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NAME
setjmp, sigsetjmp, longjmp, siglongjmp - performing a nonlocal goto
LIBRARY
Standard C library (libc, -lc)
SYNOPSIS
#include <setjmp.h>
int setjmp(jmp_buf env);
int sigsetjmp(sigjmp_buf env, int savesigs);
[[noreturn]] void longjmp(jmp_buf env, int val);
[[noreturn]] void siglongjmp(sigjmp_buf env, int val);
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
setjmp(): see NOTES.
sigsetjmp():
_POSIX_C_SOURCE
DESCRIPTION
The functions described on this page are used for performing "nonlocal gotos":
transferring execution from one function to a predetermined location in another function.
The setjmp() function dynamically establishes the target to which control will later be
transferred, and longjmp() performs the transfer of execution.
The setjmp() function saves various information about the calling environment (typically,
the stack pointer, the instruction pointer, possibly the values of other registers and the
signal mask) in the buffer env for later use by longjmp(). In this case, setjmp() returns
0.
The longjmp() function uses the information saved in env to transfer control back to the
point where setjmp() was called and to restore ("rewind") the stack to its state at the
time of the setjmp() call. In addition, and depending on the implementation (see NOTES),
the values of some other registers and the process signal mask may be restored to their
state at the time of the setjmp() call.
Following a successful longjmp(), execution continues as if setjmp() had returned for a
second time. This "fake" return can be distinguished from a true setjmp() call because
the "fake" return returns the value provided in val. If the programmer mistakenly passes
the value 0 in val, the "fake" return will instead return 1.
sigsetjmp() and siglongjmp()
sigsetjmp() and siglongjmp() also perform nonlocal gotos, but provide predictable handling
of the process signal mask.
If, and only if, the savesigs argument provided to sigsetjmp() is nonzero, the process's
current signal mask is saved in env and will be restored if a siglongjmp() is later
performed with this env.
RETURN VALUE
setjmp() and sigsetjmp() return 0 when called directly; on the "fake" return that occurs
after longjmp() or siglongjmp(), the nonzero value specified in val is returned.
The longjmp() or siglongjmp() functions do not return.
ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).
┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┬───────────────┬─────────┐
│Interface │ Attribute │ Value │
├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┤
│setjmp(), sigsetjmp() │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe │
├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┤
│longjmp(), siglongjmp() │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────┘
STANDARDS
setjmp(), longjmp(): POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, C99.
sigsetjmp(), siglongjmp(): POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.
NOTES
POSIX does not specify whether setjmp() will save the signal mask (to be later restored
during longjmp()). In System V it will not. In 4.3BSD it will, and there is a function
_setjmp() that will not. The behavior under Linux depends on the glibc version and the
setting of feature test macros. Before glibc 2.19, setjmp() follows the System V behavior
by default, but the BSD behavior is provided if the _BSD_SOURCE feature test macro is
explicitly defined and none of _POSIX_SOURCE, _POSIX_C_SOURCE, _XOPEN_SOURCE, _GNU_SOURCE,
or _SVID_SOURCE is defined. Since glibc 2.19, <setjmp.h> exposes only the System V
version of setjmp(). Programs that need the BSD semantics should replace calls to
setjmp() with calls to sigsetjmp() with a nonzero savesigs argument.
setjmp() and longjmp() can be useful for dealing with errors inside deeply nested function
calls or to allow a signal handler to pass control to a specific point in the program,
rather than returning to the point where the handler interrupted the main program. In the
latter case, if you want to portably save and restore signal masks, use sigsetjmp() and
siglongjmp(). See also the discussion of program readability below.
The compiler may optimize variables into registers, and longjmp() may restore the values
of other registers in addition to the stack pointer and program counter. Consequently,
the values of automatic variables are unspecified after a call to longjmp() if they meet
all the following criteria:
• they are local to the function that made the corresponding setjmp() call;
• their values are changed between the calls to setjmp() and longjmp(); and
• they are not declared as volatile.
Analogous remarks apply for siglongjmp().
Nonlocal gotos and program readability
While it can be abused, the traditional C "goto" statement at least has the benefit that
lexical cues (the goto statement and the target label) allow the programmer to easily
perceive the flow of control. Nonlocal gotos provide no such cues: multiple setjmp()
calls might employ the same jmp_buf variable so that the content of the variable may
change over the lifetime of the application. Consequently, the programmer may be forced
to perform detailed reading of the code to determine the dynamic target of a particular
longjmp() call. (To make the programmer's life easier, each setjmp() call should employ a
unique jmp_buf variable.)
Adding further difficulty, the setjmp() and longjmp() calls may not even be in the same
source code module.
In summary, nonlocal gotos can make programs harder to understand and maintain, and an
alternative should be used if possible.
Caveats
If the function which called setjmp() returns before longjmp() is called, the behavior is
undefined. Some kind of subtle or unsubtle chaos is sure to result.
If, in a multithreaded program, a longjmp() call employs an env buffer that was
initialized by a call to setjmp() in a different thread, the behavior is undefined.
POSIX.1-2008 Technical Corrigendum 2 adds longjmp() and siglongjmp() to the list of async-
signal-safe functions. However, the standard recommends avoiding the use of these
functions from signal handlers and goes on to point out that if these functions are called
from a signal handler that interrupted a call to a non-async-signal-safe function (or some
equivalent, such as the steps equivalent to exit(3) that occur upon a return from the
initial call to main()), the behavior is undefined if the program subsequently makes a
call to a non-async-signal-safe function. The only way of avoiding undefined behavior is
to ensure one of the following:
• After long jumping from the signal handler, the program does not call any non-async-
signal-safe functions and does not return from the initial call to main().
• Any signal whose handler performs a long jump must be blocked during every call to a
non-async-signal-safe function and no non-async-signal-safe functions are called after
returning from the initial call to main().
SEE ALSO
signal(7), signal-safety(7)