can also disable the progress meter completely with the -s, --silent option.

OPTIONS

       Options start with one or two dashes. Many of the options require an additional value next
       to them.

       The short "single-dash" form of the options, -d for example, may be used with or without a
       space between it and its value, although a space is  a  recommended  separator.  The  long
       "double-dash" form, -d, --data for example, requires a space between it and its value.

       Short  version options that do not need any additional values can be used immediately next
       to each other, like for example you can specify all the options -O, -L and -v at  once  as
       -OLv.

       In  general,  all  boolean  options  are enabled with --option and yet again disabled with
       --no-option. That is, you use the same option name but prefix it with "no-".  However,  in
       this list we mostly only list and show the --option version of them.

       --abstract-unix-socket <path>
              (HTTP)  Connect  through  an  abstract  Unix  domain  socket,  instead of using the
              network.  Note: netstat shows the path of an abstract  socket  prefixed  with  '@',
              however the <path> argument should not have this leading character.

              If  --abstract-unix-socket  is  provided  several times, the last set value will be
              used.

              Example:
               curl --abstract-unix-socket socketpath https://example.com

              See also --unix-socket. Added in 7.53.0.

       --alt-svc <file name>
              (HTTPS) This option enables the alt-svc parser in curl. If the file name points  to
              an  existing alt-svc cache file, that will be used. After a completed transfer, the
              cache will be saved to the file name again if it has been modified.

              Specify a "" file name (zero length) to avoid loading/saving  and  make  curl  just
              handle the cache in memory.

              If  this  option  is used several times, curl will load contents from all the files
              but the last one will be used for saving.

              --alt-svc can be used several times in a command line

              Example:
               curl --alt-svc svc.txt https://example.com

              See also --resolve and --connect-to. Added in 7.64.1.

       --anyauth
              (HTTP) Tells curl to figure out authentication method by itself, and use  the  most
              secure one the remote site claims to support. This is done by first doing a request
              and checking the response-headers, thus possibly inducing an extra  network  round-
              trip.  This  is used instead of setting a specific authentication method, which you
              can do with --basic, --digest, --ntlm, and --negotiate.

              Using --anyauth is not recommended if you do  uploads  from  stdin,  since  it  may
              require  data  to  be sent twice and then the client must be able to rewind. If the
              need should arise when uploading from stdin, the upload operation will fail.

              Used together with -u, --user.

              Providing --anyauth multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --anyauth --user me:pwd https://example.com

              See also --proxy-anyauth, --basic and --digest.

       -a, --append
              (FTP SFTP) When used in an upload, this  makes  curl  append  to  the  target  file
              instead  of  overwriting it. If the remote file does not exist, it will be created.
              Note that this flag is ignored by some SFTP servers (including OpenSSH).

              Providing -a, --append multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it  again  with
              --no-append.

              Example:
               curl --upload-file local --append ftp://example.com/

              See also -r, --range and -C, --continue-at.

       --aws-sigv4 <provider1[:provider2[:region[:service]]]>
              Use AWS V4 signature authentication in the transfer.

              The  provider  argument  is  a  string  that is used by the algorithm when creating
              outgoing authentication headers.

              The region argument is a string that points to a geographic  area  of  a  resources
              collection (region-code) when the region name is omitted from the endpoint.

              The  service  argument  is  a  string that points to a function provided by a cloud
              (service-code) when the service name is omitted from the endpoint.

              If --aws-sigv4 is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --aws-sigv4 "aws:amz:east-2:es" --user "key:secret" https://example.com

              See also --basic and -u, --user. Added in 7.75.0.

       --basic
              (HTTP) Tells curl to use HTTP Basic authentication with the remote  host.  This  is
              the  default  and this option is usually pointless, unless you use it to override a
              previously set option that sets a different authentication method (such as  --ntlm,
              --digest, or --negotiate).

              Used together with -u, --user.

              Providing --basic multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl -u name:password --basic https://example.com

              See also --proxy-basic.

       --cacert <file>
              (TLS) Tells curl to use the specified certificate file to verify the peer. The file
              may contain multiple CA certificates. The certificate(s) must  be  in  PEM  format.
              Normally  curl is built to use a default file for this, so this option is typically
              used to alter that default file.

              curl recognizes the environment variable named 'CURL_CA_BUNDLE' if it is  set,  and
              uses  the  given  path  as  a  path to a CA cert bundle. This option overrides that
              variable.

              The windows version of curl will automatically look  for  a  CA  certs  file  named
              'curl-ca-bundle.crt',  either  in the same directory as curl.exe, or in the Current
              Working Directory, or in any folder along your PATH.

              If curl is  built  against  the  NSS  SSL  library,  the  NSS  PEM  PKCS#11  module
              (libnsspem.so) needs to be available for this option to work properly.

              (iOS and macOS only) If curl is built against Secure Transport, then this option is
              supported for backward compatibility with other SSL engines, but it should  not  be
              set.  If  the  option is not set, then curl will use the certificates in the system
              and user Keychain to verify the peer, which is the preferred  method  of  verifying
              the peer's certificate chain.

              (Schannel  only)  This  option is supported for Schannel in Windows 7 or later with
              libcurl 7.60 or later. This option is supported  for  backward  compatibility  with
              other  SSL  engines;  instead  it  is  recommended  to  use  Windows' store of root
              certificates (the default for Schannel).

              If --cacert is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --cacert CA-file.txt https://example.com

              See also --capath and -k, --insecure.

       --capath <dir>
              (TLS) Tells curl to use the specified certificate directory  to  verify  the  peer.
              Multiple   paths   can   be   provided   by   separating   them   with   ":"  (e.g.
              "path1:path2:path3"). The certificates must be in PEM format, and if curl is  built
              against  OpenSSL, the directory must have been processed using the c_rehash utility
              supplied with OpenSSL. Using --capath can allow OpenSSL-powered curl to  make  SSL-
              connections much more efficiently than using --cacert if the --cacert file contains
              many CA certificates.

              If this option is set, the default capath value will be ignored.

              If --capath is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --capath /local/directory https://example.com

              See also --cacert and -k, --insecure.

       --cert-status
              (TLS) Tells curl to verify the status  of  the  server  certificate  by  using  the
              Certificate Status Request (aka. OCSP stapling) TLS extension.

              If  this option is enabled and the server sends an invalid (e.g. expired) response,
              if the response suggests that the  server  certificate  has  been  revoked,  or  no
              response at all is received, the verification fails.

              This is currently only implemented in the OpenSSL, GnuTLS and NSS backends.

              Providing  --cert-status multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-cert-status.

              Example:
               curl --cert-status https://example.com

              See also --pinnedpubkey. Added in 7.41.0.

       --cert-type <type>
              (TLS) Tells curl what type the provided client certificate is using. PEM, DER,  ENG
              and P12 are recognized types.

              The  default type depends on the TLS backend and is usually PEM, however for Secure
              Transport and Schannel it is P12. If -E, --cert is a pkcs11: URI then  ENG  is  the
              default type.

              If --cert-type is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --cert-type PEM --cert file https://example.com

              See also -E, --cert, --key and --key-type.

       -E, --cert <certificate[:password]>
              (TLS)  Tells  curl to use the specified client certificate file when getting a file
              with HTTPS, FTPS or another SSL-based protocol. The certificate must be in  PKCS#12
              format  if  using Secure Transport, or PEM format if using any other engine. If the
              optional password is not specified, it will be queried for on  the  terminal.  Note
              that  this option assumes a certificate file that is the private key and the client
              certificate concatenated. See -E, --cert and --key to specify them independently.

              In the <certificate> portion of the argument, you must escape the character ":"  as
              "\:"  so  that  it is not recognized as the password delimiter. Similarly, you must
              escape the character "\" as "\\"  so  that  it  is  not  recognized  as  an  escape
              character.

              If  curl  is  built  against the NSS SSL library then this option can tell curl the
              nickname of the  certificate  to  use  within  the  NSS  database  defined  by  the
              environment variable SSL_DIR (or by default /etc/pki/nssdb). If the NSS PEM PKCS#11
              module (libnsspem.so) is available then PEM files may be loaded.

              If you provide a path relative to the current directory, you must prefix  the  path
              with "./" in order to avoid confusion with an NSS database nickname.

              If  curl is built against OpenSSL library, and the engine pkcs11 is available, then
              a PKCS#11 URI (RFC 7512) can be used to specify a certificate located in a  PKCS#11
              device.  A string beginning with "pkcs11:" will be interpreted as a PKCS#11 URI. If
              a PKCS#11 URI is provided, then the --engine option will be set as "pkcs11" if none
              was provided and the --cert-type option will be set as "ENG" if none was provided.

              (iOS  and  macOS  only)  If  curl  is  built  against  Secure  Transport,  then the
              certificate string can either be the name  of  a  certificate/private  key  in  the
              system  or  user keychain, or the path to a PKCS#12-encoded certificate and private
              key. If you want to use a file from the current directory, please precede  it  with
              "./" prefix, in order to avoid confusion with a nickname.

              (Schannel  only)  Client  certificates  must be specified by a path expression to a
              certificate store. (Loading PFX is not supported; you can  import  it  to  a  store
              first).  You  can  use  "<store  location>\<store name>\<thumbprint>" to refer to a
              certificate    in    the    system     certificates     store,     for     example,
              "CurrentUser\MY\934a7ac6f8a5d579285a74fa61e19f23ddfe8d7a".  Thumbprint is usually a
              SHA-1 hex string  which  you  can  see  in  certificate  details.  Following  store
              locations  are  supported:  CurrentUser,  LocalMachine,  CurrentService,  Services,
              CurrentUserGroupPolicy, LocalMachineGroupPolicy, LocalMachineEnterprise.

              If -E, --cert is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --cert certfile --key keyfile https://example.com

              See also --cert-type, --key and --key-type.

       --ciphers <list of ciphers>
              (TLS) Specifies which ciphers to use in the connection. The list  of  ciphers  must
              specify valid ciphers. Read up on SSL cipher list details on this URL:

               https://curl.se/docs/ssl-ciphers.html

              If --ciphers is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-CCM8 https://example.com

              See also --tlsv1.3.

       --compressed-ssh
              (SCP  SFTP) Enables built-in SSH compression.  This is a request, not an order; the
              server may or may not do it.

              Providing --compressed-ssh multiple times has no extra effect.   Disable  it  again
              with --no-compressed-ssh.

              Example:
               curl --compressed-ssh sftp://example.com/

              See also --compressed. Added in 7.56.0.

       --compressed
              (HTTP) Request a compressed response using one of the algorithms curl supports, and
              automatically decompress the content. Headers are not modified.

              If this option is used and the server sends  an  unsupported  encoding,  curl  will
              report an error. This is a request, not an order; the server may or may not deliver
              data compressed.

              Providing --compressed multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it  again  with
              --no-compressed.

              Example:
               curl --compressed https://example.com

              See also --compressed-ssh.

       -K, --config <file>
              Specify  a  text file to read curl arguments from. The command line arguments found
              in the text file will be used as if they were provided on the command line.

              Options and their parameters must be specified  on  the  same  line  in  the  file,
              separated  by  whitespace,  colon,  or  the  equals  sign.  Long  option  names can
              optionally be given in the config file without the initial double dashes and if so,
              the  colon  or  equals  characters  can  be  used  as  separators. If the option is
              specified with one or two dashes, there can be no colon or equals character between
              the option and its parameter.

              If the parameter contains whitespace (or starts with : or =), the parameter must be
              enclosed within quotes. Within double quotes, the following  escape  sequences  are
              available:  \\,  \",  \t,  \n, \r and \v. A backslash preceding any other letter is
              ignored.

              If the first column of a config line is a '#' character, the rest of the line  will
              be treated as a comment.

              Only write one option per physical line in the config file.

              Specify the filename to -K, --config as '-' to make curl read the file from stdin.

              Note  that  to  be able to specify a URL in the config file, you need to specify it
              using the --url option, and not by simply writing the URL on its own line.  So,  it
              could look similar to this:

              url = "https://curl.se/docs/"

               # --- Example file ---
               # this is a comment
               url = "example.com"
               output = "curlhere.html"
               user-agent = "superagent/1.0"

               # and fetch another URL too
               url = "example.com/docs/manpage.html"
               -O
               referer = "http://nowhereatall.example.com/"
               # --- End of example file ---

              When curl is invoked, it (unless -q, --disable is used) checks for a default config
              file and uses it if found, even when -K, --config is used. The default config  file
              is checked for in the following places in this order:

              1) "$CURL_HOME/.curlrc"

              2) "$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/.curlrc" (Added in 7.73.0)

              3) "$HOME/.curlrc"

              4) Windows: "%USERPROFILE%\.curlrc"

              5) Windows: "%APPDATA%\.curlrc"

              6) Windows: "%USERPROFILE%\Application Data\.curlrc"

              7) Non-Windows: use getpwuid to find the home directory

              8)  On  Windows,  if  it  finds no .curlrc file in the sequence described above, it
              checks for one in the same dir the curl executable is placed.

              On Windows two filenames are checked per location: .curlrc and _curlrc,  preferring
              the former. Older versions on Windows checked for _curlrc only.

              -K, --config can be used several times in a command line

              Example:
               curl --config file.txt https://example.com

              See also -q, --disable.

       --connect-timeout <fractional seconds>
              Maximum time in seconds that you allow curl's connection to take.  This only limits
              the connection phase, so if curl connects within the given period it will  continue
              - if not it will exit.  Since version 7.32.0, this option accepts decimal values.

              The  "connection  phase" is considered complete when the requested TCP, TLS or QUIC
              handshakes are done.

              The decimal value needs to provided using a dot (.) as decimal separator - not  the
              local version even if it might be using another separator.

              If --connect-timeout is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Examples:
               curl --connect-timeout 20 https://example.com
               curl --connect-timeout 3.14 https://example.com

              See also -m, --max-time.

       --connect-to <HOST1:PORT1:HOST2:PORT2>

              For  a request to the given HOST1:PORT1 pair, connect to HOST2:PORT2 instead.  This
              option is suitable to direct requests at a specific  server,  e.g.  at  a  specific
              cluster  node  in  a  cluster of servers. This option is only used to establish the
              network connection. It does NOT affect the hostname/port that is used  for  TLS/SSL
              (e.g.  SNI, certificate verification) or for the application protocols. "HOST1" and
              "PORT1" may be the empty string, meaning "any host/port". "HOST2" and  "PORT2"  may
              also be the empty string, meaning "use the request's original host/port".

              A "host" specified to this option is compared as a string, so it needs to match the
              name used in request URL. It can be either numerical such  as  "127.0.0.1"  or  the
              full host name such as "example.org".

              --connect-to can be used several times in a command line

              Example:
               curl --connect-to example.com:443:example.net:8443 https://example.com

              See also --resolve and -H, --header. Added in 7.49.0.

       -C, --continue-at <offset>
              Continue/Resume  a  previous file transfer at the given offset. The given offset is
              the exact number of bytes that will be skipped, counting from the beginning of  the
              source  file before it is transferred to the destination. If used with uploads, the
              FTP server command SIZE will not be used by curl.

              Use "-C -" to tell curl to automatically find out where/how to resume the transfer.
              It then uses the given output/input files to figure that out.

              If -C, --continue-at is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Examples:
               curl -C - https://example.com
               curl -C 400 https://example.com

              See also -r, --range.

       -c, --cookie-jar <filename>
              (HTTP)  Specify  to which file you want curl to write all cookies after a completed
              operation. Curl writes all cookies from its in-memory cookie storage to  the  given
              file  at  the  end of operations. If no cookies are known, no data will be written.
              The file will be written using the Netscape cookie file format. If you set the file
              name to a single dash, "-", the cookies will be written to stdout.

              This command line option will activate the cookie engine that makes curl record and
              use cookies. Another way to activate it is to use the -b, --cookie option.

              If the cookie jar cannot be created or written to, the whole  curl  operation  will
              not  fail  or  even report an error clearly. Using -v, --verbose will get a warning
              displayed, but that is the only visible feedback you get about this possibly lethal
              situation.

              If -c, --cookie-jar is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Examples:
               curl -c store-here.txt https://example.com
               curl -c store-here.txt -b read-these https://example.com

              See also -b, --cookie.

       -b, --cookie <data|filename>
              (HTTP)  Pass the data to the HTTP server in the Cookie header. It is supposedly the
              data previously received from the server in a "Set-Cookie:" line. The  data  should
              be  in  the  format  "NAME1=VALUE1;  NAME2=VALUE2".  This makes curl use the cookie
              header with this  content  explicitly  in  all  outgoing  request(s).  If  multiple
              requests  are  done due to authentication, followed redirects or similar, they will
              all get this cookie passed on.

              If no '=' symbol is used in the argument, it is instead treated as  a  filename  to
              read  previously  stored  cookie from. This option also activates the cookie engine
              which will make curl record incoming cookies, which may be handy if you  are  using
              this  in combination with the -L, --location option or do multiple URL transfers on
              the same invoke. If the file name is exactly a minus ("-"), curl will instead  read
              the contents from stdin.

              The file format of the file to read cookies from should be plain HTTP headers (Set-
              Cookie style) or the Netscape/Mozilla cookie file format.

              The file specified with -b, --cookie is only used as  input.  No  cookies  will  be
              written to the file. To store cookies, use the -c, --cookie-jar option.

              If  you  use the Set-Cookie file format and do not specify a domain then the cookie
              is not sent since the domain will never match. To address this,  set  a  domain  in
              Set-Cookie  line  (doing  that  will  include  sub-domains)  or preferably: use the
              Netscape format.

              Users often want to both read cookies from a file and write updated cookies back to
              a file, so using both -b, --cookie and -c, --cookie-jar in the same command line is
              common.

              -b, --cookie can be used several times in a command line

              Examples:
               curl -b cookiefile https://example.com
               curl -b cookiefile -c cookiefile https://example.com

              See also -c, --cookie-jar and -j, --junk-session-cookies.

       --create-dirs
              When used in conjunction with  the  -o,  --output  option,  curl  will  create  the
              necessary  local directory hierarchy as needed. This option creates the directories
              mentioned with the -o, --output option, nothing else. If the -o, --output file name
              uses  no directory, or if the directories it mentions already exist, no directories
              will be created.

              Created dirs are made with mode 0750 on unix style file systems.

              To create remote directories when using FTP or SFTP, try --ftp-create-dirs.

              Providing --create-dirs multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again  with
              --no-create-dirs.

              Example:
               curl --create-dirs --output local/dir/file https://example.com

              See also --ftp-create-dirs and --output-dir.

       --create-file-mode <mode>
              (SFTP  SCP  FILE)  When  curl  is  used  to  create files remotely using one of the
              supported protocols, this option allows the user to set which 'mode' to set on  the
              file at creation time, instead of the default 0644.

              This option takes an octal number as argument.

              If --create-file-mode is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --create-file-mode 0777 -T localfile sftp://example.com/new

              See also --ftp-create-dirs. Added in 7.75.0.

       --crlf (FTP SMTP) Convert LF to CRLF in upload. Useful for MVS (OS/390).

              (SMTP added in 7.40.0)

              Providing  --crlf  multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with --no-
              crlf.

              Example:
               curl --crlf -T file ftp://example.com/

              See also -B, --use-ascii.

       --crlfile <file>
              (TLS) Provide a file using PEM format with a Certificate Revocation List  that  may
              specify peer certificates that are to be considered revoked.

              If --crlfile is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --crlfile rejects.txt https://example.com

              See also --cacert and --capath.

       --curves <algorithm list>
              (TLS) Tells curl to request specific curves to use during SSL session establishment
              according to RFC 8422, 5.1.  Multiple algorithms can be provided by separating them
              with  ":"  (e.g.   "X25519:P-521").   The parameter is available identically in the
              "openssl s_client/s_server" utilities.

              --curves allows a OpenSSL powered curl to make  SSL-connections  with  exactly  the
              (EC)   curve   requested  by  the  client,  avoiding  nontransparent  client/server
              negotiations.

              If this option is set, the default curves list built into openssl will be ignored.

              If --curves is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --curves X25519 https://example.com

              See also --ciphers. Added in 7.73.0.

       --data-ascii <data>
              (HTTP) This is just an alias for -d, --data.

              --data-ascii can be used several times in a command line

              Example:
               curl --data-ascii @file https://example.com

              See also --data-binary, --data-raw and --data-urlencode.

       --data-binary <data>
              (HTTP) This posts data exactly as specified with no extra processing whatsoever.

              If you start the data with the letter @, the rest should be  a  filename.  Data  is
              posted  in  a  similar manner as -d, --data does, except that newlines and carriage
              returns are preserved and conversions are never done.

              Like -d, --data the default content-type sent to the server  is  application/x-www-
              form-urlencoded. If you want the data to be treated as arbitrary binary data by the
              server   then   set   the   content-type   to   octet-stream:   -H   "Content-Type:
              application/octet-stream".

              If this option is used several times, the ones following the first will append data
              as described in -d, --data.

              --data-binary can be used several times in a command line

              Example:
               curl --data-binary @filename https://example.com

              See also --data-ascii.

       --data-raw <data>
              (HTTP)  This  posts  data  similarly  to  -d,  --data  but  without   the   special
              interpretation of the @ character.

              --data-raw can be used several times in a command line

              Examples:
               curl --data-raw "hello" https://example.com
               curl --data-raw "@at@at@" https://example.com

              See also -d, --data. Added in 7.43.0.

       --data-urlencode <data>
              (HTTP)  This posts data, similar to the other -d, --data options with the exception
              that this performs URL-encoding.

              To be CGI-compliant, the <data> part  should  begin  with  a  name  followed  by  a
              separator  and a content specification. The <data> part can be passed to curl using
              one of the following syntaxes:

              content
                     This will make curl URL-encode the content and pass that on. Just be careful
                     so  that  the content does not contain any = or @ symbols, as that will then
                     make the syntax match one of the other cases below!

              =content
                     This will make curl URL-encode the content and pass that on. The preceding =
                     symbol is not included in the data.

              name=content
                     This  will make curl URL-encode the content part and pass that on. Note that
                     the name part is expected to be URL-encoded already.

              @filename
                     This will make curl load data from the given file (including any  newlines),
                     URL-encode that data and pass it on in the POST.

              name@filename
                     This  will make curl load data from the given file (including any newlines),
                     URL-encode that data and pass it on in the POST. The name part gets an equal
                     sign appended, resulting in name=urlencoded-file-content. Note that the name
                     is expected to be URL-encoded already.

       --data-urlencode can be used several times in a command line

       Examples:
        curl --data-urlencode name=val https://example.com
        curl --data-urlencode =encodethis https://example.com
        curl --data-urlencode name@file https://example.com
        curl --data-urlencode @fileonly https://example.com

       See also -d, --data and --data-raw.

       -d, --data <data>
              (HTTP MQTT) Sends the specified data in a POST request to the HTTP server,  in  the
              same way that a browser does when a user has filled in an HTML form and presses the
              submit button. This will cause curl to pass  the  data  to  the  server  using  the
              content-type application/x-www-form-urlencoded. Compare to -F, --form.

              --data-raw  is  almost the same but does not have a special interpretation of the @
              character. To post data purely binary, you should  instead  use  the  --data-binary
              option. To URL-encode the value of a form field you may use --data-urlencode.

              If  any  of these options is used more than once on the same command line, the data
              pieces specified will be  merged  with  a  separating  &-symbol.  Thus,  using  '-d
              name=daniel   -d   skill=lousy'  would  generate  a  post  chunk  that  looks  like
              'name=daniel&skill=lousy'.

              If you start the data with the letter @, the rest should be a file name to read the
              data  from,  or - if you want curl to read the data from stdin. Posting data from a
              file named 'foobar' would thus be done with -d, --data @foobar. When -d, --data  is
              told  to read from a file like that, carriage returns and newlines will be stripped
              out. If you do not want the @  character  to  have  a  special  interpretation  use
              --data-raw instead.

              -d, --data can be used several times in a command line

              Examples:
               curl -d "name=curl" https://example.com
               curl -d "name=curl" -d "tool=cmdline" https://example.com
               curl -d @filename https://example.com

              See  also  --data-binary,  --data-urlencode and --data-raw. This option is mutually
              exclusive to -F, --form and -I, --head and -T, --upload-file.

       --delegation <LEVEL>
              (GSS/kerberos) Set LEVEL to tell the server what it is allowed to delegate when  it
              comes to user credentials.

              none   Do not allow any delegation.

              policy Delegates  if  and  only  if  the OK-AS-DELEGATE flag is set in the Kerberos
                     service ticket, which is a matter of realm policy.

              always Unconditionally allow the server to delegate.

       If --delegation is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

       Example:
        curl --delegation "none" https://example.com

       See also -k, --insecure and --ssl.

       --digest
              (HTTP) Enables HTTP Digest authentication. This is an  authentication  scheme  that
              prevents  the  password  from  being  sent over the wire in clear text. Use this in
              combination with the normal -u, --user option to set user name and password.

              Providing --digest multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with --no-
              digest.

              Example:
               curl -u name:password --digest https://example.com

              See  also  -u,  --user,  --proxy-digest  and  --anyauth.  This  option  is mutually
              exclusive to --basic and --ntlm and --negotiate.

       --disable-eprt
              (FTP) Tell curl to disable the use of the EPRT and LPRT commands when doing  active
              FTP  transfers.  Curl  will  normally  always  first attempt to use EPRT, then LPRT
              before using PORT, but with this option, it will use PORT right away. EPRT and LPRT
              are  extensions  to the original FTP protocol, and may not work on all servers, but
              they enable more functionality in a better way than the traditional PORT command.

              --eprt can be used to explicitly enable EPRT again and --no-eprt is  an  alias  for
              --disable-eprt.

              If  the  server  is accessed using IPv6, this option will have no effect as EPRT is
              necessary then.

              Disabling EPRT only changes the active behavior. If you want to switch  to  passive
              mode you need to not use -P, --ftp-port or force it with --ftp-pasv.

              Providing --disable-eprt multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-disable-eprt.

              Example:
               curl --disable-eprt ftp://example.com/

              See also --disable-epsv and -P, --ftp-port.

       --disable-epsv
              (FTP) Tell curl to disable the use of the  EPSV  command  when  doing  passive  FTP
              transfers.  Curl  will  normally  always first attempt to use EPSV before PASV, but
              with this option, it will not try using EPSV.

              --epsv can be used to explicitly enable EPSV again and --no-epsv is  an  alias  for
              --disable-epsv.

              If the server is an IPv6 host, this option will have no effect as EPSV is necessary
              then.

              Disabling EPSV only changes the passive behavior. If you want to switch  to  active
              mode you need to use -P, --ftp-port.

              Providing --disable-epsv multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-disable-epsv.

              Example:
               curl --disable-epsv ftp://example.com/

              See also --disable-eprt and -P, --ftp-port.

       -q, --disable
              If used as the first parameter on the command line, the curlrc config file will not
              be  read  and  used.  See  the  -K, --config for details on the default config file
              search path.

              Providing -q, --disable multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again  with
              --no-disable.

              Example:
               curl -q https://example.com

              See also -K, --config.

       --disallow-username-in-url
              (HTTP)  This  tells  curl  to  exit  if passed a URL containing a username. This is
              probably most useful when the URL is being provided at runtime or similar.

              Providing --disallow-username-in-url multiple times has no extra  effect.   Disable
              it again with --no-disallow-username-in-url.

              Example:
               curl --disallow-username-in-url https://example.com

              See also --proto. Added in 7.61.0.

       --dns-interface <interface>
              (DNS) Tell curl to send outgoing DNS requests through <interface>. This option is a
              counterpart to --interface (which does not affect DNS). The supplied string must be
              an interface name (not an address).

              If --dns-interface is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --dns-interface eth0 https://example.com

              See  also  --dns-ipv4-addr  and  --dns-ipv6-addr. --dns-interface requires that the
              underlying libcurl was built to support c-ares. Added in 7.33.0.

       --dns-ipv4-addr <address>
              (DNS) Tell curl to bind to <ip-address> when making IPv4 DNS requests, so that  the
              DNS  requests  originate  from  this  address. The argument should be a single IPv4
              address.

              If --dns-ipv4-addr is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --dns-ipv4-addr 10.1.2.3 https://example.com

              See also --dns-interface and --dns-ipv6-addr.  --dns-ipv4-addr  requires  that  the
              underlying libcurl was built to support c-ares. Added in 7.33.0.

       --dns-ipv6-addr <address>
              (DNS)  Tell curl to bind to <ip-address> when making IPv6 DNS requests, so that the
              DNS requests originate from this address. The argument  should  be  a  single  IPv6
              address.

              If --dns-ipv6-addr is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --dns-ipv6-addr 2a04:4e42::561 https://example.com

              See  also  --dns-interface  and  --dns-ipv4-addr. --dns-ipv6-addr requires that the
              underlying libcurl was built to support c-ares. Added in 7.33.0.

       --dns-servers <addresses>
              Set the list of DNS servers to be used instead of the system default.  The list  of
              IP  addresses  should be separated with commas. Port numbers may also optionally be
              given as :<port-number> after each IP address.

              If --dns-servers is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --dns-servers 192.168.0.1,192.168.0.2 https://example.com

              See also --dns-interface  and  --dns-ipv4-addr.  --dns-servers  requires  that  the
              underlying libcurl was built to support c-ares. Added in 7.33.0.

       --doh-cert-status
              Same as --cert-status but used for DoH (DNS-over-HTTPS).

              Providing  --doh-cert-status  multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again
              with --no-doh-cert-status.

              Example:
               curl --doh-cert-status --doh-url https://doh.example https://example.com

              See also --doh-insecure. Added in 7.76.0.

       --doh-insecure
              Same as -k, --insecure but used for DoH (DNS-over-HTTPS).

              Providing --doh-insecure multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-doh-insecure.

              Example:
               curl --doh-insecure --doh-url https://doh.example https://example.com

              See also --doh-url. Added in 7.76.0.

       --doh-url <URL>
              Specifies which DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) server to use to resolve hostnames, instead of
              using the default name resolver mechanism. The URL must be HTTPS.

              Some SSL options that you set for your transfer will apply to DoH  since  the  name
              lookups take place over SSL. However, the certificate verification settings are not
              inherited and can be  controlled  separately  via  --doh-insecure  and  --doh-cert-
              status.

              This option is unset if an empty string "" is used as the URL. (Added in 7.85.0)

              If --doh-url is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --doh-url https://doh.example https://example.com

              See also --doh-insecure. Added in 7.62.0.

       -D, --dump-header <filename>
              (HTTP FTP) Write the received protocol headers to the specified file. If no headers
              are received, the use of this option will create an empty file.

              When used in FTP, the FTP server response lines are considered being "headers"  and
              thus are saved there.

              Having multiple transfers in one set of operations (i.e. the URLs in one -:, --next
              clause), will append them to the same file, separated by a blank line.

              If -D, --dump-header is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --dump-header store.txt https://example.com

              See also -o, --output.

       --egd-file <file>
              (TLS) Deprecated option. This option is ignored by curl since 7.84.0. Prior to that
              it only had an effect on curl if built to use old versions of OpenSSL.

              Specify the path name to the Entropy Gathering Daemon socket. The socket is used to
              seed the random engine for SSL connections.

              If --egd-file is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --egd-file /random/here https://example.com

              See also --random-file.

       --engine <name>
              (TLS) Select the OpenSSL crypto engine to use for cipher operations.  Use  --engine
              list  to  print  a  list  of  build-time  supported engines. Note that not all (and
              possibly none) of the engines may be available at runtime.

              If --engine is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --engine flavor https://example.com

              See also --ciphers and --curves.

       --etag-compare <file>
              (HTTP) This option makes a conditional HTTP request for the specific ETag read from
              the given file by sending a custom If-None-Match header using the stored ETag.

              For  correct results, make sure that the specified file contains only a single line
              with the desired ETag. An empty file is parsed as an empty ETag.

              Use the option --etag-save to first save the ETag from a  response,  and  then  use
              this option to compare against the saved ETag in a subsequent request.

              If --etag-compare is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --etag-compare etag.txt https://example.com

              See also --etag-save and -z, --time-cond. Added in 7.68.0.

       --etag-save <file>
              (HTTP)  This  option saves an HTTP ETag to the specified file. An ETag is a caching
              related header, usually returned in a response.

              If no ETag is sent by the server, an empty file is created.

              If --etag-save is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --etag-save storetag.txt https://example.com

              See also --etag-compare. Added in 7.68.0.

       --expect100-timeout <seconds>
              (HTTP) Maximum time in seconds that you allow  curl  to  wait  for  a  100-continue
              response when curl emits an Expects: 100-continue header in its request. By default
              curl will wait one second. This option accepts  decimal  values!  When  curl  stops
              waiting, it will continue as if the response has been received.

              The  decimal value needs to provided using a dot (.) as decimal separator - not the
              local version even if it might be using another separator.

              If --expect100-timeout is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --expect100-timeout 2.5 -T file https://example.com

              See also --connect-timeout. Added in 7.47.0.

       --fail-early
              Fail and exit on the first detected transfer error.

              When curl is used to do multiple transfers on the command line, it will attempt  to
              operate  on  each given URL, one by one. By default, it will ignore errors if there
              are more URLs given and the last URL's success will determine the error  code  curl
              returns. So early failures will be "hidden" by subsequent successful transfers.

              Using  this  option,  curl  will instead return an error on the first transfer that
              fails, independent of the amount of URLs that are given on the command  line.  This
              way, no transfer failures go undetected by scripts and similar.

              This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of -:, --next.

              This  option  does  not imply -f, --fail, which causes transfers to fail due to the
              server's HTTP status code. You can combine the two options, however note -f, --fail
              is not global and is therefore contained by -:, --next.

              Providing  --fail-early  multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-fail-early.

              Example:
               curl --fail-early https://example.com https://two.example

              See also -f, --fail and --fail-with-body. Added in 7.52.0.

       --fail-with-body
              (HTTP) Return an error on server errors where the HTTP  response  code  is  400  or
              greater).  In  normal  cases  when  an  HTTP server fails to deliver a document, it
              returns an HTML document stating so (which often also describes why and more). This
              flag will still allow curl to output and save that content but also to return error
              22.

              This is an alternative option to -f, --fail which makes  curl  fail  for  the  same
              circumstances but without saving the content.

              Providing  --fail-with-body  multiple  times has no extra effect.  Disable it again
              with --no-fail-with-body.

              Example:
               curl --fail-with-body https://example.com

              See also -f, --fail. This option is mutually exclusive  to  -f,  --fail.  Added  in
              7.76.0.

       -f, --fail
              (HTTP)  Fail  fast with no output at all on server errors. This is useful to enable
              scripts and users to better deal with failed attempts. In normal cases when an HTTP
              server  fails  to deliver a document, it returns an HTML document stating so (which
              often also describes why and more). This flag will  prevent  curl  from  outputting
              that and return error 22.

              This  method is not fail-safe and there are occasions where non-successful response
              codes will slip through, especially when authentication is involved (response codes
              401 and 407).

              Providing  -f,  --fail  multiple  times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-fail.

              Example:
               curl --fail https://example.com

              See also --fail-with-body. This option is mutually exclusive to --fail-with-body.

       --false-start
              (TLS) Tells curl to use false start during the TLS handshake. False start is a mode
              where  a  TLS  client  will  start  sending  application  data before verifying the
              server's Finished message,  thus  saving  a  round  trip  when  performing  a  full
              handshake.

              This  is  currently only implemented in the NSS and Secure Transport (on iOS 7.0 or
              later, or OS X 10.9 or later) backends.

              Providing --false-start multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again  with
              --no-false-start.

              Example:
               curl --false-start https://example.com

              See also --tcp-fastopen. Added in 7.42.0.

       --form-escape
              (HTTP)  Tells  curl  to  pass  on  names  of  multipart form fields and files using
              backslash-escaping instead of percent-encoding.

              If --form-escape is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --form-escape -F 'field\name=curl' -F 'file=@load"this' https://example.com

              See also -F, --form. Added in 7.81.0.

       --form-string <name=string>
              (HTTP SMTP IMAP) Similar to -F, --form except that the value string for  the  named
              parameter  is  used  literally.  Leading  '@'  and '<' characters, and the ';type='
              string in the value have no special meaning. Use this in preference to  -F,  --form
              if  there's  any possibility that the string value may accidentally trigger the '@'
              or '<' features of -F, --form.

              --form-string can be used several times in a command line

              Example:
               curl --form-string "data" https://example.com

              See also -F, --form.

       -F, --form <name=content>
              (HTTP SMTP IMAP) For HTTP protocol family, this lets curl emulate a filled-in  form
              in  which a user has pressed the submit button. This causes curl to POST data using
              the Content-Type multipart/form-data according to RFC 2388.

              For SMTP and IMAP protocols, this is the means to compose a multipart mail  message
              to transmit.

              This  enables  uploading  of  binary files etc. To force the 'content' part to be a
              file, prefix the file name with an @ sign. To just get  the  content  part  from  a
              file,  prefix  the  file  name with the symbol <. The difference between @ and < is
              then that @ makes a file get attached in the post as a file  upload,  while  the  <
              makes a text field and just get the contents for that text field from a file.

              Tell curl to read content from stdin instead of a file by using - as filename. This
              goes for both @ and < constructs. When stdin is used, the contents is  buffered  in
              memory  first by curl to determine its size and allow a possible resend. Defining a
              part's data from a named non-regular file (such as a  named  pipe  or  similar)  is
              unfortunately not subject to buffering and will be effectively read at transmission
              time; since the full size is unknown before the transfer starts, such data is  sent
              as chunks by HTTP and rejected by IMAP.

              Example:  send an image to an HTTP server, where 'profile' is the name of the form-
              field to which the file portrait.jpg will be the input:

               curl -F profile=@portrait.jpg https://example.com/upload.cgi

              Example: send your name and shoe size in two text fields to the server:

               curl -F name=John -F shoesize=11 https://example.com/

              Example: send your essay in a text field to the server. Send it  as  a  plain  text
              field, but get the contents for it from a local file:

               curl -F "story=<hugefile.txt" https://example.com/

              You  can  also  tell  curl  what  Content-Type to use by using 'type=', in a manner
              similar to:

               curl -F "web=@index.html;type=text/html" example.com

              or

               curl -F "name=daniel;type=text/foo" example.com

              You can also explicitly change the name field of a  file  upload  part  by  setting
              filename=, like this:

               curl -F "file=@localfile;filename=nameinpost" example.com

              If filename/path contains ',' or ';', it must be quoted by double-quotes like:

               curl -F "file=@\"local,file\";filename=\"name;in;post\"" example.com

              or

               curl -F 'file=@"local,file";filename="name;in;post"' example.com

              Note  that  if  a  filename/path  is  quoted  by double-quotes, any double-quote or
              backslash within the filename must be escaped by backslash.

              Quoting  must  also  be  applied  to  non-file  data  if  it  contains  semicolons,
              leading/trailing spaces or leading double quotes:

               curl -F 'colors="red; green; blue";type=text/x-myapp' example.com

              You can add custom headers to the field by setting headers=, like

                curl -F "submit=OK;headers=\"X-submit-type: OK\"" example.com

              or

                curl -F "submit=OK;headers=@headerfile" example.com

              The headers= keyword may appear more that once and above notes about quoting apply.
              When headers are read from a file, Empty lines and  lines  starting  with  '#'  are
              comments  and ignored; each header can be folded by splitting between two words and
              starting the continuation line with a space; embedded carriage-returns and trailing
              spaces are stripped.  Here is an example of a header file contents:

                # This file contain two headers.
                X-header-1: this is a header

                # The following header is folded.
                X-header-2: this is
                 another header

              To support sending multipart mail messages, the syntax is extended as follows:
              - name can be omitted: the equal sign is the first character of the argument,
              -  if  data  starts  with  '(',  this  signals  to start a new multipart: it can be
              followed by a content type specification.
              - a multipart can be terminated with a '=)' argument.

              Example: the following command sends an SMTP mime email  consisting  in  an  inline
              part in two alternative formats: plain text and HTML. It attaches a text file:

               curl -F '=(;type=multipart/alternative' \
                    -F '=plain text message' \
                    -F '= <body>HTML message</body>;type=text/html' \
                    -F '=)' -F '=@textfile.txt' ...  smtp://example.com

              Data can be encoded for transfer using encoder=. Available encodings are binary and
              8bit that do nothing else than adding the  corresponding  Content-Transfer-Encoding
              header,  7bit  that  only  rejects  8-bit characters with a transfer error, quoted-
              printable and base64 that encodes data  according  to  the  corresponding  schemes,
              limiting lines length to 76 characters.

              Example:  send  multipart  mail  with  a quoted-printable text message and a base64
              attached file:

               curl -F '=text message;encoder=quoted-printable' \
                    -F '=@localfile;encoder=base64' ... smtp://example.com

              See further examples and details in the MANUAL.

              -F, --form can be used several times in a command line

              Example:
               curl --form "name=curl" --form "file=@loadthis" https://example.com

              See also -d, --data, --form-string  and  --form-escape.  This  option  is  mutually
              exclusive to -d, --data and -I, --head and -T, --upload-file.

       --ftp-account <data>
              (FTP)  When  an FTP server asks for "account data" after user name and password has
              been provided, this data is sent off using the ACCT command.

              If --ftp-account is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --ftp-account "mr.robot" ftp://example.com/

              See also -u, --user.

       --ftp-alternative-to-user <command>
              (FTP) If authenticating with the USER and PASS commands fails, send  this  command.
              When  connecting  to  Tumbleweed's Secure Transport server over FTPS using a client
              certificate, using "SITE AUTH" will tell the server to retrieve the  username  from
              the certificate.

              If  --ftp-alternative-to-user is provided several times, the last set value will be
              used.

              Example:
               curl --ftp-alternative-to-user "U53r" ftp://example.com

              See also --ftp-account and -u, --user.

       --ftp-create-dirs
              (FTP SFTP) When an FTP or SFTP URL/operation uses a path that  does  not  currently
              exist  on  the server, the standard behavior of curl is to fail. Using this option,
              curl will instead attempt to create missing directories.

              Providing --ftp-create-dirs multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable  it  again
              with --no-ftp-create-dirs.

              Example:
               curl --ftp-create-dirs -T file ftp://example.com/remote/path/file

              See also --create-dirs.

       --ftp-method <method>
              (FTP)  Control what method curl should use to reach a file on an FTP(S) server. The
              method argument should be one of the following alternatives:

              multicwd
                     curl does a single CWD operation for each path part in the  given  URL.  For
                     deep  hierarchies  this  means  many  commands. This is how RFC 1738 says it
                     should be done. This is the default but the slowest behavior.

              nocwd  curl does no CWD at all. curl will do SIZE, RETR, STOR etc and give  a  full
                     path to the server for all these commands. This is the fastest behavior.

              singlecwd
                     curl  does  one  CWD with the full target directory and then operates on the
                     file "normally" (like in the multicwd case). This is somewhat more standards
                     compliant than 'nocwd' but without the full penalty of 'multicwd'.

       If --ftp-method is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

       Examples:
        curl --ftp-method multicwd ftp://example.com/dir1/dir2/file
        curl --ftp-method nocwd ftp://example.com/dir1/dir2/file
        curl --ftp-method singlecwd ftp://example.com/dir1/dir2/file

       See also -l, --list-only.

       --ftp-pasv
              (FTP)  Use  passive  mode  for the data connection. Passive is the internal default
              behavior, but using this option can be used to override a previous  -P,  --ftp-port
              option.

              Reversing  an  enforced  passive  really  is  not  doable but you must then instead
              enforce the correct -P, --ftp-port again.

              Passive mode means that curl will try the EPSV command first and then PASV,  unless
              --disable-epsv is used.

              Providing  --ftp-pasv  multiple  times  has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-ftp-pasv.

              Example:
               curl --ftp-pasv ftp://example.com/

              See also --disable-epsv.

       -P, --ftp-port <address>
              (FTP) Reverses the default initiator/listener roles when connecting with FTP.  This
              option  makes  curl  use active mode. curl then tells the server to connect back to
              the client's specified address and port, while passive  mode  asks  the  server  to
              setup an IP address and port for it to connect to. <address> should be one of:

              interface
                     e.g.  "eth0"  to  specify which interface's IP address you want to use (Unix
                     only)

              IP address
                     e.g. "192.168.10.1" to specify the exact IP address

              host name
                     e.g. "my.host.domain" to specify the machine

              -      make curl pick the same IP address that is  already  used  for  the  control
                     connection

       Disable  the  use  of  PORT  with  --ftp-pasv. Disable the attempt to use the EPRT command
       instead of PORT by using --disable-eprt. EPRT is really PORT++.

       You can also append ":[start]-[end]" to the right of the address, to tell  curl  what  TCP
       port range to use. That means you specify a port range, from a lower to a higher number. A
       single number works as well, but do note that it increases the risk of failure  since  the
       port may not be available.

       If -P, --ftp-port is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

       Examples:
        curl -P - ftp:/example.com
        curl -P eth0 ftp:/example.com
        curl -P 192.168.0.2 ftp:/example.com

       See also --ftp-pasv and --disable-eprt.

       --ftp-pret
              (FTP) Tell curl to send a PRET command before PASV (and EPSV). Certain FTP servers,
              mainly drftpd, require this non-standard command for directory listings as well  as
              up and downloads in PASV mode.

              Providing  --ftp-pret  multiple  times  has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-ftp-pret.

              Example:
               curl --ftp-pret ftp://example.com/

              See also -P, --ftp-port and --ftp-pasv.

       --ftp-skip-pasv-ip
              (FTP) Tell curl to not use the IP address the server suggests in  its  response  to
              curl's  PASV  command when curl connects the data connection. Instead curl will re-
              use the same IP address it already uses for the control connection.

              Since curl 7.74.0 this option is enabled by default.

              This option has no effect if PORT, EPRT or EPSV is used instead of PASV.

              Providing --ftp-skip-pasv-ip multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it  again
              with --no-ftp-skip-pasv-ip.

              Example:
               curl --ftp-skip-pasv-ip ftp://example.com/

              See also --ftp-pasv.

       --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode <active/passive>
              (FTP)  Sets  the  CCC  mode.  The  passive mode will not initiate the shutdown, but
              instead wait for the server to do it, and will not reply to the shutdown  from  the
              server.  The  active  mode  initiates  the  shutdown and waits for a reply from the
              server.

              Providing --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it  again
              with --no-ftp-ssl-ccc-mode.

              Example:
               curl --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode active --ftp-ssl-ccc ftps://example.com/

              See also --ftp-ssl-ccc.

       --ftp-ssl-ccc
              (FTP)  Use  CCC  (Clear  Command  Channel)  Shuts  down  the  SSL/TLS  layer  after
              authenticating. The rest of the control channel communication will be  unencrypted.
              This allows NAT routers to follow the FTP transaction. The default mode is passive.

              Providing  --ftp-ssl-ccc multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-ftp-ssl-ccc.

              Example:
               curl --ftp-ssl-ccc ftps://example.com/

              See also --ssl and --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode.

       --ftp-ssl-control
              (FTP) Require SSL/TLS for  the  FTP  login,  clear  for  transfer.   Allows  secure
              authentication,  but  non-encrypted  data  transfers  for  efficiency.   Fails  the
              transfer if the server does not support SSL/TLS.

              Providing --ftp-ssl-control multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable  it  again
              with --no-ftp-ssl-control.

              Example:
               curl --ftp-ssl-control ftp://example.com

              See also --ssl.

       -G, --get
              When  used, this option will make all data specified with -d, --data, --data-binary
              or --data-urlencode to be used in an HTTP GET request instead of the  POST  request
              that  otherwise  would  be  used.  The  data will be appended to the URL with a '?'
              separator.

              If used in combination with -I, --head, the POST data will instead be  appended  to
              the URL with a HEAD request.

              Providing  -G,  --get  multiple  times  has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-get.

              Examples:
               curl --get https://example.com
               curl --get -d "tool=curl" -d "age=old" https://example.com
               curl --get -I -d "tool=curl" https://example.com

              See also -d, --data and -X, --request.

       -g, --globoff
              This option switches off the "URL globbing parser". When you set this  option,  you
              can specify URLs that contain the letters {}[] without having curl itself interpret
              them. Note that these letters are not normal legal URL contents but they should  be
              encoded according to the URI standard.

              Providing  -g, --globoff multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-globoff.

              Example:
               curl -g "https://example.com/{[]}}}}"

              See also -K, --config and -q, --disable.

       --happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms <milliseconds>
              Happy Eyeballs is an algorithm that attempts to  connect  to  both  IPv4  and  IPv6
              addresses for dual-stack hosts, giving IPv6 a head-start of the specified number of
              milliseconds. If the IPv6 address cannot be connected to within that time,  then  a
              connection attempt is made to the IPv4 address in parallel. The first connection to
              be established is the one that is used.

              The range of suggested useful values is limited. Happy Eyeballs RFC 6555  says  "It
              is  RECOMMENDED that connection attempts be paced 150-250 ms apart to balance human
              factors against network load." libcurl currently defaults to 200  ms.  Firefox  and
              Chrome currently default to 300 ms.

              If  --happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms  is provided several times, the last set value will
              be used.

              Example:
               curl --happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms 500 https://example.com

              See also -m, --max-time and --connect-timeout. Added in 7.59.0.

       --haproxy-protocol
              (HTTP) Send a HAProxy PROXY protocol v1 header at the beginning of the  connection.
              This  is  used  by some load balancers and reverse proxies to indicate the client's
              true IP address and port.

              This option is primarily useful when  sending  test  requests  to  a  service  that
              expects this header.

              Providing  --haproxy-protocol multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again
              with --no-haproxy-protocol.

              Example:
               curl --haproxy-protocol https://example.com

              See also -x, --proxy. Added in 7.60.0.

       -I, --head
              (HTTP FTP FILE) Fetch the headers only! HTTP-servers feature the command HEAD which
              this  uses to get nothing but the header of a document. When used on an FTP or FILE
              file, curl displays the file size and last modification time only.

              Providing -I, --head multiple times has no extra effect.   Disable  it  again  with
              --no-head.

              Example:
               curl -I https://example.com

              See also -G, --get, -v, --verbose and --trace-ascii.

       -H, --header <header/@file>
              (HTTP  IMAP  SMTP) Extra header to include in information sent. When used within an
              HTTP request, it is added to the regular request headers.

              For an IMAP or SMTP MIME uploaded  mail  built  with  -F,  --form  options,  it  is
              prepended  to  the  resulting  MIME  document, effectively including it at the mail
              global level. It does not affect raw uploaded mails (Added in 7.56.0).

              You may specify any number of extra headers. Note that if you should add  a  custom
              header  that  has  the  same  name as one of the internal ones curl would use, your
              externally set header will be used instead of the internal one.  This allows you to
              make  even  trickier  stuff  than  curl  would  normally do. You should not replace
              internally set headers without knowing perfectly well what you are doing. Remove an
              internal  header  by  giving a replacement without content on the right side of the
              colon, as in: -H "Host:". If you send the custom  header  with  no-value  then  its
              header  must  be terminated with a semicolon, such as -H "X-Custom-Header;" to send
              "X-Custom-Header:".

              curl will make sure that each header you add/replace is sent with the  proper  end-
              of-line  marker,  you  should thus not add that as a part of the header content: do
              not add newlines or carriage returns, they will only mess things up for you.

              This option can take an argument in @filename style, which then adds a  header  for
              each  line  in  the  input  file. Using @- will make curl read the header file from
              stdin. Added in 7.55.0.

              Please note that most anti-spam utilities check the presence and value  of  several
              MIME  mail  headers:  these are "From:", "To:", "Date:" and "Subject:" among others
              and should be added with this option.

              You need --proxy-header to send custom headers intended for an HTTP proxy. Added in
              7.37.0.

              Passing  on a "Transfer-Encoding: chunked" header when doing an HTTP request with a
              request body, will make curl send the data using chunked encoding.

              WARNING: headers set with this option will be set in all HTTP requests - even after
              redirects  are  followed,  like when told with -L, --location. This can lead to the
              header being sent to other hosts than  the  original  host,  so  sensitive  headers
              should be used with caution combined with following redirects.

              -H, --header can be used several times in a command line

              Examples:
               curl -H "X-First-Name: Joe" https://example.com
               curl -H "User-Agent: yes-please/2000" https://example.com
               curl -H "Host:" https://example.com
               curl -H @headers.txt https://example.com

              See also -A, --user-agent and -e, --referer.

       -h, --help <category>
              Usage  help.  This  lists  all commands of the <category>.  If no arg was provided,
              curl will display the most important command line arguments.  If the argument "all"
              was  provided, curl will display all options available.  If the argument "category"
              was provided, curl will display all categories and their meanings.

              Example:
               curl --help all

              See also -v, --verbose.

       --hostpubmd5 <md5>
              (SFTP SCP) Pass a string containing 32 hexadecimal digits. The string should be the
              128  bit  MD5  checksum  of  the  remote  host's  public  key, curl will refuse the
              connection with the host unless the md5sums match.

              If --hostpubmd5 is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --hostpubmd5 e5c1c49020640a5ab0f2034854c321a8 sftp://example.com/

              See also --hostpubsha256.

       --hostpubsha256 <sha256>
              (SFTP SCP) Pass a string containing a Base64-encoded  SHA256  hash  of  the  remote
              host's  public key. Curl will refuse the connection with the host unless the hashes
              match.

              This feature requires libcurl to be built with libssh2 and does not work with other
              SSH backends.

              If --hostpubsha256 is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --hostpubsha256 NDVkMTQxMGQ1ODdmMjQ3MjczYjAyOTY5MmRkMjVmNDQ= sftp://example.com/

              See also --hostpubmd5. Added in 7.80.0.

       --hsts <file name>
              (HTTPS)  This  option  enables HSTS for the transfer. If the file name points to an
              existing HSTS cache file, that will be used. After a completed transfer, the  cache
              will be saved to the file name again if it has been modified.

              If  curl is told to use HTTP:// for a transfer involving a host name that exists in
              the HSTS cache, it upgrades the transfer to use HTTPS. Each HSTS cache entry has an
              individual life time after which the upgrade is no longer performed.

              Specify  a  ""  file  name (zero length) to avoid loading/saving and make curl just
              handle HSTS in memory.

              If this option is used several times, curl will load contents from  all  the  files
              but the last one will be used for saving.

              --hsts can be used several times in a command line

              Example:
               curl --hsts cache.txt https://example.com

              See also --proto. Added in 7.74.0.

       --http0.9
              (HTTP) Tells curl to be fine with HTTP version 0.9 response.

              HTTP/0.9  is  a  completely  headerless response and therefore you can also connect
              with this to non-HTTP servers and still get  a  response  since  curl  will  simply
              transparently downgrade - if allowed.

              Since curl 7.66.0, HTTP/0.9 is disabled by default.

              Providing  --http0.9  multiple  times  has  no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-http0.9.

              Example:
               curl --http0.9 https://example.com

              See also --http1.1, --http2 and --http3. Added in 7.64.0.

       -0, --http1.0
              (HTTP) Tells curl to use HTTP version 1.0 instead of using its internally preferred
              HTTP version.

              Providing -0, --http1.0 multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --http1.0 https://example.com

              See  also  --http0.9  and --http1.1. This option is mutually exclusive to --http1.1
              and --http2 and --http2-prior-knowledge and --http3.

       --http1.1
              (HTTP) Tells curl to use HTTP version 1.1.

              Providing --http1.1 multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --http1.1 https://example.com

              See also -0, --http1.0 and --http0.9. This option  is  mutually  exclusive  to  -0,
              --http1.0 and --http2 and --http2-prior-knowledge and --http3. Added in 7.33.0.

       --http2-prior-knowledge
              (HTTP)  Tells curl to issue its non-TLS HTTP requests using HTTP/2 without HTTP/1.1
              Upgrade. It requires prior knowledge that the server supports HTTP/2 straight away.
              HTTPS  requests  will  still  do  HTTP/2  the standard way with negotiated protocol
              version in the TLS handshake.

              Providing --http2-prior-knowledge multiple times has no extra effect.   Disable  it
              again with --no-http2-prior-knowledge.

              Example:
               curl --http2-prior-knowledge https://example.com

              See  also --http2 and --http3. --http2-prior-knowledge requires that the underlying
              libcurl was built to support HTTP/2. This option is mutually exclusive to --http1.1
              and -0, --http1.0 and --http2 and --http3. Added in 7.49.0.

       --http2
              (HTTP) Tells curl to use HTTP version 2.

              For  HTTPS,  this means curl will attempt to negotiate HTTP/2 in the TLS handshake.
              curl does this by default.

              For HTTP, this means curl will attempt to upgrade the request to HTTP/2  using  the
              Upgrade: request header.

              When  curl  uses  HTTP/2 over HTTPS, it does not itself insist on TLS 1.2 or higher
              even though that is required by the specification. A  user  can  add  this  version
              requirement with --tlsv1.2.

              Providing --http2 multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --http2 https://example.com

              See  also  --http1.1  and --http3. --http2 requires that the underlying libcurl was
              built to support HTTP/2. This option is mutually exclusive  to  --http1.1  and  -0,
              --http1.0 and --http2-prior-knowledge and --http3. Added in 7.33.0.

       --http3-only
              (HTTP) **WARNING**: this option is experimental. Do not use in production.

              Instructs  curl  to  use HTTP/3 to the host in the URL, with no fallback to earlier
              HTTP versions. HTTP/3 can only be used for HTTPS and not for HTTP URLs.  For  HTTP,
              this option will trigger an error.

              This  option allows a user to avoid using the Alt-Svc method of upgrading to HTTP/3
              when you know that the target speaks HTTP/3 on the given host and port.

              This option will make curl fail if a QUIC connection cannot be established, it will
              not   attempt  any  other  HTTP  version  on  its  own.  Use  --http3  for  similar
              functionality with a fallback.

              Providing --http3-only multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --http3-only https://example.com

              See also --http1.1, --http2 and --http3. --http3-only requires that the  underlying
              libcurl was built to support HTTP/3. This option is mutually exclusive to --http1.1
              and -0, --http1.0 and --http2 and --http2-prior-knowledge  and  --http3.  Added  in
              7.88.0.

       --http3
              (HTTP) **WARNING**: this option is experimental. Do not use in production.

              Tells  curl  to  try  HTTP/3  to  the host in the URL, but fallback to earlier HTTP
              versions if the HTTP/3 connection establishment fails. HTTP/3 is only available for
              HTTPS and not for HTTP URLs.

              This  option allows a user to avoid using the Alt-Svc method of upgrading to HTTP/3
              when you know that the target speaks HTTP/3 on the given host and port.

              When asked to use HTTP/3, curl will issue a separate  attempt  to  use  older  HTTP
              versions with a slight delay, so if the HTTP/3 transfer fails or is very slow, curl
              will still try to proceed with an older HTTP version.

              Use --http3-only for similar functionality without a fallback.

              Providing --http3 multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --http3 https://example.com

              See also --http1.1 and --http2. --http3 requires that the  underlying  libcurl  was
              built  to  support  HTTP/3.  This option is mutually exclusive to --http1.1 and -0,
              --http1.0 and  --http2  and  --http2-prior-knowledge  and  --http3-only.  Added  in
              7.66.0.

       --ignore-content-length
              (FTP  HTTP) For HTTP, Ignore the Content-Length header. This is particularly useful
              for servers running Apache 1.x, which  will  report  incorrect  Content-Length  for
              files larger than 2 gigabytes.

              For  FTP  (since  7.46.0),  skip  the  RETR  command  to figure out the size before
              downloading a file.

              This option does not work for HTTP if libcurl was built to use hyper.

              Providing --ignore-content-length multiple times has no extra effect.   Disable  it
              again with --no-ignore-content-length.

              Example:
               curl --ignore-content-length https://example.com

              See also --ftp-skip-pasv-ip.

       -i, --include
              Include  the  HTTP  response  headers  in the output. The HTTP response headers can
              include things like server name, cookies, date of the document,  HTTP  version  and
              more...

              To view the request headers, consider the -v, --verbose option.

              Providing  -i, --include multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-include.

              Example:
               curl -i https://example.com

              See also -v, --verbose.

       -k, --insecure
              (TLS SFTP SCP) By default, every secure connection curl makes  is  verified  to  be
              secure   before  the  transfer  takes  place.  This  option  makes  curl  skip  the
              verification step and proceed without checking.

              When this option is not used for protocols using TLS, curl  verifies  the  server's
              TLS  certificate  before it continues: that the certificate contains the right name
              which matches the host name used in the URL  and  that  the  certificate  has  been
              signed by a CA certificate present in the cert store.  See this online resource for
              further details:
               https://curl.se/docs/sslcerts.html

              For SFTP and SCP,  this  option  makes  curl  skip  the  known_hosts  verification.
              known_hosts  is  a  file normally stored in the user's home directory in the ".ssh"
              subdirectory, which contains host names and their public keys.

              WARNING: using this option makes the transfer insecure.

              When curl uses secure protocols it trusts responses and allows for example HSTS and
              Alt-Svc  information  to  be stored and used subsequently. Using -k, --insecure can
              make curl trust and use such information from malicious servers.

              Providing -k, --insecure multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-insecure.

              Example:
               curl --insecure https://example.com

              See also --proxy-insecure, --cacert and --capath.

       --interface <name>
              Perform  an operation using a specified interface. You can enter interface name, IP
              address or host name. An example could look like:

               curl --interface eth0:1 https://www.example.com/

              On Linux it can be used to specify a VRF, but  the  binary  needs  to  either  have
              CAP_NET_RAW   or   to   be   run   as  root.  More  information  about  Linux  VRF:
              https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/vrf.txt

              If --interface is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --interface eth0 https://example.com

              See also --dns-interface.

       -4, --ipv4
              This option tells curl to use IPv4 addresses only, and not for example try IPv6.

              Providing -4, --ipv4 multiple times has no extra effect.   Disable  it  again  with
              --no-ipv4.

              Example:
               curl --ipv4 https://example.com

              See also --http1.1 and --http2. This option is mutually exclusive to -6, --ipv6.

       -6, --ipv6
              This option tells curl to use IPv6 addresses only, and not for example try IPv4.

              Providing  -6,  --ipv6  multiple  times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-ipv6.

              Example:
               curl --ipv6 https://example.com

              See also --http1.1 and --http2. This option is mutually exclusive to -4, --ipv4.

       --json <data>
              (HTTP) Sends the specified JSON data in a POST request to the HTTP  server.  --json
              works as a shortcut for passing on these three options:

               --data [arg]
               --header "Content-Type: application/json"
               --header "Accept: application/json"

              There  is no verification that the passed in data is actual JSON or that the syntax
              is correct.

              If you start the data with the letter @, the rest should be a file name to read the
              data  from,  or  a  single  dash  (-) if you want curl to read the data from stdin.
              Posting data from a file named 'foobar' would thus be done with --json @foobar  and
              to instead read the data from stdin, use --json @-.

              If this option is used more than once on the same command line, the additional data
              pieces will be concatenated to the previous before sending.

              The headers this option sets can be overridden with -H, --header as usual.

              --json can be used several times in a command line

              Examples:
               curl --json '{ "drink": "coffe" }' https://example.com
               curl --json '{ "drink":' --json ' "coffe" }' https://example.com
               curl --json @prepared https://example.com
               curl --json @- https://example.com < json.txt

              See also --data-binary and --data-raw. This option is  mutually  exclusive  to  -F,
              --form and -I, --head and -T, --upload-file. Added in 7.82.0.

       -j, --junk-session-cookies
              (HTTP)  When  curl is told to read cookies from a given file, this option will make
              it discard all "session cookies". This will basically have the same effect as if  a
              new  session  is started. Typical browsers always discard session cookies when they
              are closed down.

              Providing -j, --junk-session-cookies multiple times has no extra  effect.   Disable
              it again with --no-junk-session-cookies.

              Example:
               curl --junk-session-cookies -b cookies.txt https://example.com

              See also -b, --cookie and -c, --cookie-jar.

       --keepalive-time <seconds>
              This  option  sets  the  time  a  connection  needs  to  remain idle before sending
              keepalive probes and the time between individual keepalive probes. It is  currently
              effective  on  operating systems offering the TCP_KEEPIDLE and TCP_KEEPINTVL socket
              options (meaning Linux, recent AIX, HP-UX and more).  Keepalives are  used  by  the
              TCP  stack  to  detect  broken  networks  on idle connections. The number of missed
              keepalive probes before declaring the  connection  down  is  OS  dependent  and  is
              commonly 9 or 10. This option has no effect if --no-keepalive is used.

              If unspecified, the option defaults to 60 seconds.

              If --keepalive-time is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --keepalive-time 20 https://example.com

              See also --no-keepalive and -m, --max-time.

       --key-type <type>
              (TLS) Private key file type. Specify which type your --key provided private key is.
              DER, PEM, and ENG are supported. If not specified, PEM is assumed.

              If --key-type is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --key-type DER --key here https://example.com

              See also --key.

       --key <key>
              (TLS SSH) Private key file name. Allows you to provide your  private  key  in  this
              separate  file.  For  SSH, if not specified, curl tries the following candidates in
              order: '~/.ssh/id_rsa', '~/.ssh/id_dsa', './id_rsa', './id_dsa'.

              If curl is built against OpenSSL library, and the engine pkcs11 is available,  then
              a  PKCS#11 URI (RFC 7512) can be used to specify a private key located in a PKCS#11
              device. A string beginning with "pkcs11:" will be interpreted as a PKCS#11 URI.  If
              a PKCS#11 URI is provided, then the --engine option will be set as "pkcs11" if none
              was provided and the --key-type option will be set as "ENG" if none was provided.

              If curl is built against Secure Transport or Schannel then this option  is  ignored
              for TLS protocols (HTTPS, etc). Those backends expect the private key to be already
              present in the keychain or PKCS#12 file containing the certificate.

              If --key is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --cert certificate --key here https://example.com

              See also --key-type and -E, --cert.

       --krb <level>
              (FTP) Enable Kerberos authentication and use. The level must be entered and  should
              be  one  of  'clear',  'safe', 'confidential', or 'private'. Should you use a level
              that is not one of these, 'private' will instead be used.

              If --krb is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --krb clear ftp://example.com/

              See also --delegation and --ssl. --krb requires that  the  underlying  libcurl  was
              built to support Kerberos.

       --libcurl <file>
              Append  this  option  to  any ordinary curl command line, and you will get libcurl-
              using C source code written to the file that  does  the  equivalent  of  what  your
              command-line operation does!

              This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of -:, --next.

              If --libcurl is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --libcurl client.c https://example.com

              See also -v, --verbose.

       --limit-rate <speed>
              Specify  the  maximum  transfer  rate you want curl to use - for both downloads and
              uploads. This feature is useful if you have a limited pipe and you would like  your
              transfer  not  to  use  your  entire bandwidth. To make it slower than it otherwise
              would be.

              The given  speed  is  measured  in  bytes/second,  unless  a  suffix  is  appended.
              Appending  'k'  or  'K'  will  count  the  number as kilobytes, 'm' or 'M' makes it
              megabytes, while 'g' or 'G' makes it gigabytes. The suffixes (k, M, G,  T,  P)  are
              1024 based. For example 1k is 1024. Examples: 200K, 3m and 1G.

              The  rate  limiting logic works on averaging the transfer speed to no more than the
              set threshold over a period of multiple seconds.

              If you also use the -Y, --speed-limit option, that option will take precedence  and
              might  cripple  the  rate-limiting  slightly, to help keeping the speed-limit logic
              working.

              If --limit-rate is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Examples:
               curl --limit-rate 100K https://example.com
               curl --limit-rate 1000 https://example.com
               curl --limit-rate 10M https://example.com

              See also --rate, -Y, --speed-limit and -y, --speed-time.

       -l, --list-only
              (FTP POP3) (FTP) When listing an FTP directory,  this  switch  forces  a  name-only
              view.  This is especially useful if the user wants to machine-parse the contents of
              an FTP directory since the normal directory view does not use a  standard  look  or
              format.  When  used  like this, the option causes an NLST command to be sent to the
              server instead of LIST.

              Note: Some FTP servers list only files in their  response  to  NLST;  they  do  not
              include sub-directories and symbolic links.

              (POP3)  When  retrieving  a  specific  email  from  POP3, this switch forces a LIST
              command to be performed instead of RETR. This is particularly useful  if  the  user
              wants to see if a specific message-id exists on the server and what size it is.

              Note:  When  combined  with  -X,  --request, this option can be used to send a UIDL
              command instead, so the user may use the email's unique identifier rather than  its
              message-id to make the request.

              Providing  -l,  --list-only  multiple  times has no extra effect.  Disable it again
              with --no-list-only.

              Example:
               curl --list-only ftp://example.com/dir/

              See also -Q, --quote and -X, --request.

       --local-port <num/range>
              Set a preferred single number or range (FROM-TO) of local port numbers to  use  for
              the  connection(s).   Note  that  port numbers by nature are a scarce resource that
              will be busy at times so setting this range to something  too  narrow  might  cause
              unnecessary connection setup failures.

              If --local-port is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --local-port 1000-3000 https://example.com

              See also -g, --globoff.

       --location-trusted
              (HTTP) Like -L, --location, but will allow sending the name + password to all hosts
              that the site may redirect to. This may or may not introduce a security  breach  if
              the  site  redirects  you to a site to which you will send your authentication info
              (which is plaintext in the case of HTTP Basic authentication).

              Providing --location-trusted multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it  again
              with --no-location-trusted.

              Example:
               curl --location-trusted -u user:password https://example.com

              See also -u, --user.

       -L, --location
              (HTTP)  If  the  server  reports  that  the requested page has moved to a different
              location (indicated with a Location: header and a 3XX response code),  this  option
              will  make  curl  redo  the  request  on  the  new place. If used together with -i,
              --include or -I, --head, headers from all  requested  pages  will  be  shown.  When
              authentication  is  used, curl only sends its credentials to the initial host. If a
              redirect takes curl to a different host, it will  not  be  able  to  intercept  the
              user+password. See also --location-trusted on how to change this. You can limit the
              amount of redirects to follow by using the --max-redirs option.

              When curl follows a redirect and if the  request  is  a  POST,  it  will  send  the
              following  request  with  a  GET  if the HTTP response was 301, 302, or 303. If the
              response code was any other 3xx code, curl will re-send the following request using
              the same unmodified method.

              You  can tell curl to not change POST requests to GET after a 30x response by using
              the dedicated options for that: --post301, --post302 and --post303.

              The method set with -X, --request overrides the method curl would otherwise  select
              to use.

              Providing -L, --location multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-location.

              Example:
               curl -L https://example.com

              See also --resolve and --alt-svc.

       --login-options <options>
              (IMAP  LDAP  POP3  SMTP)  Specify  the  login  options   to   use   during   server
              authentication.

              You  can  use  login  options to specify protocol specific options that may be used
              during authentication. At present only IMAP, POP3 and SMTP support  login  options.
              For  more  information  about  login options please see RFC 2384, RFC 5092 and IETF
              draft draft-earhart-url-smtp-00.txt

              If --login-options is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --login-options 'AUTH=*' imap://example.com

              See also -u, --user. Added in 7.34.0.

       --mail-auth <address>
              (SMTP) Specify a single address. This will be used to  specify  the  authentication
              address (identity) of a submitted message that is being relayed to another server.

              If --mail-auth is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --mail-auth user@example.come -T mail smtp://example.com/

              See also --mail-rcpt and --mail-from.

       --mail-from <address>
              (SMTP) Specify a single address that the given mail should get sent from.

              If --mail-from is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --mail-from user@example.com -T mail smtp://example.com/

              See also --mail-rcpt and --mail-auth.

       --mail-rcpt-allowfails
              (SMTP)  When  sending  data to multiple recipients, by default curl will abort SMTP
              conversation if at least one of the recipients causes RCPT TO command to return  an
              error.

              The  default behavior can be changed by passing --mail-rcpt-allowfails command-line
              option which will make curl ignore errors and  proceed  with  the  remaining  valid
              recipients.

              If  all  recipients  trigger RCPT TO failures and this flag is specified, curl will
              still abort the SMTP conversation and return the error received from  to  the  last
              RCPT TO command.

              Providing  --mail-rcpt-allowfails  multiple  times has no extra effect.  Disable it
              again with --no-mail-rcpt-allowfails.

              Example:
               curl --mail-rcpt-allowfails --mail-rcpt dest@example.com smtp://example.com

              See also --mail-rcpt. Added in 7.69.0.

       --mail-rcpt <address>
              (SMTP) Specify a single email address, user name or mailing list name. Repeat  this
              option several times to send to multiple recipients.

              When  performing  an  address  verification (VRFY command), the recipient should be
              specified as the user name or user name and domain (as per Section 3.5 of RFC5321).
              (Added in 7.34.0)

              When  performing  a  mailing  list  expand  (EXPN command), the recipient should be
              specified using the mailing  list  name,  such  as  "Friends"  or  "London-Office".
              (Added in 7.34.0)

              --mail-rcpt can be used several times in a command line

              Example:
               curl --mail-rcpt user@example.net smtp://example.com

              See also --mail-rcpt-allowfails.

       -M, --manual
              Manual. Display the huge help text.

              Example:
               curl --manual

              See also -v, --verbose, --libcurl and --trace.

       --max-filesize <bytes>
              (FTP  HTTP  MQTT) Specify the maximum size (in bytes) of a file to download. If the
              file requested is larger than this value, the transfer will not start and curl will
              return with exit code 63.

              A  size  modifier  may  be  used.  For example, Appending 'k' or 'K' will count the
              number as kilobytes, 'm' or 'M' makes it megabytes,  while  'g'  or  'G'  makes  it
              gigabytes. Examples: 200K, 3m and 1G. (Added in 7.58.0)

              NOTE:  The file size is not always known prior to download, and for such files this
              option has no effect even if the file transfer ends up being larger than this given
              limit.   If  --max-filesize  is  provided several times, the last set value will be
              used.

              Example:
               curl --max-filesize 100K https://example.com

              See also --limit-rate.

       --max-redirs <num>
              (HTTP) Set maximum number of redirections to follow. When -L, --location  is  used,
              to  prevent curl from following too many redirects, by default, the limit is set to
              50 redirects. Set this option to -1 to make it unlimited.

              If --max-redirs is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --max-redirs 3 --location https://example.com

              See also -L, --location.

       -m, --max-time <fractional seconds>
              Maximum time in seconds that you allow each transfer to take.  This is  useful  for
              preventing  your  batch  jobs  from hanging for hours due to slow networks or links
              going down.  Since 7.32.0, this option  accepts  decimal  values,  but  the  actual
              timeout  will  decrease  in  accuracy as the specified timeout increases in decimal
              precision.

              If you enable retrying the transfer (--retry) then  the  maximum  time  counter  is
              reset  each time the transfer is retried. You can use --retry-max-time to limit the
              retry time.

              The decimal value needs to provided using a dot (.) as decimal separator - not  the
              local version even if it might be using another separator.

              If -m, --max-time is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Examples:
               curl --max-time 10 https://example.com
               curl --max-time 2.92 https://example.com

              See also --connect-timeout and --retry-max-time.

       --metalink
              This  option  was  previously used to specify a metalink resource. Metalink support
              has been disabled in curl since 7.78.0 for security reasons.

              If --metalink is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --metalink file https://example.com

              See also -Z, --parallel.

       --negotiate
              (HTTP) Enables Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication.

              This option requires a  library  built  with  GSS-API  or  SSPI  support.  Use  -V,
              --version to see if your curl supports GSS-API/SSPI or SPNEGO.

              When  using this option, you must also provide a fake -u, --user option to activate
              the authentication code properly. Sending a '-u :' is enough as the user  name  and
              password from the -u, --user option are not actually used.

              If this option is used several times, only the first one is used.

              Providing --negotiate multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --negotiate -u : https://example.com

              See also --basic, --ntlm, --anyauth and --proxy-negotiate.

       --netrc-file <filename>
              This  option  is similar to -n, --netrc, except that you provide the path (absolute
              or relative) to the netrc file that curl should use. You can only specify one netrc
              file per invocation.

              It will abide by --netrc-optional if specified.

              If --netrc-file is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --netrc-file netrc https://example.com

              See  also  -n,  --netrc,  -u,  --user  and  -K,  --config.  This option is mutually
              exclusive to -n, --netrc.

       --netrc-optional
              Similar to -n, --netrc, but this option makes the .netrc  usage  optional  and  not
              mandatory as the -n, --netrc option does.

              Providing  --netrc-optional  multiple  times has no extra effect.  Disable it again
              with --no-netrc-optional.

              Example:
               curl --netrc-optional https://example.com

              See also --netrc-file. This option is mutually exclusive to -n, --netrc.

       -n, --netrc
              Makes curl scan the .netrc (_netrc on Windows) file in the  user's  home  directory
              for  login  name and password. This is typically used for FTP on Unix. If used with
              HTTP, curl will enable user authentication. See netrc(5) and ftp(1) for details  on
              the  file  format.  Curl  will  not  complain  if that file does not have the right
              permissions (it should be  neither  world-  nor  group-readable).  The  environment
              variable "HOME" is used to find the home directory.

              A  quick  and  simple  example of how to setup a .netrc to allow curl to FTP to the
              machine host.domain.com with user name 'myself' and password  'secret'  could  look
              similar to:

               machine host.domain.com
               login myself
               password secret

              Providing  -n,  --netrc  multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-netrc.

              Example:
               curl --netrc https://example.com

              See also --netrc-file, -K,  --config  and  -u,  --user.  This  option  is  mutually
              exclusive to --netrc-file and --netrc-optional.

       -:, --next
              Tells  curl  to  use  a  separate  operation  for  the following URL and associated
              options. This allows you to send several URL requests, each with their own specific
              options, for example, such as different user names or custom requests for each.

              -:, --next will reset all local options and only global ones will have their values
              survive over to the operation following the -:, --next instruction. Global  options
              include -v, --verbose, --trace, --trace-ascii and --fail-early.

              For example, you can do both a GET and a POST in a single command line:

               curl www1.example.com --next -d postthis www2.example.com

              -:, --next can be used several times in a command line

              Examples:
               curl https://example.com --next -d postthis www2.example.com
               curl -I https://example.com --next https://example.net/

              See also -Z, --parallel and -K, --config. Added in 7.36.0.

       --no-alpn
              (HTTPS)  Disable  the ALPN TLS extension. ALPN is enabled by default if libcurl was
              built with an SSL library that supports ALPN.  ALPN  is  used  by  a  libcurl  that
              supports HTTP/2 to negotiate HTTP/2 support with the server during https sessions.

              Providing  --no-alpn  multiple  times  has  no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --alpn.

              Example:
               curl --no-alpn https://example.com

              See also --no-npn and --http2. --no-alpn requires that the underlying  libcurl  was
              built to support TLS. Added in 7.36.0.

       -N, --no-buffer
              Disables  the  buffering of the output stream. In normal work situations, curl will
              use a standard buffered output stream that will have the effect that it will output
              the  data  in  chunks,  not  necessarily exactly when the data arrives.  Using this
              option will disable that buffering.

              Providing -N, --no-buffer multiple times has no extra  effect.   Disable  it  again
              with --buffer.

              Example:
               curl --no-buffer https://example.com

              See also -#, --progress-bar.

       --no-clobber
              When  used  in  conjunction  with  the  -o, --output, -J, --remote-header-name, -O,
              --remote-name, or --remote-name-all options, curl  avoids  overwriting  files  that
              already  exist.  Instead,  a dot and a number gets appended to the name of the file
              that would be created, up to filename.100 after which it will not create any file.

              Note that this is the negated option name documented.  You can thus  use  --clobber
              to enforce the clobbering, even if -J, --remote-header-name is specified.

              Providing  --no-clobber  multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --clobber.

              Example:
               curl --no-clobber --output local/dir/file https://example.com

              See also -o, --output and -O, --remote-name. Added in 7.83.0.

       --no-keepalive
              Disables the use of keepalive  messages  on  the  TCP  connection.  curl  otherwise
              enables them by default.

              Note  that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use --keepalive
              to enforce keepalive.

              Providing --no-keepalive multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --keepalive.

              Example:
               curl --no-keepalive https://example.com

              See also --keepalive-time.

       --no-npn
              (HTTPS) In curl 7.86.0 and later, curl never uses NPN.

              Disable  the NPN TLS extension. NPN is enabled by default if libcurl was built with
              an SSL library that supports NPN. NPN is used by a libcurl that supports HTTP/2  to
              negotiate HTTP/2 support with the server during https sessions.

              Providing  --no-npn  multiple  times  has  no  extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --npn.

              Example:
               curl --no-npn https://example.com

              See also --no-alpn and --http2. --no-npn requires that the underlying  libcurl  was
              built to support TLS. Added in 7.36.0.

       --no-progress-meter
              Option  to  switch  off  the  progress  meter  output  without  muting or otherwise
              affecting warning and informational messages like -s, --silent does.

              Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use  --progress-
              meter to enable the progress meter again.

              Providing --no-progress-meter multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again
              with --progress-meter.

              Example:
               curl --no-progress-meter -o store https://example.com

              See also -v, --verbose and -s, --silent. Added in 7.67.0.

       --no-sessionid
              (TLS) Disable curl's use of SSL session-ID caching. By default  all  transfers  are
              done using the cache. Note that while nothing should ever get hurt by attempting to
              reuse SSL session-IDs, there seem to be broken SSL implementations in the wild that
              may require you to disable this in order for you to succeed.

              Note  that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use --sessionid
              to enforce session-ID caching.

              Providing --no-sessionid multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --sessionid.

              Example:
               curl --no-sessionid https://example.com

              See also -k, --insecure.

       --noproxy <no-proxy-list>
              Comma-separated  list  of  hosts for which not to use a proxy, if one is specified.
              The only wildcard is a single * character, which matches all hosts, and effectively
              disables  the  proxy.  Each  name  in this list is matched as either a domain which
              contains the hostname, or the hostname itself. For example, local.com  would  match
              local.com, local.com:80, and www.local.com, but not www.notlocal.com.

              Since  7.53.0,  This  option  overrides  the environment variables that disable the
              proxy ('no_proxy' and 'NO_PROXY'). If there's an environment variable  disabling  a
              proxy, you can set the noproxy list to "" to override it.

              Since  7.86.0,  IP  addresses  specified  to this option can be provided using CIDR
              notation: an appended slash and number specifies the number of "network  bits"  out
              of  the  address to use in the comparison. For example "192.168.0.0/16" would match
              all addresses starting with "192.168".

              If --noproxy is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --noproxy "www.example" https://example.com

              See also -x, --proxy.

       --ntlm-wb
              (HTTP) Enables NTLM much in the style --ntlm does, but hand over the authentication
              to the separate binary ntlmauth application that is executed when needed.

              Providing --ntlm-wb multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --ntlm-wb -u user:password https://example.com

              See also --ntlm and --proxy-ntlm.

       --ntlm (HTTP)  Enables NTLM authentication. The NTLM authentication method was designed by
              Microsoft and is used by IIS web servers. It is a  proprietary  protocol,  reverse-
              engineered  by  clever  people and implemented in curl based on their efforts. This
              kind of behavior should not be endorsed, you should  encourage  everyone  who  uses
              NTLM  to  switch  to a public and documented authentication method instead, such as
              Digest.

              If you want to enable NTLM for your proxy authentication, then use --proxy-ntlm.

              If this option is used several times, only the first one is used.

              Providing --ntlm multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --ntlm -u user:password https://example.com

              See also --proxy-ntlm. --ntlm requires that the underlying  libcurl  was  built  to
              support  TLS.  This  option  is  mutually  exclusive to --basic and --negotiate and
              --digest and --anyauth.

       --oauth2-bearer <token>
              (IMAP LDAP  POP3  SMTP  HTTP)  Specify  the  Bearer  Token  for  OAUTH  2.0  server
              authentication.  The  Bearer  Token is used in conjunction with the user name which
              can be specified as part of the --url or -u, --user options.

              The Bearer Token and user name are formatted according to RFC 6750.

              If --oauth2-bearer is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --oauth2-bearer "mF_9.B5f-4.1JqM" https://example.com

              See also --basic, --ntlm and --digest. Added in 7.33.0.

       --output-dir <dir>
              This option specifies the directory in which  files  should  be  stored,  when  -O,
              --remote-name or -o, --output are used.

              The  given  output directory is used for all URLs and output options on the command
              line, up until the first -:, --next.

              If the specified target directory does not exist, the operation  will  fail  unless
              --create-dirs is also used.

              If --output-dir is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --output-dir "tmp" -O https://example.com

              See also -O, --remote-name and -J, --remote-header-name. Added in 7.73.0.

       -o, --output <file>
              Write  output  to  <file>  instead  of  stdout.  If you are using {} or [] to fetch
              multiple documents, you should quote the URL and you can  use  '#'  followed  by  a
              number  in  the  <file>  specifier. That variable will be replaced with the current
              string for the URL being fetched. Like in:

               curl "http://{one,two}.example.com" -o "file_#1.txt"

              or use several variables like:

               curl "http://{site,host}.host[1-5].com" -o "#1_#2"

              You may use this option as many times as the number of URLs you have. For  example,
              if you specify two URLs on the same command line, you can use it like this:

                curl -o aa example.com -o bb example.net

              and  the  order of the -o options and the URLs does not matter, just that the first
              -o is for the first URL and so on, so the above command line can also be written as

                curl example.com example.net -o aa -o bb

              See also the --create-dirs option to  create  the  local  directories  dynamically.
              Specifying  the  output  as '-' (a single dash) will force the output to be done to
              stdout.

              To suppress response bodies, you can redirect output to /dev/null:

                curl example.com -o /dev/null

              Or for Windows use nul:

                curl example.com -o nul

              -o, --output can be used several times in a command line

              Examples:
               curl -o file https://example.com
               curl "http://{one,two}.example.com" -o "file_#1.txt"
               curl "http://{site,host}.host[1-5].com" -o "#1_#2"
               curl -o file https://example.com -o file2 https://example.net

              See also -O, --remote-name, --remote-name-all and -J, --remote-header-name.

       --parallel-immediate
              When doing parallel transfers, this option will instruct curl that it should rather
              prefer  opening  up more connections in parallel at once rather than waiting to see
              if new transfers can be added as multiplexed streams on another connection.

              This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of -:, --next.

              Providing --parallel-immediate multiple times has  no  extra  effect.   Disable  it
              again with --no-parallel-immediate.

              Example:
               curl --parallel-immediate -Z https://example.com -o file1 https://example.com -o file2

              See also -Z, --parallel and --parallel-max. Added in 7.68.0.

       --parallel-max <num>
              When asked to do parallel transfers, using -Z, --parallel, this option controls the
              maximum amount of transfers to do simultaneously.

              This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of -:, --next.

              The default is 50.

              If --parallel-max is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --parallel-max 100 -Z https://example.com ftp://example.com/

              See also -Z, --parallel. Added in 7.66.0.

       -Z, --parallel
              Makes curl perform its transfers in parallel as  compared  to  the  regular  serial
              manner.

              This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of -:, --next.

              Providing -Z, --parallel multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-parallel.

              Example:
               curl --parallel https://example.com -o file1 https://example.com -o file2

              See also -:, --next and -v, --verbose. Added in 7.66.0.

       --pass <phrase>
              (SSH TLS) Passphrase for the private key.

              If --pass is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --pass secret --key file https://example.com

              See also --key and -u, --user.

       --path-as-is
              Tell curl to not handle sequences of /../ or /./ in the given  URL  path.  Normally
              curl  will squash or merge them according to standards but with this option set you
              tell it not to do that.

              Providing --path-as-is multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it  again  with
              --no-path-as-is.

              Example:
               curl --path-as-is https://example.com/../../etc/passwd

              See also --request-target. Added in 7.42.0.

       --pinnedpubkey <hashes>
              (TLS)  Tells  curl  to  use the specified public key file (or hashes) to verify the
              peer. This can be a path to a file which contains a single public key in PEM or DER
              format,  or  any  number of base64 encoded sha256 hashes preceded by 'sha256//' and
              separated by ';'.

              When negotiating a TLS or SSL connection, the server sends a certificate indicating
              its  identity.  A  public key is extracted from this certificate and if it does not
              exactly match the  public  key  provided  to  this  option,  curl  will  abort  the
              connection before sending or receiving any data.

              PEM/DER support:

              7.39.0: OpenSSL, GnuTLS and GSKit

              7.43.0: NSS and wolfSSL

              7.47.0: mbedtls

              sha256 support:

              7.44.0: OpenSSL, GnuTLS, NSS and wolfSSL

              7.47.0: mbedtls

              Other SSL backends not supported.

              If --pinnedpubkey is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Examples:
               curl --pinnedpubkey keyfile https://example.com
               curl --pinnedpubkey 'sha256//ce118b51897f4452dc' https://example.com

              See also --hostpubsha256. Added in 7.39.0.

       --post301
              (HTTP)  Tells curl to respect RFC 7231/6.4.2 and not convert POST requests into GET
              requests when following a 301 redirection. The non-RFC behavior  is  ubiquitous  in
              web  browsers,  so  curl  does  the  conversion by default to maintain consistency.
              However, a server may require a POST to remain a POST  after  such  a  redirection.
              This option is meaningful only when using -L, --location.

              Providing  --post301  multiple  times  has  no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-post301.

              Example:
               curl --post301 --location -d "data" https://example.com

              See also --post302, --post303 and -L, --location.

       --post302
              (HTTP) Tells curl to respect RFC 7231/6.4.3 and not convert POST requests into  GET
              requests  when  following  a 302 redirection. The non-RFC behavior is ubiquitous in
              web browsers, so curl does the  conversion  by  default  to  maintain  consistency.
              However,  a  server  may  require a POST to remain a POST after such a redirection.
              This option is meaningful only when using -L, --location.

              Providing --post302 multiple times has no extra  effect.   Disable  it  again  with
              --no-post302.

              Example:
               curl --post302 --location -d "data" https://example.com

              See also --post301, --post303 and -L, --location.

       --post303
              (HTTP)  Tells curl to violate RFC 7231/6.4.4 and not convert POST requests into GET
              requests when following 303 redirections. A server may require a POST to  remain  a
              POST  after  a  303  redirection.  This  option  is  meaningful only when using -L,
              --location.

              Providing --post303 multiple times has no extra  effect.   Disable  it  again  with
              --no-post303.

              Example:
               curl --post303 --location -d "data" https://example.com

              See also --post302, --post301 and -L, --location.

       --preproxy [protocol://]host[:port]
              Use the specified SOCKS proxy before connecting to an HTTP or HTTPS -x, --proxy. In
              such a case curl first connects to the  SOCKS  proxy  and  then  connects  (through
              SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy. Hence pre proxy.

              The  pre  proxy  string  should  be  specified with a protocol:// prefix to specify
              alternative proxy protocols. Use socks4://, socks4a://, socks5:// or socks5h://  to
              request the specific SOCKS version to be used. No protocol specified will make curl
              default to SOCKS4.

              If the port number is not specified in the proxy string, it is assumed to be 1080.

              User and password that might be provided in the proxy string  are  URL  decoded  by
              curl.  This allows you to pass in special characters such as @ by using %40 or pass
              in a colon with %3a.

              If --preproxy is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --preproxy socks5://proxy.example -x http://http.example https://example.com

              See also -x, --proxy and --socks5. Added in 7.52.0.

       -#, --progress-bar
              Make curl display transfer progress  as  a  simple  progress  bar  instead  of  the
              standard, more informational, meter.

              This progress bar draws a single line of '#' characters across the screen and shows
              a percentage if the transfer size is known. For transfers  without  a  known  size,
              there  will  be space ship (-=o=-) that moves back and forth but only while data is
              being transferred, with a set of flying hash sign symbols on top.

              This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of -:, --next.

              Providing -#, --progress-bar multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it  again
              with --no-progress-bar.

              Example:
               curl -# -O https://example.com

              See also --styled-output.

       --proto-default <protocol>
              Tells curl to use protocol for any URL missing a scheme name.

              An unknown or unsupported protocol causes error CURLE_UNSUPPORTED_PROTOCOL (1).

              This option does not change the default proxy protocol (http).

              Without  this  option  set, curl guesses protocol based on the host name, see --url
              for details.

              If --proto-default is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proto-default https ftp.example.com

              See also --proto and --proto-redir. Added in 7.45.0.

       --proto-redir <protocols>
              Tells curl to limit what protocols it may use  on  redirect.  Protocols  denied  by
              --proto  are  not  overridden  by  this  option.  See --proto for how protocols are
              represented.

              Example, allow only HTTP and HTTPS on redirect:

               curl --proto-redir -all,http,https http://example.com

              By default curl will only allow HTTP,  HTTPS,  FTP  and  FTPS  on  redirect  (since
              7.65.2).  Specifying  all  or +all enables all protocols on redirects, which is not
              good for security.

              If --proto-redir is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proto-redir =http,https https://example.com

              See also --proto.

       --proto <protocols>
              Tells curl to limit  what  protocols  it  may  use  for  transfers.  Protocols  are
              evaluated  left  to  right,  are  comma  separated, and are each a protocol name or
              'all', optionally prefixed by zero or more modifiers. Available modifiers are:

              +  Permit this protocol in addition to protocols already  permitted  (this  is  the
                 default if no modifier is used).

              -  Deny this protocol, removing it from the list of protocols already permitted.

              =  Permit  only this protocol (ignoring the list already permitted), though subject
                 to later modification by subsequent entries in the comma separated list.

              For example:

              --proto -ftps  uses the default protocols, but disables ftps

              --proto -all,https,+http
                             only enables http and https

              --proto =http,https
                             also only enables http and https

              Unknown and disabled protocols produce a warning. This  allows  scripts  to  safely
              rely on being able to disable potentially dangerous protocols, without relying upon
              support for that protocol being built into curl to avoid an error.

              This option can be used multiple times, in which case the effect  is  the  same  as
              concatenating the protocols into one instance of the option.

              If --proto is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proto =http,https,sftp https://example.com

              See also --proto-redir and --proto-default.

       --proxy-anyauth
              Tells  curl  to  pick  a suitable authentication method when communicating with the
              given HTTP proxy. This might cause an extra request/response round-trip.

              Providing --proxy-anyauth multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-anyauth --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy https://example.com

              See also -x, --proxy, --proxy-basic and --proxy-digest.

       --proxy-basic
              Tells curl to use HTTP Basic  authentication  when  communicating  with  the  given
              proxy. Use --basic for enabling HTTP Basic with a remote host. Basic is the default
              authentication method curl uses with proxies.

              Providing --proxy-basic multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-basic --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy https://example.com

              See also -x, --proxy, --proxy-anyauth and --proxy-digest.

       --proxy-cacert <file>
              Same as --cacert but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              If --proxy-cacert is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-cacert CA-file.txt -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also --proxy-capath, --cacert, --capath and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.52.0.

       --proxy-capath <dir>
              Same as --capath but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              If --proxy-capath is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-capath /local/directory -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also --proxy-cacert, -x, --proxy and --capath. Added in 7.52.0.

       --proxy-cert-type <type>
              Same as --cert-type but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              If --proxy-cert-type is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-cert-type PEM --proxy-cert file -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also --proxy-cert. Added in 7.52.0.

       --proxy-cert <cert[:passwd]>
              Same as -E, --cert but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              If --proxy-cert is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-cert file -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also --proxy-cert-type. Added in 7.52.0.

       --proxy-ciphers <list>
              Same as --ciphers but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              If --proxy-ciphers is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-CCM8 -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also --ciphers, --curves and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.52.0.

       --proxy-crlfile <file>
              Same as --crlfile but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              If --proxy-crlfile is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-crlfile rejects.txt -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also --crlfile and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.52.0.

       --proxy-digest
              Tells curl to use HTTP Digest authentication  when  communicating  with  the  given
              proxy. Use --digest for enabling HTTP Digest with a remote host.

              Providing --proxy-digest multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-digest --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy https://example.com

              See also -x, --proxy, --proxy-anyauth and --proxy-basic.

       --proxy-header <header/@file>
              (HTTP) Extra header to include in the request when sending HTTP to a proxy. You may
              specify any number of extra headers. This is the equivalent option to -H,  --header
              but  is  for  proxy  communication  only  like  in CONNECT requests when you want a
              separate header sent to the proxy to what is sent to the actual remote host.

              curl will make sure that each header you add/replace is sent with the  proper  end-
              of-line  marker,  you  should thus not add that as a part of the header content: do
              not add newlines or carriage returns, they will only mess things up for you.

              Headers specified with this option will not be included in requests that curl knows
              will not be sent to a proxy.

              Starting in 7.55.0, this option can take an argument in @filename style, which then
              adds a header for each line in the input file. Using @- will  make  curl  read  the
              header file from stdin.

              This option can be used multiple times to add/replace/remove multiple headers.

              --proxy-header can be used several times in a command line

              Examples:
               curl --proxy-header "X-First-Name: Joe" -x http://proxy https://example.com
               curl --proxy-header "User-Agent: surprise" -x http://proxy https://example.com
               curl --proxy-header "Host:" -x http://proxy https://example.com

              See also -x, --proxy. Added in 7.37.0.

       --proxy-insecure
              Same as -k, --insecure but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              Providing  --proxy-insecure  multiple  times has no extra effect.  Disable it again
              with --no-proxy-insecure.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-insecure -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also -x, --proxy and -k, --insecure. Added in 7.52.0.

       --proxy-key-type <type>
              Same as --key-type but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              If --proxy-key-type is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-key-type DER --proxy-key here -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also --proxy-key and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.52.0.

       --proxy-key <key>
              Same as --key but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              If --proxy-key is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-key here -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also --proxy-key-type and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.52.0.

       --proxy-negotiate
              Tells curl to use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication  when  communicating  with
              the given proxy. Use --negotiate for enabling HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) with a remote
              host.

              Providing --proxy-negotiate multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-negotiate --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy https://example.com

              See also --proxy-anyauth and --proxy-basic.

       --proxy-ntlm
              Tells curl to use HTTP NTLM authentication when communicating with the given proxy.
              Use --ntlm for enabling NTLM with a remote host.

              Providing --proxy-ntlm multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-ntlm --proxy-user user:passwd -x http://proxy https://example.com

              See also --proxy-negotiate and --proxy-anyauth.

       --proxy-pass <phrase>
              Same as --pass but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              If --proxy-pass is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-pass secret --proxy-key here -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also -x, --proxy and --proxy-key. Added in 7.52.0.

       --proxy-pinnedpubkey <hashes>
              (TLS)  Tells  curl  to  use the specified public key file (or hashes) to verify the
              proxy. This can be a path to a file which contains a single public key  in  PEM  or
              DER  format,  or  any number of base64 encoded sha256 hashes preceded by 'sha256//'
              and separated by ';'.

              When negotiating a TLS or SSL connection, the server sends a certificate indicating
              its  identity.  A  public key is extracted from this certificate and if it does not
              exactly match the  public  key  provided  to  this  option,  curl  will  abort  the
              connection before sending or receiving any data.

              If --proxy-pinnedpubkey is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Examples:
               curl --proxy-pinnedpubkey keyfile https://example.com
               curl --proxy-pinnedpubkey 'sha256//ce118b51897f4452dc' https://example.com

              See also --pinnedpubkey and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.59.0.

       --proxy-service-name <name>
              This option allows you to change the service name for proxy negotiation.

              If --proxy-service-name is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-service-name "shrubbery" -x proxy https://example.com

              See also --service-name and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.43.0.

       --proxy-ssl-allow-beast
              Same as --ssl-allow-beast but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              Providing  --proxy-ssl-allow-beast  multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it
              again with --no-proxy-ssl-allow-beast.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-ssl-allow-beast -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also --ssl-allow-beast and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.52.0.

       --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert
              Same as --ssl-auto-client-cert but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              Providing --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable
              it again with --no-proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also --ssl-auto-client-cert and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.77.0.

       --proxy-tls13-ciphers <ciphersuite list>
              (TLS)  Specifies  which  cipher suites to use in the connection to your HTTPS proxy
              when it negotiates TLS 1.3. The list of ciphers suites must specify valid  ciphers.
              Read up on TLS 1.3 cipher suite details on this URL:

               https://curl.se/docs/ssl-ciphers.html

              This  option  is  currently  used  only  when curl is built to use OpenSSL 1.1.1 or
              later. If you are using a different SSL backend you can try setting TLS 1.3  cipher
              suites by using the --proxy-ciphers option.

              If  --proxy-tls13-ciphers  is  provided  several  times, the last set value will be
              used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-tls13-ciphers TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 -x proxy https://example.com

              See also --tls13-ciphers and --curves. Added in 7.61.0.

       --proxy-tlsauthtype <type>
              Same as --tlsauthtype but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              If --proxy-tlsauthtype is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-tlsauthtype SRP -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also -x, --proxy and --proxy-tlsuser. Added in 7.52.0.

       --proxy-tlspassword <string>
              Same as --tlspassword but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              If --proxy-tlspassword is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-tlspassword passwd -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also -x, --proxy and --proxy-tlsuser. Added in 7.52.0.

       --proxy-tlsuser <name>
              Same as --tlsuser but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              If --proxy-tlsuser is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-tlsuser smith -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also -x, --proxy and --proxy-tlspassword. Added in 7.52.0.

       --proxy-tlsv1
              Same as -1, --tlsv1 but used in HTTPS proxy context.

              Providing --proxy-tlsv1 multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-tlsv1 -x https://proxy https://example.com

              See also -x, --proxy. Added in 7.52.0.

       -U, --proxy-user <user:password>
              Specify the user name and password to use for proxy authentication.

              If you use a Windows SSPI-enabled curl binary  and  do  either  Negotiate  or  NTLM
              authentication  then  you  can  tell curl to select the user name and password from
              your environment by specifying a single colon with this option: "-U :".

              On systems where it works, curl will hide the given option  argument  from  process
              listings.  This  is not enough to protect credentials from possibly getting seen by
              other users on the same system as they will still be visible for  a  moment  before
              cleared. Such sensitive data should be retrieved from a file instead or similar and
              never used in clear text in a command line.

              If -U, --proxy-user is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy-user name:pwd -x proxy https://example.com

              See also --proxy-pass.

       -x, --proxy [protocol://]host[:port]
              Use the specified proxy.

              The proxy string can be specified with a protocol:// prefix. No protocol  specified
              or  http://  will be treated as HTTP proxy. Use socks4://, socks4a://, socks5:// or
              socks5h:// to request a specific SOCKS version to be used.

              Unix domain sockets are supported for socks proxy. Set localhost for the host part.
              e.g. socks5h://localhost/path/to/socket.sock

              HTTPS  proxy  support via https:// protocol prefix was added in 7.52.0 for OpenSSL,
              GnuTLS and NSS.

              Unrecognized and unsupported proxy protocols cause an error  since  7.52.0.   Prior
              versions may ignore the protocol and use http:// instead.

              If the port number is not specified in the proxy string, it is assumed to be 1080.

              This  option overrides existing environment variables that set the proxy to use. If
              there's an environment variable setting a  proxy,  you  can  set  proxy  to  ""  to
              override it.

              All  operations  that  are  performed  over  an  HTTP  proxy  will transparently be
              converted to HTTP. It means that certain protocol specific operations might not  be
              available.  This  is  not the case if you can tunnel through the proxy, as one with
              the -p, --proxytunnel option.

              User and password that might be provided in the proxy string  are  URL  decoded  by
              curl.  This allows you to pass in special characters such as @ by using %40 or pass
              in a colon with %3a.

              The proxy host can be specified the same way as the  proxy  environment  variables,
              including the protocol prefix (http://) and the embedded user + password.

              When  a  proxy  is  used, the active FTP mode as set with -P, --ftp-port, cannot be
              used.

              If -x, --proxy is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --proxy http://proxy.example https://example.com

              See also --socks5 and --proxy-basic.

       --proxy1.0 <host[:port]>
              Use the specified HTTP 1.0 proxy. If the  port  number  is  not  specified,  it  is
              assumed at port 1080.

              The  only  difference  between  this and the HTTP proxy option -x, --proxy, is that
              attempts to use CONNECT through the proxy will specify an HTTP 1.0 protocol instead
              of the default HTTP 1.1.

              Providing --proxy1.0 multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --proxy1.0 -x http://proxy https://example.com

              See also -x, --proxy, --socks5 and --preproxy.

       -p, --proxytunnel
              When  an  HTTP proxy is used -x, --proxy, this option will make curl tunnel through
              the proxy. The tunnel approach is made with the  HTTP  proxy  CONNECT  request  and
              requires  that the proxy allows direct connect to the remote port number curl wants
              to tunnel through to.

              To suppress proxy CONNECT response headers when curl is set to output  headers  use
              --suppress-connect-headers.

              Providing  -p,  --proxytunnel multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again
              with --no-proxytunnel.

              Example:
               curl --proxytunnel -x http://proxy https://example.com

              See also -x, --proxy.

       --pubkey <key>
              (SFTP SCP) Public key file name. Allows you to provide  your  public  key  in  this
              separate file.

              (As  of  7.39.0,  curl  attempts  to  automatically extract the public key from the
              private key file, so passing this option is generally not required. Note that  this
              public key extraction requires libcurl to be linked against a copy of libssh2 1.2.8
              or higher that is itself linked against OpenSSL.)

              If --pubkey is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --pubkey file.pub sftp://example.com/

              See also --pass.

       -Q, --quote <command>
              (FTP SFTP) Send an arbitrary command to  the  remote  FTP  or  SFTP  server.  Quote
              commands  are  sent  BEFORE  the  transfer  takes place (just after the initial PWD
              command in an FTP transfer, to be exact). To  make  commands  take  place  after  a
              successful transfer, prefix them with a dash '-'.

              (FTP  only)  To make commands be sent after curl has changed the working directory,
              just before the file transfer command(s), prefix the command with a  '+'.  This  is
              not performed when a directory listing is performed.

              You may specify any number of commands.

              By  default  curl  will  stop  at  first failure. To make curl continue even if the
              command fails, prefix the command with an asterisk (*). Otherwise,  if  the  server
              returns failure for one of the commands, the entire operation will be aborted.

              You must send syntactically correct FTP commands as RFC 959 defines to FTP servers,
              or one of the commands listed below to SFTP servers.

              This option can be used multiple times.

              SFTP is a binary protocol. Unlike for FTP,  curl  interprets  SFTP  quote  commands
              itself  before  sending them to the server. File names may be quoted shell-style to
              embed spaces or special characters. Following is the list  of  all  supported  SFTP
              quote commands:

              atime date file
                     The  atime  command  sets the last access time of the file named by the file
                     operand. The <date expression> can be all sorts of  date  strings,  see  the
                     curl_getdate(3) man page for date expression details. (Added in 7.73.0)

              chgrp group file
                     The chgrp command sets the group ID of the file named by the file operand to
                     the group ID specified by the group operand. The group operand is a  decimal
                     integer group ID.

              chmod mode file
                     The  chmod  command  modifies  the file mode bits of the specified file. The
                     mode operand is an octal integer mode number.

              chown user file
                     The chown command sets the owner of the file named by the  file  operand  to
                     the  user  ID  specified  by the user operand. The user operand is a decimal
                     integer user ID.

              ln source_file target_file
                     The ln and symlink commands  create  a  symbolic  link  at  the  target_file
                     location pointing to the source_file location.

              mkdir directory_name
                     The mkdir command creates the directory named by the directory_name operand.

              mtime date file
                     The  mtime  command sets the last modification time of the file named by the
                     file operand. The <date expression> can be all sorts of  date  strings,  see
                     the curl_getdate(3) man page for date expression details. (Added in 7.73.0)

              pwd    The  pwd  command  returns  the  absolute  pathname  of  the current working
                     directory.

              rename source target
                     The rename command renames the file or directory named by the source operand
                     to the destination path named by the target operand.

              rm file
                     The rm command removes the file specified by the file operand.

              rmdir directory
                     The  rmdir  command  removes  the directory entry specified by the directory
                     operand, provided it is empty.

              symlink source_file target_file
                     See ln.

       -Q, --quote can be used several times in a command line

       Example:
        curl --quote "DELE file" ftp://example.com/foo

       See also -X, --request.

       --random-file <file>
              Deprecated option. This option is ignored by curl since 7.84.0. Prior  to  that  it
              only had an effect on curl if built to use old versions of OpenSSL.

              Specify  the  path  name to file containing what will be considered as random data.
              The data may be used to seed the random engine for SSL connections.

              If --random-file is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --random-file rubbish https://example.com

              See also --egd-file.

       -r, --range <range>
              (HTTP FTP SFTP FILE) Retrieve a byte  range  (i.e.  a  partial  document)  from  an
              HTTP/1.1,  FTP  or SFTP server or a local FILE. Ranges can be specified in a number
              of ways.

              0-499     specifies the first 500 bytes

              500-999   specifies the second 500 bytes

              -500      specifies the last 500 bytes

              9500-     specifies the bytes from offset 9500 and forward

              0-0,-1    specifies the first and last byte only(*)(HTTP)

              100-199,500-599
                        specifies two separate 100-byte ranges(*) (HTTP)

              (*) = NOTE that this will cause the server to  reply  with  a  multipart  response,
              which  will  be  returned  as-is  by  curl!  Parsing or otherwise transforming this
              response is the responsibility of the caller.

              Only digit characters (0-9) are valid in the  'start'  and  'stop'  fields  of  the
              'start-stop'  range  syntax.  If  a  non-digit character is given in the range, the
              server's response will be unspecified, depending on the server's configuration.

              You should also be aware that many  HTTP/1.1  servers  do  not  have  this  feature
              enabled,  so  that  when you attempt to get a range, you will instead get the whole
              document.

              FTP  and  SFTP  range  downloads  only  support  the  simple  'start-stop'   syntax
              (optionally  with  one of the numbers omitted). FTP use depends on the extended FTP
              command SIZE.

              If -r, --range is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --range 22-44 https://example.com

              See also -C, --continue-at and -a, --append.

       --rate <max request rate>
              Specify the maximum transfer frequency you  allow  curl  to  use  -  in  number  of
              transfer starts per time unit (sometimes called request rate). Without this option,
              curl will start the next transfer as fast as possible.

              If given several URLs and a transfer completes faster than the allowed  rate,  curl
              will  wait  until the next transfer is started to maintain the requested rate. This
              option has no effect when -Z, --parallel is used.

              The request rate is provided as "N/U" where N is an integer number and U is a  time
              unit.  Supported units are 's' (second), 'm' (minute), 'h' (hour) and 'd' /(day, as
              in a 24 hour unit). The default time unit, if no "/U" is  provided,  is  number  of
              transfers per hour.

              If curl is told to allow 10 requests per minute, it will not start the next request
              until 6 seconds have elapsed since the previous transfer was started.

              This function uses millisecond resolution. If the allowed  frequency  is  set  more
              than 1000 per second, it will instead run unrestricted.

              When  retrying  transfers,  enabled with --retry, the separate retry delay logic is
              used and not this setting.

              If --rate is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Examples:
               curl --rate 2/s https://example.com
               curl --rate 3/h https://example.com
               curl --rate 14/m https://example.com

              See also --limit-rate and --retry-delay. Added in 7.84.0.

       --raw  (HTTP) When used, it disables all internal HTTP decoding  of  content  or  transfer
              encodings and instead makes them passed on unaltered, raw.

              Providing  --raw  multiple  times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with --no-
              raw.

              Example:
               curl --raw https://example.com

              See also --tr-encoding.

       -e, --referer <URL>
              (HTTP) Sends the "Referrer Page" information to the HTTP server. This can  also  be
              set  with  the  -H,  --header flag of course. When used with -L, --location you can
              append ";auto" to the -e, --referer URL to make curl automatically set the previous
              URL  when it follows a Location: header. The ";auto" string can be used alone, even
              if you do not set an initial -e, --referer.

              If -e, --referer is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Examples:
               curl --referer "https://fake.example" https://example.com
               curl --referer "https://fake.example;auto" -L https://example.com
               curl --referer ";auto" -L https://example.com

              See also -A, --user-agent and -H, --header.

       -J, --remote-header-name
              (HTTP) This option tells the -O, --remote-name option to use  the  server-specified
              Content-Disposition  filename instead of extracting a filename from the URL. If the
              server-provided file name contains a path, that will be  stripped  off  before  the
              file name is used.

              The  file  is  saved  in  the current directory, or in the directory specified with
              --output-dir.

              If the server specifies a file name and a file with that name already exists in the
              destination  directory, it will not be overwritten and an error will occur - unless
              you allow it by using the --clobber option. If the server does not specify  a  file
              name then this option has no effect.

              There's  no  attempt to decode %-sequences (yet) in the provided file name, so this
              option may provide you with rather unexpected file names.

              This feature uses the name from the "filename" field, it does not yet  support  the
              "filename*" field (filenames with explicit character sets).

              WARNING:  Exercise  judicious  use  of  this option, especially on Windows. A rogue
              server could send you the name of  a  DLL  or  other  file  that  could  be  loaded
              automatically by Windows or some third party software.

              Providing  -J, --remote-header-name multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it
              again with --no-remote-header-name.

              Example:
               curl -OJ https://example.com/file

              See also -O, --remote-name.

       --remote-name-all
              This option changes the default action for all given URLs to be dealt  with  as  if
              -O,  --remote-name  were  used  for  each one. So if you want to disable that for a
              specific URL after --remote-name-all has been used, you must use "-o  -"  or  --no-
              remote-name.

              Providing  --remote-name-all  multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again
              with --no-remote-name-all.

              Example:
               curl --remote-name-all ftp://example.com/file1 ftp://example.com/file2

              See also -O, --remote-name.

       -O, --remote-name
              Write output to a local file named like the remote file we get. (Only the file part
              of the remote file is used, the path is cut off.)

              The file will be saved in the current working directory. If you want the file saved
              in a different directory, make sure you change the current working directory before
              invoking curl with this option or use --output-dir.

              The  remote  file  name  to use for saving is extracted from the given URL, nothing
              else, and if it already exists it will be overwritten. If you want the server to be
              able to choose the file name refer to -J, --remote-header-name which can be used in
              addition to this option. If the server chooses a file name and  that  name  already
              exists it will not be overwritten.

              There  is no URL decoding done on the file name. If it has %20 or other URL encoded
              parts of the name, they will end up as-is as file name.

              You may use this option as many times as the number of URLs you have.

              -O, --remote-name can be used several times in a command line

              Example:
               curl -O https://example.com/filename

              See also --remote-name-all, --output-dir and -J, --remote-header-name.

       -R, --remote-time
              When used, this will make curl attempt to figure out the timestamp  of  the  remote
              file, and if that is available make the local file get that same timestamp.

              Providing  -R,  --remote-time multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again
              with --no-remote-time.

              Example:
               curl --remote-time -o foo https://example.com

              See also -O, --remote-name and -z, --time-cond.

       --remove-on-error
              When curl returns an error when told to save output in a local  file,  this  option
              removes  that  saved file before exiting. This prevents curl from leaving a partial
              file in the case of an error during transfer.

              If the output is not a file, this option has no effect.

              Providing --remove-on-error multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable  it  again
              with --no-remove-on-error.

              Example:
               curl --remove-on-error -o output https://example.com

              See also -f, --fail. Added in 7.83.0.

       --request-target <path>
              (HTTP)  Tells  curl to use an alternative "target" (path) instead of using the path
              as provided in the URL. Particularly useful when wanting  to  issue  HTTP  requests
              without  leading  slash or other data that does not follow the regular URL pattern,
              like "OPTIONS *".

              If --request-target is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --request-target "*" -X OPTIONS https://example.com

              See also -X, --request. Added in 7.55.0.

       -X, --request <method>
              (HTTP) Specifies a custom request method to use when communicating  with  the  HTTP
              server.  The  specified request method will be used instead of the method otherwise
              used (which defaults to GET). Read the  HTTP  1.1  specification  for  details  and
              explanations.  Common  additional HTTP requests include PUT and DELETE, but related
              technologies like WebDAV offers PROPFIND, COPY, MOVE and more.

              Normally you do not need this option. All sorts of GET, HEAD, POST and PUT requests
              are rather invoked by using dedicated command line options.

              This  option  only  changes  the  actual word used in the HTTP request, it does not
              alter the way curl behaves. So for example if  you  want  to  make  a  proper  HEAD
              request, using -X HEAD will not suffice. You need to use the -I, --head option.

              The  method  string you set with -X, --request will be used for all requests, which
              if you for example use -L, --location may cause unintended side-effects  when  curl
              does  not  change  request  method  according  to the HTTP 30x response codes - and
              similar.

              (FTP) Specifies a custom FTP command to use instead of LIST when doing  file  lists
              with FTP.

              (POP3) Specifies a custom POP3 command to use instead of LIST or RETR.

              (IMAP) Specifies a custom IMAP command to use instead of LIST. (Added in 7.30.0)

              (SMTP)  Specifies  a  custom SMTP command to use instead of HELP or VRFY. (Added in
              7.34.0)

              If -X, --request is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Examples:
               curl -X "DELETE" https://example.com
               curl -X NLST ftp://example.com/

              See also --request-target.

       --resolve <[+]host:port:addr[,addr]...>
              Provide a custom address for a specific host and port pair.  Using  this,  you  can
              make  the  curl  requests(s)  use  a  specified  address  and prevent the otherwise
              normally resolved address to be used. Consider it a sort of /etc/hosts  alternative
              provided  on  the  command  line. The port number should be the number used for the
              specific protocol the host will be used for. It means you need several  entries  if
              you want to provide address for the same host but different ports.

              By  specifying  '*' as host you can tell curl to resolve any host and specific port
              pair to the specified address. Wildcard is resolved last so any  --resolve  with  a
              specific host and port will be used first.

              The  provided  address  set  by  this option will be used even if -4, --ipv4 or -6,
              --ipv6 is set to make curl use another IP version.

              By prefixing the host with a '+' you can make  the  entry  time  out  after  curl's
              default  timeout  (1  minute). Note that this will only make sense for long running
              parallel transfers with a lot of files. In such cases, if this option is used  curl
              will try to resolve the host as it normally would once the timeout has expired.

              Support for providing the IP address within [brackets] was added in 7.57.0.

              Support for providing multiple IP addresses per entry was added in 7.59.0.

              Support for resolving with wildcard was added in 7.64.0.

              Support for the '+' prefix was was added in 7.75.0.

              This option can be used many times to add many host names to resolve.

              --resolve can be used several times in a command line

              Example:
               curl --resolve example.com:443:127.0.0.1 https://example.com

              See also --connect-to and --alt-svc.

       --retry-all-errors
              Retry on any error. This option is used together with --retry.

              This  option  is  the "sledgehammer" of retrying. Do not use this option by default
              (eg in curlrc), there may be unintended consequences such as sending  or  receiving
              duplicate  data.  Do  not use with redirected input or output. You'd be much better
              off handling your unique problems in shell script. Please read the example below.

              WARNING: For server compatibility curl attempts to retry failed flaky transfers  as
              close  as  possible  to  how  they  were  started,  but  this  is not possible with
              redirected input or output. For example, before retrying  it  removes  output  data
              from  a failed partial transfer that was written to an output file. However this is
              not true of data redirected to a | pipe or > file, which are not reset. We strongly
              suggest  you  do  not  parse or record output via redirect in combination with this
              option, since you may receive duplicate data.

              By default curl will not error on an HTTP response  code  that  indicates  an  HTTP
              error,  if  the  transfer  was successful. For example, if a server replies 404 Not
              Found and the reply is fully received then that is not an error.  When  --retry  is
              used  then curl will retry on some HTTP response codes that indicate transient HTTP
              errors, but that does not include most 4xx response codes such as 404. If you  want
              to retry on all response codes that indicate HTTP errors (4xx and 5xx) then combine
              with -f, --fail.

              Providing --retry-all-errors multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it  again
              with --no-retry-all-errors.

              Example:
               curl --retry 5 --retry-all-errors https://example.com

              See also --retry. Added in 7.71.0.

       --retry-connrefused
              In addition to the other conditions, consider ECONNREFUSED as a transient error too
              for --retry. This option is used together with --retry.

              Providing --retry-connrefused multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again
              with --no-retry-connrefused.

              Example:
               curl --retry-connrefused --retry 7 https://example.com

              See also --retry and --retry-all-errors. Added in 7.52.0.

       --retry-delay <seconds>
              Make  curl  sleep  this amount of time before each retry when a transfer has failed
              with a transient error (it changes  the  default  backoff  time  algorithm  between
              retries).  This  option  is  only interesting if --retry is also used. Setting this
              delay to zero will make curl use the default backoff time.

              If --retry-delay is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --retry-delay 5 --retry 7 https://example.com

              See also --retry.

       --retry-max-time <seconds>
              The retry timer is reset before the first transfer attempt. Retries will be done as
              usual  (see  --retry) as long as the timer has not reached this given limit. Notice
              that if the timer has not reached the limit, the request will  be  made  and  while
              performing,  it  may  take  longer  than  this given time period. To limit a single
              request's maximum time, use -m, --max-time. Set this option to zero to not  timeout
              retries.

              If --retry-max-time is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --retry-max-time 30 --retry 10 https://example.com

              See also --retry.

       --retry <num>
              If  a  transient  error  is returned when curl tries to perform a transfer, it will
              retry this number of times before giving up. Setting the number to 0 makes curl  do
              no  retries (which is the default). Transient error means either: a timeout, an FTP
              4xx response code or an HTTP 408, 429, 500, 502, 503 or 504 response code.

              When curl is about to retry a transfer, it will first wait one second and then  for
              all forthcoming retries it will double the waiting time until it reaches 10 minutes
              which then will be the delay between the rest of the  retries.  By  using  --retry-
              delay  you disable this exponential backoff algorithm. See also --retry-max-time to
              limit the total time allowed for retries.

              Since curl 7.66.0, curl will comply with the Retry-After: response  header  if  one
              was present to know when to issue the next retry.

              If --retry is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --retry 7 https://example.com

              See also --retry-max-time.

       --sasl-authzid <identity>
              Use  this  authorization  identity  (authzid), during SASL PLAIN authentication, in
              addition to the authentication identity (authcid) as specified by -u, --user.

              If the option is not specified,  the  server  will  derive  the  authzid  from  the
              authcid,  but  if  specified, and depending on the server implementation, it may be
              used to access another user's inbox, that the user has been granted access to, or a
              shared mailbox for example.

              If --sasl-authzid is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --sasl-authzid zid imap://example.com/

              See also --login-options. Added in 7.66.0.

       --sasl-ir
              Enable initial response in SASL authentication.

              Providing  --sasl-ir  multiple  times  has  no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-sasl-ir.

              Example:
               curl --sasl-ir imap://example.com/

              See also --sasl-authzid. Added in 7.31.0.

       --service-name <name>
              This option allows you to change the service name for SPNEGO.

              Examples: --negotiate --service-name sockd would use sockd/server-name.

              If --service-name is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --service-name sockd/server https://example.com

              See also --negotiate and --proxy-service-name. Added in 7.43.0.

       -S, --show-error
              When used with -s, --silent, it makes curl show an error message if it fails.

              This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of -:, --next.

              Providing -S, --show-error multiple times has no extra effect.   Disable  it  again
              with --no-show-error.

              Example:
               curl --show-error --silent https://example.com

              See also --no-progress-meter.

       -s, --silent
              Silent  or  quiet  mode.  Do  not show progress meter or error messages. Makes Curl
              mute. It will  still  output  the  data  you  ask  for,  potentially  even  to  the
              terminal/stdout unless you redirect it.

              Use -S, --show-error in addition to this option to disable progress meter but still
              show error messages.

              Providing -s, --silent multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it  again  with
              --no-silent.

              Example:
               curl -s https://example.com

              See also -v, --verbose, --stderr and --no-progress-meter.

       --socks4 <host[:port]>
              Use  the specified SOCKS4 proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed
              at port 1080. Using this socket type make curl resolve the host  name  and  passing
              the address on to the proxy.

              To   specify  proxy  on  a  unix  domain  socket,  use  localhost  for  host,  e.g.
              socks4://localhost/path/to/socket.sock

              This option overrides any previous  use  of  -x,  --proxy,  as  they  are  mutually
              exclusive.

              This  option  is  superfluous since you can specify a socks4 proxy with -x, --proxy
              using a socks4:// protocol prefix.

              Since 7.52.0, --preproxy can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time  -x,
              --proxy is used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy. In such a case curl first connects to the
              SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy.

              If --socks4 is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --socks4 hostname:4096 https://example.com

              See also --socks4a, --socks5 and --socks5-hostname.

       --socks4a <host[:port]>
              Use the specified SOCKS4a proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed
              at port 1080. This asks the proxy to resolve the host name.

              To   specify  proxy  on  a  unix  domain  socket,  use  localhost  for  host,  e.g.
              socks4a://localhost/path/to/socket.sock

              This option overrides any previous  use  of  -x,  --proxy,  as  they  are  mutually
              exclusive.

              This  option  is superfluous since you can specify a socks4a proxy with -x, --proxy
              using a socks4a:// protocol prefix.

              Since 7.52.0, --preproxy can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time  -x,
              --proxy is used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy. In such a case curl first connects to the
              SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy.

              If --socks4a is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --socks4a hostname:4096 https://example.com

              See also --socks4, --socks5 and --socks5-hostname.

       --socks5-basic
              Tells curl to use username/password authentication  when  connecting  to  a  SOCKS5
              proxy.    The   username/password   authentication  is  enabled  by  default.   Use
              --socks5-gssapi to force GSS-API authentication to SOCKS5 proxies.

              Providing --socks5-basic multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --socks5-basic --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com

              See also --socks5. Added in 7.55.0.

       --socks5-gssapi-nec
              As part of the GSS-API negotiation a protection mode is negotiated. RFC  1961  says
              in  section  4.3/4.4  it  should be protected, but the NEC reference implementation
              does not. The option --socks5-gssapi-nec allows the  unprotected  exchange  of  the
              protection mode negotiation.

              Providing --socks5-gssapi-nec multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again
              with --no-socks5-gssapi-nec.

              Example:
               curl --socks5-gssapi-nec --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com

              See also --socks5.

       --socks5-gssapi-service <name>
              The default service name for a socks server is rcmd/server-fqdn. This option allows
              you to change it.

              Examples:  --socks5 proxy-name --socks5-gssapi-service sockd would use sockd/proxy-
              name  --socks5  proxy-name  --socks5-gssapi-service   sockd/real-name   would   use
              sockd/real-name for cases where the proxy-name does not match the principal name.

              If  --socks5-gssapi-service  is  provided several times, the last set value will be
              used.

              Example:
               curl --socks5-gssapi-service sockd --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com

              See also --socks5.

       --socks5-gssapi
              Tells curl to use GSS-API authentication when connecting to a  SOCKS5  proxy.   The
              GSS-API  authentication  is  enabled  by  default (if curl is compiled with GSS-API
              support).  Use --socks5-basic to force username/password authentication  to  SOCKS5
              proxies.

              Providing  --socks5-gssapi  multiple  times  has no extra effect.  Disable it again
              with --no-socks5-gssapi.

              Example:
               curl --socks5-gssapi --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com

              See also --socks5. Added in 7.55.0.

       --socks5-hostname <host[:port]>
              Use the specified SOCKS5 proxy (and let the proxy resolve the host  name).  If  the
              port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080.

              To   specify  proxy  on  a  unix  domain  socket,  use  localhost  for  host,  e.g.
              socks5h://localhost/path/to/socket.sock

              This option overrides any previous  use  of  -x,  --proxy,  as  they  are  mutually
              exclusive.

              This  option  is superfluous since you can specify a socks5 hostname proxy with -x,
              --proxy using a socks5h:// protocol prefix.

              Since 7.52.0, --preproxy can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time  -x,
              --proxy is used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy. In such a case curl first connects to the
              SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy.

              If --socks5-hostname is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --socks5-hostname proxy.example:7000 https://example.com

              See also --socks5 and --socks4a.

       --socks5 <host[:port]>
              Use the specified SOCKS5 proxy - but resolve the host name  locally.  If  the  port
              number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080.

              To   specify  proxy  on  a  unix  domain  socket,  use  localhost  for  host,  e.g.
              socks5://localhost/path/to/socket.sock

              This option overrides any previous  use  of  -x,  --proxy,  as  they  are  mutually
              exclusive.

              This  option  is  superfluous since you can specify a socks5 proxy with -x, --proxy
              using a socks5:// protocol prefix.

              Since 7.52.0, --preproxy can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time  -x,
              --proxy is used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy. In such a case curl first connects to the
              SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy.

              This option (as well as --socks4) does not work with IPV6, FTPS or LDAP.

              If --socks5 is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --socks5 proxy.example:7000 https://example.com

              See also --socks5-hostname and --socks4a.

       -Y, --speed-limit <speed>
              If a transfer is slower than this given speed (in bytes per second) for  speed-time
              seconds  it  gets aborted. speed-time is set with -y, --speed-time and is 30 if not
              set.

              If -Y, --speed-limit is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --speed-limit 300 --speed-time 10 https://example.com

              See also -y, --speed-time, --limit-rate and -m, --max-time.

       -y, --speed-time <seconds>
              If a transfer runs slower than speed-limit bytes per  second  during  a  speed-time
              period,  the  transfer  is  aborted. If speed-time is used, the default speed-limit
              will be 1 unless set with -Y, --speed-limit.

              This option controls transfers (in  both  directions)  but  will  not  affect  slow
              connects etc. If this is a concern for you, try the --connect-timeout option.

              If -y, --speed-time is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --speed-limit 300 --speed-time 10 https://example.com

              See also -Y, --speed-limit and --limit-rate.

       --ssl-allow-beast
              This  option  tells  curl to not work around a security flaw in the SSL3 and TLS1.0
              protocols known as BEAST.  If this option is  not  used,  the  SSL  layer  may  use
              workarounds   known   to  cause  interoperability  problems  with  some  older  SSL
              implementations.

              WARNING: this option loosens the SSL security, and by using this flag you  ask  for
              exactly that.

              Providing  --ssl-allow-beast  multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again
              with --no-ssl-allow-beast.

              Example:
               curl --ssl-allow-beast https://example.com

              See also --proxy-ssl-allow-beast and -k, --insecure.

       --ssl-auto-client-cert
              Tell  libcurl  to  automatically  locate  and  use   a   client   certificate   for
              authentication,  when  requested  by  the server. This option is only supported for
              Schannel (the native Windows SSL library). Prior to 7.77.0  this  was  the  default
              behavior  in  libcurl  with  Schannel. Since the server can request any certificate
              that supports client authentication in the OS  certificate  store  it  could  be  a
              privacy violation and unexpected.

              Providing  --ssl-auto-client-cert  multiple  times has no extra effect.  Disable it
              again with --no-ssl-auto-client-cert.

              Example:
               curl --ssl-auto-client-cert https://example.com

              See also --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert. Added in 7.77.0.

       --ssl-no-revoke
              (Schannel) This  option  tells  curl  to  disable  certificate  revocation  checks.
              WARNING:  this  option loosens the SSL security, and by using this flag you ask for
              exactly that.

              Providing --ssl-no-revoke multiple times has no extra  effect.   Disable  it  again
              with --no-ssl-no-revoke.

              Example:
               curl --ssl-no-revoke https://example.com

              See also --crlfile. Added in 7.44.0.

       --ssl-reqd
              (FTP  IMAP  POP3  SMTP  LDAP)  Require  SSL/TLS  for the connection. Terminates the
              connection if the transfer cannot be upgraded to use SSL/TLS.

              This option is handled in LDAP since version 7.81.0. It is fully supported  by  the
              OpenLDAP  backend  and  rejected  by  the  generic  ldap backend if explicit TLS is
              required.

              This option is unnecessary if you use a URL scheme that in itself implies immediate
              and  implicit  use  of  TLS,  like  for  FTPS,  IMAPS, POP3S, SMTPS and LDAPS. Such
              transfers will always fail if the TLS handshake does not work.

              This option was formerly known as --ftp-ssl-reqd.

              Providing --ssl-reqd multiple times has no extra effect.   Disable  it  again  with
              --no-ssl-reqd.

              Example:
               curl --ssl-reqd ftp://example.com

              See also --ssl and -k, --insecure.

       --ssl-revoke-best-effort
              (Schannel) This option tells curl to ignore certificate revocation checks when they
              failed due to missing/offline distribution points for the revocation check lists.

              Providing --ssl-revoke-best-effort multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable  it
              again with --no-ssl-revoke-best-effort.

              Example:
               curl --ssl-revoke-best-effort https://example.com

              See also --crlfile and -k, --insecure. Added in 7.70.0.

       --ssl  (FTP  IMAP POP3 SMTP LDAP) Warning: this is considered an insecure option. Consider
              using --ssl-reqd instead to be sure curl upgrades to a secure connection.

              Try to use SSL/TLS for the connection. Reverts to a non-secure  connection  if  the
              server  does  not  support  SSL/TLS.  See also --ftp-ssl-control and --ssl-reqd for
              different levels of encryption required.

              This option is handled in LDAP since version 7.81.0. It is fully supported  by  the
              OpenLDAP backend and ignored by the generic ldap backend.

              Please  note  that  a  server  may close the connection if the negotiation does not
              succeed.

              This option was formerly known as --ftp-ssl. That option name can still be used but
              will be removed in a future version.

              Providing  --ssl  multiple  times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with --no-
              ssl.

              Example:
               curl --ssl pop3://example.com/

              See also --ssl-reqd, -k, --insecure and --ciphers.

       -2, --sslv2
              (SSL) This option previously asked curl to use SSLv2, but starting in  curl  7.77.0
              this instruction is ignored. SSLv2 is widely considered insecure (see RFC 6176).

              Providing -2, --sslv2 multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --sslv2 https://example.com

              See  also  --http1.1  and --http2. -2, --sslv2 requires that the underlying libcurl
              was built to support TLS. This option is mutually exclusive to -3, --sslv3 and  -1,
              --tlsv1 and --tlsv1.1 and --tlsv1.2.

       -3, --sslv3
              (SSL)  This  option previously asked curl to use SSLv3, but starting in curl 7.77.0
              this instruction is ignored. SSLv3 is widely considered insecure (see RFC 7568).

              Providing -3, --sslv3 multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --sslv3 https://example.com

              See also --http1.1 and --http2. -3, --sslv3 requires that  the  underlying  libcurl
              was  built to support TLS. This option is mutually exclusive to -2, --sslv2 and -1,
              --tlsv1 and --tlsv1.1 and --tlsv1.2.

       --stderr <file>
              Redirect all writes to stderr to the specified file instead. If the file name is  a
              plain '-', it is instead written to stdout.

              This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of -:, --next.

              If --stderr is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --stderr output.txt https://example.com

              See also -v, --verbose and -s, --silent.

       --styled-output
              Enables  the  automatic  use  of  bold font styles when writing HTTP headers to the
              terminal. Use --no-styled-output to switch them off.

              Styled output requires a terminal that supports bold fonts.  This  feature  is  not
              present on curl for Windows due to lack of this capability.

              This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of -:, --next.

              Providing  --styled-output  multiple  times  has no extra effect.  Disable it again
              with --no-styled-output.

              Example:
               curl --styled-output -I https://example.com

              See also -I, --head and -v, --verbose. Added in 7.61.0.

       --suppress-connect-headers
              When -p, --proxytunnel is used and a CONNECT request is made do  not  output  proxy
              CONNECT response headers. This option is meant to be used with -D, --dump-header or
              -i, --include which are used to show protocol headers in  the  output.  It  has  no
              effect on debug options such as -v, --verbose or --trace, or any statistics.

              Providing  --suppress-connect-headers  multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable
              it again with --no-suppress-connect-headers.

              Example:
               curl --suppress-connect-headers --include -x proxy https://example.com

              See also -D, --dump-header, -i, --include and -p, --proxytunnel. Added in 7.54.0.

       --tcp-fastopen
              Enable use of TCP Fast Open (RFC7413).

              Providing --tcp-fastopen multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-tcp-fastopen.

              Example:
               curl --tcp-fastopen https://example.com

              See also --false-start. Added in 7.49.0.

       --tcp-nodelay
              Turn  on  the  TCP_NODELAY option. See the curl_easy_setopt(3) man page for details
              about this option.

              Since 7.50.2, curl sets this option by default and you need to explicitly switch it
              off if you do not want it on.

              Providing  --tcp-nodelay multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-tcp-nodelay.

              Example:
               curl --tcp-nodelay https://example.com

              See also -N, --no-buffer.

       -t, --telnet-option <opt=val>
              Pass options to the telnet protocol. Supported options are:

              TTYPE=<term> Sets the terminal type.

              XDISPLOC=<X display> Sets the X display location.

              NEW_ENV=<var,val> Sets an environment variable.

              -t, --telnet-option can be used several times in a command line

              Example:
               curl -t TTYPE=vt100 telnet://example.com/

              See also -K, --config.

       --tftp-blksize <value>
              (TFTP) Set TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512). This is the  block  size  that  curl
              will  try  to  use  when transferring data to or from a TFTP server. By default 512
              bytes will be used.

              If --tftp-blksize is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --tftp-blksize 1024 tftp://example.com/file

              See also --tftp-no-options.

       --tftp-no-options
              (TFTP) Tells curl not to send TFTP options requests.

              This option improves interop with some legacy servers that do  not  acknowledge  or
              properly  implement  TFTP  options.  When  this  option  is  used --tftp-blksize is
              ignored.

              Providing --tftp-no-options multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable  it  again
              with --no-tftp-no-options.

              Example:
               curl --tftp-no-options tftp://192.168.0.1/

              See also --tftp-blksize. Added in 7.48.0.

       -z, --time-cond <time>
              (HTTP  FTP)  Request  a  file  that has been modified later than the given time and
              date, or one that has been modified before that time. The <date expression> can  be
              all sorts of date strings or if it does not match any internal ones, it is taken as
              a filename and tries to get the modification date (mtime) from <file> instead.  See
              the curl_getdate(3) man pages for date expression details.

              Start the date expression with a dash (-) to make it request for a document that is
              older than the given date/time, default is  a  document  that  is  newer  than  the
              specified date/time.

              If -z, --time-cond is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Examples:
               curl -z "Wed 01 Sep 2021 12:18:00" https://example.com
               curl -z "-Wed 01 Sep 2021 12:18:00" https://example.com
               curl -z file https://example.com

              See also --etag-compare and -R, --remote-time.

       --tls-max <VERSION>
              (SSL) VERSION defines maximum supported TLS version. The minimum acceptable version
              is set by tlsv1.0, tlsv1.1, tlsv1.2 or tlsv1.3.

              If the connection is done without TLS, this option has  no  effect.  This  includes
              QUIC-using (HTTP/3) transfers.

              default
                     Use up to recommended TLS version.

              1.0    Use up to TLSv1.0.

              1.1    Use up to TLSv1.1.

              1.2    Use up to TLSv1.2.

              1.3    Use up to TLSv1.3.

       If --tls-max is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

       Examples:
        curl --tls-max 1.2 https://example.com
        curl --tls-max 1.3 --tlsv1.2 https://example.com

       See  also  --tlsv1.0,  --tlsv1.1,  --tlsv1.2  and  --tlsv1.3.  --tls-max requires that the
       underlying libcurl was built to support TLS. Added in 7.54.0.

       --tls13-ciphers <ciphersuite list>
              (TLS) Specifies which cipher suites to use in the connection if it  negotiates  TLS
              1.3.  The  list  of  ciphers  suites must specify valid ciphers. Read up on TLS 1.3
              cipher suite details on this URL:

               https://curl.se/docs/ssl-ciphers.html

              This option is currently used only when curl is  built  to  use  OpenSSL  1.1.1  or
              later.  If you are using a different SSL backend you can try setting TLS 1.3 cipher
              suites by using the --ciphers option.

              If --tls13-ciphers is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --tls13-ciphers TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 https://example.com

              See also --ciphers and --curves. Added in 7.61.0.

       --tlsauthtype <type>
              Set TLS authentication type. Currently, the only supported  option  is  "SRP",  for
              TLS-SRP  (RFC 5054). If --tlsuser and --tlspassword are specified but --tlsauthtype
              is not, then this  option  defaults  to  "SRP".  This  option  works  only  if  the
              underlying  libcurl is built with TLS-SRP support, which requires OpenSSL or GnuTLS
              with TLS-SRP support.

              If --tlsauthtype is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --tlsauthtype SRP https://example.com

              See also --tlsuser.

       --tlspassword <string>
              Set  password  for  use  with  the  TLS  authentication   method   specified   with
              --tlsauthtype. Requires that --tlsuser also be set.

              This option does not work with TLS 1.3.

              If --tlspassword is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --tlspassword pwd --tlsuser user https://example.com

              See also --tlsuser.

       --tlsuser <name>
              Set   username   for   use  with  the  TLS  authentication  method  specified  with
              --tlsauthtype. Requires that --tlspassword also is set.

              This option does not work with TLS 1.3.

              If --tlsuser is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --tlspassword pwd --tlsuser user https://example.com

              See also --tlspassword.

       --tlsv1.0
              (TLS) Forces curl to use TLS version 1.0 or later when connecting to a  remote  TLS
              server.

              In  old  versions of curl this option was documented to allow _only_ TLS 1.0.  That
              behavior was inconsistent depending on the TLS library. Use --tls-max if  you  want
              to set a maximum TLS version.

              Providing --tlsv1.0 multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --tlsv1.0 https://example.com

              See also --tlsv1.3. Added in 7.34.0.

       --tlsv1.1
              (TLS)  Forces  curl to use TLS version 1.1 or later when connecting to a remote TLS
              server.

              In old versions of curl this option was documented to allow _only_ TLS  1.1.   That
              behavior  was  inconsistent depending on the TLS library. Use --tls-max if you want
              to set a maximum TLS version.

              Providing --tlsv1.1 multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --tlsv1.1 https://example.com

              See also --tlsv1.3 and --tls-max. Added in 7.34.0.

       --tlsv1.2
              (TLS) Forces curl to use TLS version 1.2 or later when connecting to a  remote  TLS
              server.

              In  old  versions of curl this option was documented to allow _only_ TLS 1.2.  That
              behavior was inconsistent depending on the TLS library. Use --tls-max if  you  want
              to set a maximum TLS version.

              Providing --tlsv1.2 multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --tlsv1.2 https://example.com

              See also --tlsv1.3 and --tls-max. Added in 7.34.0.

       --tlsv1.3
              (TLS)  Forces  curl to use TLS version 1.3 or later when connecting to a remote TLS
              server.

              If the connection is done without TLS, this option has  no  effect.  This  includes
              QUIC-using (HTTP/3) transfers.

              Note that TLS 1.3 is not supported by all TLS backends.

              Providing --tlsv1.3 multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --tlsv1.3 https://example.com

              See also --tlsv1.2 and --tls-max. Added in 7.52.0.

       -1, --tlsv1
              (SSL) Tells curl to use at least TLS version 1.x when negotiating with a remote TLS
              server. That means TLS version 1.0 or higher

              Providing -1, --tlsv1 multiple times has no extra effect.

              Example:
               curl --tlsv1 https://example.com

              See also --http1.1 and --http2. -1, --tlsv1 requires that  the  underlying  libcurl
              was  built  to  support  TLS.  This  option  is mutually exclusive to --tlsv1.1 and
              --tlsv1.2 and --tlsv1.3.

       --tr-encoding
              (HTTP) Request a compressed Transfer-Encoding response using one of the  algorithms
              curl supports, and uncompress the data while receiving it.

              Providing  --tr-encoding multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-tr-encoding.

              Example:
               curl --tr-encoding https://example.com

              See also --compressed.

       --trace-ascii <file>
              Enables a full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data, including  descriptive
              information,  to the given output file. Use "-" as filename to have the output sent
              to stdout.

              This is similar to --trace, but leaves out the hex part and only  shows  the  ASCII
              part  of  the  dump.  It  makes  smaller  output  that  might be easier to read for
              untrained humans.

              This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of -:, --next.

              If --trace-ascii is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --trace-ascii log.txt https://example.com

              See also -v, --verbose and --trace. This option is mutually  exclusive  to  --trace
              and -v, --verbose.

       --trace-time
              Prepends a time stamp to each trace or verbose line that curl displays.

              This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of -:, --next.

              Providing  --trace-time  multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with
              --no-trace-time.

              Example:
               curl --trace-time --trace-ascii output https://example.com

              See also --trace and -v, --verbose.

       --trace <file>
              Enables a full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data, including  descriptive
              information,  to the given output file. Use "-" as filename to have the output sent
              to stdout. Use "%" as filename to have the output sent to stderr.

              This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of -:, --next.

              If --trace is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --trace log.txt https://example.com

              See also --trace-ascii and --trace-time. This option is mutually exclusive  to  -v,
              --verbose and --trace-ascii.

       --unix-socket <path>
              (HTTP) Connect through this Unix domain socket, instead of using the network.

              If --unix-socket is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl --unix-socket socket-path https://example.com

              See also --abstract-unix-socket. Added in 7.40.0.

       -T, --upload-file <file>
              This transfers the specified local file to the remote URL. If there is no file part
              in the specified URL, curl will append the local file name. NOTE that you must  use
              a  trailing  /  on the last directory to really prove to Curl that there is no file
              name or curl will think that your last directory name is the remote  file  name  to
              use.  That  will most likely cause the upload operation to fail. If this is used on
              an HTTP(S) server, the PUT command will be used.

              Use the file name "-" (a single dash)  to  use  stdin  instead  of  a  given  file.
              Alternately, the file name "." (a single period) may be specified instead of "-" to
              use stdin in non-blocking mode to allow reading server output while stdin is  being
              uploaded.

              You  can  specify  one -T, --upload-file for each URL on the command line. Each -T,
              --upload-file + URL pair specifies what to upload and to where. curl also  supports
              "globbing"  of the -T, --upload-file argument, meaning that you can upload multiple
              files to a single URL by using the same URL globbing style supported in the URL.

              When uploading to an SMTP server: the uploaded data  is  assumed  to  be  RFC  5322
              formatted.  It  has to feature the necessary set of headers and mail body formatted
              correctly by the user as curl will not transcode nor encode it further in any way.

              -T, --upload-file can be used several times in a command line

              Examples:
               curl -T file https://example.com
               curl -T "img[1-1000].png" ftp://ftp.example.com/
               curl --upload-file "{file1,file2}" https://example.com

              See also -G, --get and -I, --head.

       --url-query <data>
              (all) This option adds a piece of data, usually a name + value pair, to the end  of
              the  URL query part. The syntax is identical to that used for --data-urlencode with
              one extension:

              If the argument starts with a '+' (plus), the rest of the string is provided  as-is
              unencoded.

              The query part of a URL is the one following the question mark on the right end.

              --url-query can be used several times in a command line

              Examples:
               curl --url-query name=val https://example.com
               curl --url-query =encodethis http://example.net/foo
               curl --url-query name@file https://example.com
               curl --url-query @fileonly https://example.com
               curl --url-query "+name=%20foo" https://example.com

              See also --data-urlencode and -G, --get. Added in 7.87.0.

       --url <url>
              Specify a URL to fetch. This option is mostly handy when you want to specify URL(s)
              in a config file.

              If the given URL is missing a scheme name (such as "http://" or "ftp://" etc)  then
              curl  will make a guess based on the host. If the outermost sub-domain name matches
              DICT, FTP, IMAP, LDAP, POP3 or SMTP then that protocol will be used, otherwise HTTP
              will  be used. Since 7.45.0 guessing can be disabled by setting a default protocol,
              see --proto-default for details.

              To control where this URL is written, use the -o, --output or the -O, --remote-name
              options.

              WARNING:  On  Windows,  particular  file://  accesses  can  be converted to network
              accesses by the operating system. Beware!

              --url can be used several times in a command line

              Example:
               curl --url https://example.com

              See also -:, --next and -K, --config.

       -B, --use-ascii
              (FTP LDAP) Enable ASCII transfer. For FTP, this can also be enforced by using a URL
              that ends with ";type=A". This option causes data sent to stdout to be in text mode
              for win32 systems.

              Providing -B, --use-ascii multiple times has no extra  effect.   Disable  it  again
              with --no-use-ascii.

              Example:
               curl -B ftp://example.com/README

              See also --crlf and --data-ascii.

       -A, --user-agent <name>
              (HTTP)  Specify  the User-Agent string to send to the HTTP server. To encode blanks
              in the string, surround the string with single quote marks. This header can also be
              set with the -H, --header or the --proxy-header options.

              If  you  give an empty argument to -A, --user-agent (""), it will remove the header
              completely from the request. If you prefer a blank header, you  can  set  it  to  a
              single space (" ").

              If -A, --user-agent is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl -A "Agent 007" https://example.com

              See also -H, --header and --proxy-header.

       -u, --user <user:password>
              Specify  the user name and password to use for server authentication. Overrides -n,
              --netrc and --netrc-optional.

              If you simply specify the user name, curl will prompt for a password.

              The user name and passwords are split  up  on  the  first  colon,  which  makes  it
              impossible  to  use  a  colon  in the user name with this option. The password can,
              still.

              On systems where it works, curl will hide the given option  argument  from  process
              listings.  This  is not enough to protect credentials from possibly getting seen by
              other users on the same system as they will still be visible for  a  moment  before
              cleared. Such sensitive data should be retrieved from a file instead or similar and
              never used in clear text in a command line.

              When using Kerberos V5 with a Windows based server you should include  the  Windows
              domain  name  in  the  user  name, in order for the server to successfully obtain a
              Kerberos Ticket. If you do not, then the initial authentication handshake may fail.

              When using NTLM, the user name can be specified simply as the  user  name,  without
              the domain, if there is a single domain and forest in your setup for example.

              To  specify the domain name use either Down-Level Logon Name or UPN (User Principal
              Name) formats. For example, EXAMPLE\user and user@example.com respectively.

              If you use a Windows SSPI-enabled curl binary and perform Kerberos  V5,  Negotiate,
              NTLM  or  Digest  authentication then you can tell curl to select the user name and
              password from your environment by specifying a single colon with this  option:  "-u
              :".

              If -u, --user is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl -u user:secret https://example.com

              See also -n, --netrc and -K, --config.

       -v, --verbose
              Makes  curl  verbose  during  the operation. Useful for debugging and seeing what's
              going on "under the hood". A line starting with '>' means  "header  data"  sent  by
              curl,  '<' means "header data" received by curl that is hidden in normal cases, and
              a line starting with '*' means additional info provided by curl.

              If you only want HTTP headers in the output, -i, --include might be the option  you
              are looking for.

              If  you  think  this  option still does not give you enough details, consider using
              --trace or --trace-ascii instead.

              This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of -:, --next.

              Use -s, --silent to make curl really quiet.

              Providing -v, --verbose multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again  with
              --no-verbose.

              Example:
               curl --verbose https://example.com

              See  also  -i, --include. This option is mutually exclusive to --trace and --trace-
              ascii.

       -V, --version
              Displays information about curl and the libcurl version it uses.

              The first line includes the full version of  curl,  libcurl  and  other  3rd  party
              libraries linked with the executable.

              The second line (starts with "Protocols:") shows all protocols that libcurl reports
              to support.

              The third line (starts with "Features:") shows specific features libcurl reports to
              offer. Available features include:

              alt-svc
                     Support for the Alt-Svc: header is provided.

              AsynchDNS
                     This curl uses asynchronous name resolves. Asynchronous name resolves can be
                     done using either the c-ares or the threaded resolver backends.

              brotli Support for automatic brotli compression over HTTP(S).

              CharConv
                     curl was built with support for character set conversions (like EBCDIC)

              Debug  This curl uses a libcurl built with Debug. This enables more  error-tracking
                     and memory debugging etc. For curl-developers only!

              gsasl  The  built-in  SASL  authentication  includes  extensions  to  support SCRAM
                     because libcurl was built with libgsasl.

              GSS-API
                     GSS-API is supported.

              HSTS   HSTS support is present.

              HTTP2  HTTP/2 support has been built-in.

              HTTP3  HTTP/3 support has been built-in.

              HTTPS-proxy
                     This curl is built to support HTTPS proxy.

              IDN    This curl supports IDN - international domain names.

              IPv6   You can use IPv6 with this.

              Kerberos
                     Kerberos V5 authentication is supported.

              Largefile
                     This curl supports transfers of large files, files larger than 2GB.

              libz   Automatic decompression (via gzip, deflate) of compressed files over HTTP is
                     supported.

              MultiSSL
                     This curl supports multiple TLS backends.

              NTLM   NTLM authentication is supported.

              NTLM_WB
                     NTLM delegation to winbind helper is supported.

              PSL    PSL  is short for Public Suffix List and means that this curl has been built
                     with knowledge about "public suffixes".

              SPNEGO SPNEGO authentication is supported.

              SSL    SSL versions of various protocols are supported, such as HTTPS, FTPS,  POP3S
                     and so on.

              SSPI   SSPI is supported.

              TLS-SRP
                     SRP (Secure Remote Password) authentication is supported for TLS.

              TrackMemory
                     Debug memory tracking is supported.

              Unicode
                     Unicode support on Windows.

              UnixSockets
                     Unix sockets support is provided.

              zstd   Automatic  decompression  (via  zstd)  of  compressed  files  over  HTTP  is
                     supported.

       Example:
        curl --version

       See also -h, --help and -M, --manual.

       -w, --write-out <format>
              Make curl display information on stdout after a completed transfer. The format is a
              string  that  may contain plain text mixed with any number of variables. The format
              can be specified as a literal "string", or you can have curl read the format from a
              file  with  "@filename"  and  to  tell curl to read the format from stdin you write
              "@-".

              The variables present in the output format will be substituted by the value or text
              that  curl  thinks  fit,  as  described  below.  All  variables  are  specified  as
              %{variable_name} and to output a normal % you just write them as %%. You can output
              a newline by using \n, a carriage return with \r and a tab space with \t.

              The output will be written to standard output, but this can be switched to standard
              error by using %{stderr}.

              Output HTTP headers from the most recent request by using %header{name} where  name
              is the case insensitive name of the header (without the trailing colon). The header
              contents are exactly as sent over the network, with leading and trailing whitespace
              trimmed. Added in curl 7.84.0.

              NOTE:  In  Windows  the  %-symbol  is  a  special symbol used to expand environment
              variables. In batch files all occurrences of % must  be  doubled  when  using  this
              option  to properly escape. If this option is used at the command prompt then the %
              cannot be escaped and unintended expansion is possible.

              The variables available are:

              certs          Output the certificate chain with details.  Supported  only  by  the
                             OpenSSL,  GnuTLS, Schannel, NSS, GSKit and Secure Transport backends
                             (Added in 7.88.0)

              content_type   The Content-Type of the requested document, if there was any.

              errormsg       The error message. (Added in 7.75.0)

              exitcode       The numerical exitcode of the transfer. (Added in 7.75.0)

              filename_effective
                             The ultimate  filename  that  curl  writes  out  to.  This  is  only
                             meaningful if curl is told to write to a file with the -O, --remote-
                             name or -o, --output option. It's most useful  in  combination  with
                             the -J, --remote-header-name option.

              ftp_entry_path The  initial path curl ended up in when logging on to the remote FTP
                             server.

              header_json    A JSON object  with  all  HTTP  response  headers  from  the  recent
                             transfer.  Values  are  provided  as  arrays,  since  in the case of
                             multiple headers there can be multiple values. (Added in 7.83.0)

                             The  header  names  provided  in  lowercase,  listed  in  order   of
                             appearance  over  the  wire. Except for duplicated headers. They are
                             grouped on the first  occurrence  of  that  header,  each  value  is
                             presented in the JSON array.

              http_code      The  numerical  response  code  that was found in the last retrieved
                             HTTP(S) or FTP(s) transfer.

              http_connect   The numerical code that was found  in  the  last  response  (from  a
                             proxy) to a curl CONNECT request.

              http_version   The http version that was effectively used. (Added in 7.50.0)

              json           A JSON object with all available keys.

              local_ip       The IP address of the local end of the most recently done connection
                             - can be either IPv4 or IPv6.

              local_port     The local port number of the most recently done connection.

              method         The http method used in the most  recent  HTTP  request.  (Added  in
                             7.72.0)

              num_certs      Number  of  server  certificates  received  in  the  TLS  handshake.
                             Supported only by the OpenSSL,  GnuTLS,  Schannel,  NSS,  GSKit  and
                             Secure Transport backends (Added in 7.88.0)

              num_connects   Number of new connects made in the recent transfer.

              num_headers    The number of response headers in the most recent request (restarted
                             at each redirect). Note that the status line IS NOT a header. (Added
                             in 7.73.0)

              num_redirects  Number of redirects that were followed in the request.

              onerror        The rest of the output is only shown if the transfer returned a non-
                             zero error (Added in 7.75.0)

              proxy_ssl_verify_result
                             The result of the HTTPS proxy's SSL  peer  certificate  verification
                             that  was requested. 0 means the verification was successful. (Added
                             in 7.52.0)

              redirect_url   When an HTTP request was  made  without  -L,  --location  to  follow
                             redirects (or when --max-redirs is met), this variable will show the
                             actual URL a redirect would have gone to.

              referer        The Referer: header, if there was any. (Added in 7.76.0)

              remote_ip      The remote IP address of the most recently done connection - can  be
                             either IPv4 or IPv6.

              remote_port    The remote port number of the most recently done connection.

              response_code  The  numerical  response  code  that  was found in the last transfer
                             (formerly known as "http_code").

              scheme         The URL scheme (sometimes  called  protocol)  that  was  effectively
                             used. (Added in 7.52.0)

              size_download  The  total amount of bytes that were downloaded. This is the size of
                             the body/data that was transferred, excluding headers.

              size_header    The total amount of bytes of the downloaded headers.

              size_request   The total amount of bytes that were sent in the HTTP request.

              size_upload    The total amount of bytes that were uploaded. This is  the  size  of
                             the body/data that was transferred, excluding headers.

              speed_download The  average  download  speed  that  curl  measured for the complete
                             download. Bytes per second.

              speed_upload   The average upload speed that curl measured for the complete upload.
                             Bytes per second.

              ssl_verify_result
                             The  result  of  the  SSL  peer  certificate  verification  that was
                             requested. 0 means the verification was successful.

              stderr         From this point on, the -w, --write-out output will  be  written  to
                             standard error. (Added in 7.63.0)

              stdout         From  this  point  on, the -w, --write-out output will be written to
                             standard output.  This is the default, but can  be  used  to  switch
                             back after switching to stderr.  (Added in 7.63.0)

              time_appconnect
                             The  time,  in seconds, it took from the start until the SSL/SSH/etc
                             connect/handshake to the remote host was completed.

              time_connect   The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the  TCP  connect
                             to the remote host (or proxy) was completed.

              time_namelookup
                             The  time,  in  seconds,  it  took  from  the  start  until the name
                             resolving was completed.

              time_pretransfer
                             The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the file transfer
                             was just about to begin. This includes all pre-transfer commands and
                             negotiations  that  are  specific  to  the  particular   protocol(s)
                             involved.

              time_redirect  The  time,  in  seconds, it took for all redirection steps including
                             name lookup, connect, pretransfer  and  transfer  before  the  final
                             transaction  was started. time_redirect shows the complete execution
                             time for multiple redirections.

              time_starttransfer
                             The time, in seconds, it took from the start until  the  first  byte
                             was just about to be transferred. This includes time_pretransfer and
                             also the time the server needed to calculate the result.

              time_total     The total time, in seconds, that the full operation lasted.

              url            The URL that was fetched. (Added in 7.75.0)

              urlnum         The URL index number of this transfer,  0-indexed.  De-globbed  URLs
                             share  the  same  index  number as the origin globbed URL. (Added in
                             7.75.0)

              url_effective  The URL that was fetched last. This is most meaningful if  you  have
                             told curl to follow location: headers.

              If -w, --write-out is provided several times, the last set value will be used.

              Example:
               curl -w '%{http_code}\n' https://example.com

              See also -v, --verbose and -I, --head.

       --xattr
              When saving output to a file, this option tells curl to store certain file metadata
              in extended file attributes. Currently, the URL is  stored  in  the  xdg.origin.url
              attribute  and, for HTTP, the content type is stored in the mime_type attribute. If
              the file system does not support extended attributes, a warning is issued.

              Providing --xattr multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable it again with  --no-
              xattr.

              Example:
               curl --xattr -o storage https://example.com

              See also -R, --remote-time, -w, --write-out and -v, --verbose.

FILES

       ~/.curlrc
              Default config file, see -K, --config for details.

ENVIRONMENT

       The  environment  variables  can  be specified in lower case or upper case. The lower case
       version has precedence. http_proxy is an exception as it is only available in lower case.

       Using an environment variable to set the proxy has  the  same  effect  as  using  the  -x,
       --proxy option.

       http_proxy [protocol://]<host>[:port]
              Sets the proxy server to use for HTTP.

       HTTPS_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]
              Sets the proxy server to use for HTTPS.

       [url-protocol]_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]
              Sets  the  proxy server to use for [url-protocol], where the protocol is a protocol
              that curl supports and as specified in a URL. FTP, FTPS, POP3,  IMAP,  SMTP,  LDAP,
              etc.

       ALL_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]
              Sets the proxy server to use if no protocol-specific proxy is set.

       NO_PROXY <comma-separated list of hosts/domains>
              list  of host names that should not go through any proxy. If set to an asterisk '*'
              only, it matches all hosts. Each name in this list is matched as  either  a  domain
              name which contains the hostname, or the hostname itself.

              This  environment  variable  disables use of the proxy even when specified with the
              -x,   --proxy    option.    That    is    NO_PROXY=direct.example.com    curl    -x
              http://proxy.example.com   http://direct.example.com   accesses   the   target  URL
              directly,  and   NO_PROXY=direct.example.com   curl   -x   http://proxy.example.com
              http://somewhere.example.com accesses the target URL through the proxy.

              The  list  of  host  names  can  also  be  include numerical IP addresses, and IPv6
              versions should then be given without enclosing brackets.

              Since 7.86.0, IP addresses can be specified using CIDR notation: an appended  slash
              and  number specifies the number of "network bits" out of the address to use in the
              comparison. For example "192.168.0.0/16" would match all  addresses  starting  with
              "192.168".

       APPDATA <dir>
              On  Windows,  this  variable is used when trying to find the home directory. If the
              primary home variable are all unset.

       COLUMNS <terminal width>
              If set, the specified number of characters will be used as the terminal width  when
              the  alternative  progress-bar is shown. If not set, curl will try to figure it out
              using other ways.

       CURL_CA_BUNDLE <file>
              If set, will be used as the --cacert value.

       CURL_HOME <dir>
              If set, is the first variable curl checks when trying to find its  home  directory.
              If not set, it continues to check XDG_CONFIG_HOME

       CURL_SSL_BACKEND <TLS backend>
              If curl was built with support for "MultiSSL", meaning that it has built-in support
              for more than one TLS backend, this environment variable can be  set  to  the  case
              insensitive  name  of the particular backend to use when curl is invoked. Setting a
              name that is not a built-in alternative will make curl stay with the default.

              SSL  backend  names  (case-insensitive):  bearssl,  gnutls,  gskit,  mbedtls,  nss,
              openssl, rustls, schannel, secure-transport, wolfssl

       HOME <dir>
              If  set,  this  is  used  to find the home directory when that is needed. Like when
              looking for the default .curlrc. CURL_HOME and XDG_CONFIG_HOME have preference.

       QLOGDIR <directory name>
              If curl was built with HTTP/3 support, setting this environment variable to a local
              directory  will  make  curl produce qlogs in that directory, using file names named
              after the destination connection id (in hex). Do note that these files  can  become
              rather large. Works with both QUIC backends.

       SHELL  Used on VMS when trying to detect if using a DCL or a "unix" shell.

       SSL_CERT_DIR <dir>
              If set, will be used as the --capath value.

       SSL_CERT_FILE <path>
              If set, will be used as the --cacert value.

       SSLKEYLOGFILE <file name>
              If  you  set  this environment variable to a file name, curl will store TLS secrets
              from its connections in that file when invoked to enable you  to  analyze  the  TLS
              traffic  in  real  time using network analyzing tools such as Wireshark. This works
              with the following TLS backends: OpenSSL,  libressl,  BoringSSL,  GnuTLS,  NSS  and
              wolfSSL.

       USERPROFILE <dir>
              On  Windows,  this  variable is used when trying to find the home directory. If the
              other,  primary,  variable  are  all  unset.  If  set,  curl  will  use  the   path
              "$USERPROFILE\Application Data".

       XDG_CONFIG_HOME <dir>
              If  CURL_HOME  is  not  set,  this  variable  is checked when looking for a default
              .curlrc file.

PROXY PROTOCOL PREFIXES

       The proxy string may be specified with a protocol:// prefix to specify  alternative  proxy
       protocols.

       If  no  protocol  is  specified  in  the  proxy  string  or if the string does not match a
       supported one, the proxy will be treated as an HTTP proxy.

       The supported proxy protocol prefixes are as follows:

       http://
              Makes it use it as an HTTP proxy. The default if no scheme prefix is used.

       https://
              Makes it treated as an HTTPS proxy.

       socks4://
              Makes it the equivalent of --socks4

       socks4a://
              Makes it the equivalent of --socks4a

       socks5://
              Makes it the equivalent of --socks5

       socks5h://
              Makes it the equivalent of --socks5-hostname

EXIT CODES

       There are a bunch of different error codes and their corresponding error messages that may
       appear under error conditions. At the time of this writing, the exit codes are:

       0      Success. The operation completed successfully according to the instructions.

       1      Unsupported protocol. This build of curl has no support for this protocol.

       2      Failed to initialize.

       3      URL malformed. The syntax was not correct.

       4      A  feature or option that was needed to perform the desired request was not enabled
              or was explicitly disabled at build-time.  To  make  curl  able  to  do  this,  you
              probably need another build of libcurl.

       5      Could not resolve proxy. The given proxy host could not be resolved.

       6      Could not resolve host. The given remote host could not be resolved.

       7      Failed to connect to host.

       8      Weird server reply. The server sent data curl could not parse.

       9      FTP  access  denied.  The  server  denied  login or denied access to the particular
              resource or directory you wanted to reach. Most often you  tried  to  change  to  a
              directory that does not exist on the server.

       10     FTP  accept failed. While waiting for the server to connect back when an active FTP
              session is used, an error code was sent over the control connection or similar.

       11     FTP weird PASS reply. Curl could not parse the reply sent to the PASS request.

       12     During an active FTP session while waiting for the server to connect back to  curl,
              the timeout expired.

       13     FTP weird PASV reply, Curl could not parse the reply sent to the PASV request.

       14     FTP weird 227 format. Curl could not parse the 227-line the server sent.

       15     FTP cannot use host. Could not resolve the host IP we got in the 227-line.

       16     HTTP/2  error.  A problem was detected in the HTTP2 framing layer. This is somewhat
              generic and can be one out of several problems, see the error message for details.

       17     FTP could not set binary. Could not change transfer method to binary.

       18     Partial file. Only a part of the file was transferred.

       19     FTP could not download/access the given file, the RETR (or similar) command failed.

       21     FTP quote error. A quote command returned error from the server.

       22     HTTP page not retrieved. The requested URL was not found or returned another  error
              with  the  HTTP error code being 400 or above. This return code only appears if -f,
              --fail is used.

       23     Write error. Curl could not write data to a local filesystem or similar.

       25     FTP could not STOR file. The  server  denied  the  STOR  operation,  used  for  FTP
              uploading.

       26     Read error. Various reading problems.

       27     Out of memory. A memory allocation request failed.

       28     Operation  timeout.  The  specified  time-out  period  was reached according to the
              conditions.

       30     FTP PORT failed. The PORT command failed. Not all  FTP  servers  support  the  PORT
              command, try doing a transfer using PASV instead!

       31     FTP  could  not use REST. The REST command failed. This command is used for resumed
              FTP transfers.

       33     HTTP range error. The range "command" did not work.

       34     HTTP post error. Internal post-request generation error.

       35     SSL connect error. The SSL handshaking failed.

       36     Bad download resume. Could not continue an earlier aborted download.

       37     FILE could not read file. Failed to open the file. Permissions?

       38     LDAP cannot bind. LDAP bind operation failed.

       39     LDAP search failed.

       41     Function not found. A required LDAP function was not found.

       42     Aborted by callback. An application told curl to abort the operation.

       43     Internal error. A function was called with a bad parameter.

       45     Interface error. A specified outgoing interface could not be used.

       47     Too many redirects. When following redirects, curl hit the maximum amount.

       48     Unknown option specified to libcurl. This indicates that you passed a weird  option
              to curl that was passed on to libcurl and rejected. Read up in the manual!

       49     Malformed telnet option.

       52     The server did not reply anything, which here is considered an error.

       53     SSL crypto engine not found.

       54     Cannot set SSL crypto engine as default.

       55     Failed sending network data.

       56     Failure in receiving network data.

       58     Problem with the local certificate.

       59     Could not use specified SSL cipher.

       60     Peer certificate cannot be authenticated with known CA certificates.

       61     Unrecognized transfer encoding.

       63     Maximum file size exceeded.

       64     Requested FTP SSL level failed.

       65     Sending the data requires a rewind that failed.

       66     Failed to initialise SSL Engine.

       67     The user name, password, or similar was not accepted and curl failed to log in.

       68     File not found on TFTP server.

       69     Permission problem on TFTP server.

       70     Out of disk space on TFTP server.

       71     Illegal TFTP operation.

       72     Unknown TFTP transfer ID.

       73     File already exists (TFTP).

       74     No such user (TFTP).

       77     Problem reading the SSL CA cert (path? access rights?).

       78     The resource referenced in the URL does not exist.

       79     An unspecified error occurred during the SSH session.

       80     Failed to shut down the SSL connection.

       82     Could not load CRL file, missing or wrong format.

       83     Issuer check failed.

       84     The FTP PRET command failed.

       85     Mismatch of RTSP CSeq numbers.

       86     Mismatch of RTSP Session Identifiers.

       87     Unable to parse FTP file list.

       88     FTP chunk callback reported error.

       89     No connection available, the session will be queued.

       90     SSL public key does not matched pinned public key.

       91     Invalid SSL certificate status.

       92     Stream error in HTTP/2 framing layer.

       93     An API function was called from inside a callback.

       94     An authentication function returned an error.

       95     A problem was detected in the HTTP/3 layer. This is somewhat generic and can be one
              out of several problems, see the error message for details.

       96     QUIC connection error. This error may be caused by an SSL library  error.  QUIC  is
              the protocol used for HTTP/3 transfers.

       XX     More  error  codes will appear here in future releases. The existing ones are meant
              to never change.

BUGS

       If you experience any problems with curl, submit an issue in the project's bug tracker  on
       GitHub: https://github.com/curl/curl/issues

AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS

       Daniel  Stenberg  is  the  main author, but the whole list of contributors is found in the
       separate THANKS file.

WWW

       https://curl.se

SEE ALSO

       ftp(1), wget(1)