Ubuntu Manpage: ssh_config — OpenSSH client configuration file

Provided by: openssh-client_9.0p1-1ubuntu8_amd64

NAME

     ssh_config — OpenSSH client configuration file

DESCRIPTION

ssh(1) obtains configuration data from the following sources in the following order:

1. command-line options
2. user's configuration file (~/.ssh/config)
3. system-wide configuration file (/etc/ssh/ssh_config)

For each parameter, the first obtained value will be used. The configuration files contain
sections separated by Host specifications, and that section is only applied for hosts that
match one of the patterns given in the specification. The matched host name is usually the
one given on the command line (see the CanonicalizeHostname option for exceptions).

Since the first obtained value for each parameter is used, more host-specific declarations
should be given near the beginning of the file, and general defaults at the end.

Note that the Debian openssh-client package sets several options as standard in
/etc/ssh/ssh_config which are not the default in ssh(1):

• Include /etc/ssh/ssh_config.d/*.conf
• SendEnv LANG LC_*
• HashKnownHosts yes
• GSSAPIAuthentication yes

/etc/ssh/ssh_config.d/*.conf files are included at the start of the system-wide
configuration file, so options set there will override those in /etc/ssh/ssh_config.

The file contains keyword-argument pairs, one per line. Lines starting with ‘#’ and empty
lines are interpreted as comments. Arguments may optionally be enclosed in double quotes
(") in order to represent arguments containing spaces. Configuration options may be
separated by whitespace or optional whitespace and exactly one ‘=’; the latter format is
useful to avoid the need to quote whitespace when specifying configuration options using the
ssh, scp, and sftp -o option.

The possible keywords and their meanings are as follows (note that keywords are case-
insensitive and arguments are case-sensitive):

Host Restricts the following declarations (up to the next Host or Match keyword) to be
only for those hosts that match one of the patterns given after the keyword. If
more than one pattern is provided, they should be separated by whitespace. A single
‘*’ as a pattern can be used to provide global defaults for all hosts. The host is
usually the hostname argument given on the command line (see the
CanonicalizeHostname keyword for exceptions).

A pattern entry may be negated by prefixing it with an exclamation mark (‘!’). If a
negated entry is matched, then the Host entry is ignored, regardless of whether any
other patterns on the line match. Negated matches are therefore useful to provide
exceptions for wildcard matches.

See PATTERNS for more information on patterns.

Match Restricts the following declarations (up to the next Host or Match keyword) to be
used only when the conditions following the Match keyword are satisfied. Match
conditions are specified using one or more criteria or the single token all which
always matches. The available criteria keywords are: canonical, final, exec, host,
originalhost, user, and localuser. The all criteria must appear alone or
immediately after canonical or final. Other criteria may be combined arbitrarily.
All criteria but all, canonical, and final require an argument. Criteria may be
negated by prepending an exclamation mark (‘!’).

The canonical keyword matches only when the configuration file is being re-parsed
after hostname canonicalization (see the CanonicalizeHostname option). This may be
useful to specify conditions that work with canonical host names only.

The final keyword requests that the configuration be re-parsed (regardless of
whether CanonicalizeHostname is enabled), and matches only during this final pass.
If CanonicalizeHostname is enabled, then canonical and final match during the same
pass.

The exec keyword executes the specified command under the user's shell. If the
command returns a zero exit status then the condition is considered true. Commands
containing whitespace characters must be quoted. Arguments to exec accept the
tokens described in the TOKENS section.

The other keywords' criteria must be single entries or comma-separated lists and may
use the wildcard and negation operators described in the PATTERNS section. The
criteria for the host keyword are matched against the target hostname, after any
substitution by the Hostname or CanonicalizeHostname options. The originalhost
keyword matches against the hostname as it was specified on the command-line. The
user keyword matches against the target username on the remote host. The localuser
keyword matches against the name of the local user running ssh(1) (this keyword may
be useful in system-wide ssh_config files).

AddKeysToAgent
Specifies whether keys should be automatically added to a running ssh-agent(1). If
this option is set to yes and a key is loaded from a file, the key and its
passphrase are added to the agent with the default lifetime, as if by ssh-add(1).
If this option is set to ask, ssh(1) will require confirmation using the SSH_ASKPASS
program before adding a key (see ssh-add(1) for details). If this option is set to
confirm, each use of the key must be confirmed, as if the -c option was specified to
ssh-add(1). If this option is set to no, no keys are added to the agent.
Alternately, this option may be specified as a time interval using the format
described in the TIME FORMATS section of sshd_config(5) to specify the key's
lifetime in ssh-agent(1), after which it will automatically be removed. The
argument must be no (the default), yes, confirm (optionally followed by a time
interval), ask or a time interval.

AddressFamily
Specifies which address family to use when connecting. Valid arguments are any (the
default), inet (use IPv4 only), or inet6 (use IPv6 only).

BatchMode
If set to yes, user interaction such as password prompts and host key confirmation
requests will be disabled. In addition, the ServerAliveInterval option will be set
to 300 seconds by default (Debian-specific). This option is useful in scripts and
other batch jobs where no user is present to interact with ssh(1), and where it is
desirable to detect a broken network swiftly. The argument must be yes or no (the
default).

BindAddress
Use the specified address on the local machine as the source address of the
connection. Only useful on systems with more than one address.

BindInterface
Use the address of the specified interface on the local machine as the source
address of the connection.

CanonicalDomains
When CanonicalizeHostname is enabled, this option specifies the list of domain
suffixes in which to search for the specified destination host.

CanonicalizeFallbackLocal
Specifies whether to fail with an error when hostname canonicalization fails. The
default, yes, will attempt to look up the unqualified hostname using the system
resolver's search rules. A value of no will cause ssh(1) to fail instantly if
CanonicalizeHostname is enabled and the target hostname cannot be found in any of
the domains specified by CanonicalDomains.

CanonicalizeHostname
Controls whether explicit hostname canonicalization is performed. The default, no,
is not to perform any name rewriting and let the system resolver handle all hostname
lookups. If set to yes then, for connections that do not use a ProxyCommand or
ProxyJump, ssh(1) will attempt to canonicalize the hostname specified on the command
line using the CanonicalDomains suffixes and CanonicalizePermittedCNAMEs rules. If
CanonicalizeHostname is set to always, then canonicalization is applied to proxied
connections too.

If this option is enabled, then the configuration files are processed again using
the new target name to pick up any new configuration in matching Host and Match
stanzas. A value of none disables the use of a ProxyJump host.

CanonicalizeMaxDots
Specifies the maximum number of dot characters in a hostname before canonicalization
is disabled. The default, 1, allows a single dot (i.e. hostname.subdomain).

CanonicalizePermittedCNAMEs
Specifies rules to determine whether CNAMEs should be followed when canonicalizing
hostnames. The rules consist of one or more arguments of
source_domain_list:target_domain_list, where source_domain_list is a pattern-list of
domains that may follow CNAMEs in canonicalization, and target_domain_list is a
pattern-list of domains that they may resolve to.

For example, "*.a.example.com:*.b.example.com,*.c.example.com" will allow hostnames
matching "*.a.example.com" to be canonicalized to names in the "*.b.example.com" or
"*.c.example.com" domains.

A single argument of "none" causes no CNAMEs to be considered for canonicalization.
This is the default behaviour.

CASignatureAlgorithms
Specifies which algorithms are allowed for signing of certificates by certificate
authorities (CAs). The default is:

ssh-ed25519,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,
ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,
sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com,
sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com,
rsa-sha2-512,rsa-sha2-256

If the specified list begins with a ‘+’ character, then the specified algorithms
will be appended to the default set instead of replacing them. If the specified
list begins with a ‘-’ character, then the specified algorithms (including
wildcards) will be removed from the default set instead of replacing them.

ssh(1) will not accept host certificates signed using algorithms other than those
specified.

CertificateFile
Specifies a file from which the user's certificate is read. A corresponding private
key must be provided separately in order to use this certificate either from an
IdentityFile directive or -i flag to ssh(1), via ssh-agent(1), or via a
PKCS11Provider or SecurityKeyProvider.

Arguments to CertificateFile may use the tilde syntax to refer to a user's home
directory, the tokens described in the TOKENS section and environment variables as
described in the ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES section.

It is possible to have multiple certificate files specified in configuration files;
these certificates will be tried in sequence. Multiple CertificateFile directives
will add to the list of certificates used for authentication.

CheckHostIP
If set to yes, ssh(1) will additionally check the host IP address in the known_hosts
file. This allows it to detect if a host key changed due to DNS spoofing and will
add addresses of destination hosts to ~/.ssh/known_hosts in the process, regardless
of the setting of StrictHostKeyChecking. If the option is set to no (the default),
the check will not be executed.

Ciphers
Specifies the ciphers allowed and their order of preference. Multiple ciphers must
be comma-separated. If the specified list begins with a ‘+’ character, then the
specified ciphers will be appended to the default set instead of replacing them. If
the specified list begins with a ‘-’ character, then the specified ciphers
(including wildcards) will be removed from the default set instead of replacing
them. If the specified list begins with a ‘^’ character, then the specified ciphers
will be placed at the head of the default set.

The supported ciphers are:

3des-cbc
aes128-cbc
aes192-cbc
aes256-cbc
aes128-ctr
aes192-ctr
aes256-ctr
aes128-gcm@openssh.com
aes256-gcm@openssh.com
chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com

The default is:

chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com,
aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,
aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com

The list of available ciphers may also be obtained using "ssh -Q cipher".

ClearAllForwardings
Specifies that all local, remote, and dynamic port forwardings specified in the
configuration files or on the command line be cleared. This option is primarily
useful when used from the ssh(1) command line to clear port forwardings set in
configuration files, and is automatically set by scp(1) and sftp(1). The argument
must be yes or no (the default).

Compression
Specifies whether to use compression. The argument must be yes or no (the default).

ConnectionAttempts
Specifies the number of tries (one per second) to make before exiting. The argument
must be an integer. This may be useful in scripts if the connection sometimes
fails. The default is 1.

ConnectTimeout
Specifies the timeout (in seconds) used when connecting to the SSH server, instead
of using the default system TCP timeout. This timeout is applied both to
establishing the connection and to performing the initial SSH protocol handshake and
key exchange.

ControlMaster
Enables the sharing of multiple sessions over a single network connection. When set
to yes, ssh(1) will listen for connections on a control socket specified using the
ControlPath argument. Additional sessions can connect to this socket using the same
ControlPath with ControlMaster set to no (the default). These sessions will try to
reuse the master instance's network connection rather than initiating new ones, but
will fall back to connecting normally if the control socket does not exist, or is
not listening.

Setting this to ask will cause ssh(1) to listen for control connections, but require
confirmation using ssh-askpass(1). If the ControlPath cannot be opened, ssh(1) will
continue without connecting to a master instance.

X11 and ssh-agent(1) forwarding is supported over these multiplexed connections,
however the display and agent forwarded will be the one belonging to the master
connection i.e. it is not possible to forward multiple displays or agents.

Two additional options allow for opportunistic multiplexing: try to use a master
connection but fall back to creating a new one if one does not already exist. These
options are: auto and autoask. The latter requires confirmation like the ask
option.

ControlPath
Specify the path to the control socket used for connection sharing as described in
the ControlMaster section above or the string none to disable connection sharing.
Arguments to ControlPath may use the tilde syntax to refer to a user's home
directory, the tokens described in the TOKENS section and environment variables as
described in the ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES section. It is recommended that any
ControlPath used for opportunistic connection sharing include at least %h, %p, and
%r (or alternatively %C) and be placed in a directory that is not writable by other
users. This ensures that shared connections are uniquely identified.

ControlPersist
When used in conjunction with ControlMaster, specifies that the master connection
should remain open in the background (waiting for future client connections) after
the initial client connection has been closed. If set to no (the default), then the
master connection will not be placed into the background, and will close as soon as
the initial client connection is closed. If set to yes or 0, then the master
connection will remain in the background indefinitely (until killed or closed via a
mechanism such as the "ssh -O exit"). If set to a time in seconds, or a time in any
of the formats documented in sshd_config(5), then the backgrounded master connection
will automatically terminate after it has remained idle (with no client connections)
for the specified time.

DynamicForward
Specifies that a TCP port on the local machine be forwarded over the secure channel,
and the application protocol is then used to determine where to connect to from the
remote machine.

The argument must be [bind_address:]port. IPv6 addresses can be specified by
enclosing addresses in square brackets. By default, the local port is bound in
accordance with the GatewayPorts setting. However, an explicit bind_address may be
used to bind the connection to a specific address. The bind_address of localhost
indicates that the listening port be bound for local use only, while an empty
address or ‘*’ indicates that the port should be available from all interfaces.

Currently the SOCKS4 and SOCKS5 protocols are supported, and ssh(1) will act as a
SOCKS server. Multiple forwardings may be specified, and additional forwardings can
be given on the command line. Only the superuser can forward privileged ports.

EnableSSHKeysign
Setting this option to yes in the global client configuration file
/etc/ssh/ssh_config enables the use of the helper program ssh-keysign(8) during
HostbasedAuthentication. The argument must be yes or no (the default). This option
should be placed in the non-hostspecific section. See ssh-keysign(8) for more
information.

EscapeChar
Sets the escape character (default: ‘~’). The escape character can also be set on
the command line. The argument should be a single character, ‘^’ followed by a
letter, or none to disable the escape character entirely (making the connection
transparent for binary data).

ExitOnForwardFailure
Specifies whether ssh(1) should terminate the connection if it cannot set up all
requested dynamic, tunnel, local, and remote port forwardings, (e.g. if either end
is unable to bind and listen on a specified port). Note that ExitOnForwardFailure
does not apply to connections made over port forwardings and will not, for example,
cause ssh(1) to exit if TCP connections to the ultimate forwarding destination fail.
The argument must be yes or no (the default).

FingerprintHash
Specifies the hash algorithm used when displaying key fingerprints. Valid options
are: md5 and sha256 (the default).

ForkAfterAuthentication
Requests ssh to go to background just before command execution. This is useful if
ssh is going to ask for passwords or passphrases, but the user wants it in the
background. This implies the StdinNull configuration option being set to “yes”.
The recommended way to start X11 programs at a remote site is with something like
ssh -f host xterm, which is the same as ssh host xterm if the
ForkAfterAuthentication configuration option is set to “yes”.

If the ExitOnForwardFailure configuration option is set to “yes”, then a client
started with the ForkAfterAuthentication configuration option being set to “yes”
will wait for all remote port forwards to be successfully established before placing
itself in the background. The argument to this keyword must be yes (same as the -f
option) or no (the default).

ForwardAgent
Specifies whether the connection to the authentication agent (if any) will be
forwarded to the remote machine. The argument may be yes, no (the default), an
explicit path to an agent socket or the name of an environment variable (beginning
with ‘$’) in which to find the path.

Agent forwarding should be enabled with caution. Users with the ability to bypass
file permissions on the remote host (for the agent's Unix-domain socket) can access
the local agent through the forwarded connection. An attacker cannot obtain key
material from the agent, however they can perform operations on the keys that enable
them to authenticate using the identities loaded into the agent.

ForwardX11
Specifies whether X11 connections will be automatically redirected over the secure
channel and DISPLAY set. The argument must be yes or no (the default).

X11 forwarding should be enabled with caution. Users with the ability to bypass
file permissions on the remote host (for the user's X11 authorization database) can
access the local X11 display through the forwarded connection. An attacker may then
be able to perform activities such as keystroke monitoring if the ForwardX11Trusted
option is also enabled.

ForwardX11Timeout
Specify a timeout for untrusted X11 forwarding using the format described in the
TIME FORMATS section of sshd_config(5). X11 connections received by ssh(1) after
this time will be refused. Setting ForwardX11Timeout to zero will disable the
timeout and permit X11 forwarding for the life of the connection. The default is to
disable untrusted X11 forwarding after twenty minutes has elapsed.

ForwardX11Trusted
If this option is set to yes, (the Debian-specific default), remote X11 clients will
have full access to the original X11 display.

If this option is set to no (the upstream default), remote X11 clients will be
considered untrusted and prevented from stealing or tampering with data belonging to
trusted X11 clients. Furthermore, the xauth(1) token used for the session will be
set to expire after 20 minutes. Remote clients will be refused access after this
time.

See the X11 SECURITY extension specification for full details on the restrictions
imposed on untrusted clients.

GatewayPorts
Specifies whether remote hosts are allowed to connect to local forwarded ports. By
default, ssh(1) binds local port forwardings to the loopback address. This prevents
other remote hosts from connecting to forwarded ports. GatewayPorts can be used to
specify that ssh should bind local port forwardings to the wildcard address, thus
allowing remote hosts to connect to forwarded ports. The argument must be yes or no
(the default).

GlobalKnownHostsFile
Specifies one or more files to use for the global host key database, separated by
whitespace. The default is /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts, /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts2.

GSSAPIAuthentication
Specifies whether user authentication based on GSSAPI is allowed. The default is
no.

GSSAPIClientIdentity
If set, specifies the GSSAPI client identity that ssh should use when connecting to
the server. The default is unset, which means that the default identity will be
used.

GSSAPIDelegateCredentials
Forward (delegate) credentials to the server. The default is no.

GSSAPIKeyExchange
Specifies whether key exchange based on GSSAPI may be used. When using GSSAPI key
exchange the server need not have a host key. The default is “no”.

GSSAPIRenewalForcesRekey
If set to “yes” then renewal of the client's GSSAPI credentials will force the
rekeying of the ssh connection. With a compatible server, this will delegate the
renewed credentials to a session on the server.

Checks are made to ensure that credentials are only propagated when the new
credentials match the old ones on the originating client and where the receiving
server still has the old set in its cache.

The default is “no”.

For this to work GSSAPIKeyExchange needs to be enabled in the server and also used
by the client.

GSSAPIServerIdentity
If set, specifies the GSSAPI server identity that ssh should expect when connecting
to the server. The default is unset, which means that the expected GSSAPI server
identity will be determined from the target hostname.

GSSAPITrustDns
Set to “yes” to indicate that the DNS is trusted to securely canonicalize the name
of the host being connected to. If “no”, the hostname entered on the command line
will be passed untouched to the GSSAPI library. The default is “no”.

GSSAPIKexAlgorithms
The list of key exchange algorithms that are offered for GSSAPI key exchange.
Possible values are

gss-gex-sha1-,
gss-group1-sha1-,
gss-group14-sha1-,
gss-group14-sha256-,
gss-group16-sha512-,
gss-nistp256-sha256-,

gss-curve25519-sha256-
The default is
“gss-group14-sha256-,gss-group16-sha512-,gss-nistp256-sha256-,gss-curve25519-sha256-,gss-gex-sha1-,gss-group14-sha1-”.
This option only applies to connections using GSSAPI.

HashKnownHosts
Indicates that ssh(1) should hash host names and addresses when they are added to
~/.ssh/known_hosts. These hashed names may be used normally by ssh(1) and sshd(8),
but they do not visually reveal identifying information if the file's contents are
disclosed. The default is no. Note that existing names and addresses in known
hosts files will not be converted automatically, but may be manually hashed using
ssh-keygen(1). Use of this option may break facilities such as tab-completion that
rely on being able to read unhashed host names from ~/.ssh/known_hosts.

HostbasedAcceptedAlgorithms
Specifies the signature algorithms that will be used for hostbased authentication as
a comma-separated list of patterns. Alternately if the specified list begins with a
‘+’ character, then the specified signature algorithms will be appended to the
default set instead of replacing them. If the specified list begins with a ‘-’
character, then the specified signature algorithms (including wildcards) will be
removed from the default set instead of replacing them. If the specified list
begins with a ‘^’ character, then the specified signature algorithms will be placed
at the head of the default set. The default for this option is:

ssh-ed25519-cert-v01@openssh.com,
ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com,
ecdsa-sha2-nistp384-cert-v01@openssh.com,
ecdsa-sha2-nistp521-cert-v01@openssh.com,
sk-ssh-ed25519-cert-v01@openssh.com,
sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com,
rsa-sha2-512-cert-v01@openssh.com,
rsa-sha2-256-cert-v01@openssh.com,
ssh-ed25519,
ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,
sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com,
sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com,
rsa-sha2-512,rsa-sha2-256

The -Q option of ssh(1) may be used to list supported signature algorithms. This
was formerly named HostbasedKeyTypes.

HostbasedAuthentication
Specifies whether to try rhosts based authentication with public key authentication.
The argument must be yes or no (the default).

HostKeyAlgorithms
Specifies the host key signature algorithms that the client wants to use in order of
preference. Alternately if the specified list begins with a ‘+’ character, then the
specified signature algorithms will be appended to the default set instead of
replacing them. If the specified list begins with a ‘-’ character, then the
specified signature algorithms (including wildcards) will be removed from the
default set instead of replacing them. If the specified list begins with a ‘^’
character, then the specified signature algorithms will be placed at the head of the
default set. The default for this option is:

ssh-ed25519-cert-v01@openssh.com,
ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com,
ecdsa-sha2-nistp384-cert-v01@openssh.com,
ecdsa-sha2-nistp521-cert-v01@openssh.com,
sk-ssh-ed25519-cert-v01@openssh.com,
sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com,
rsa-sha2-512-cert-v01@openssh.com,
rsa-sha2-256-cert-v01@openssh.com,
ssh-ed25519,
ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,
sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com,
sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com,
rsa-sha2-512,rsa-sha2-256

If hostkeys are known for the destination host then this default is modified to
prefer their algorithms.

The list of available signature algorithms may also be obtained using "ssh -Q
HostKeyAlgorithms".

HostKeyAlias
Specifies an alias that should be used instead of the real host name when looking up
or saving the host key in the host key database files and when validating host
certificates. This option is useful for tunneling SSH connections or for multiple
servers running on a single host.

Hostname
Specifies the real host name to log into. This can be used to specify nicknames or
abbreviations for hosts. Arguments to Hostname accept the tokens described in the
TOKENS section. Numeric IP addresses are also permitted (both on the command line
and in Hostname specifications). The default is the name given on the command line.

IdentitiesOnly
Specifies that ssh(1) should only use the configured authentication identity and
certificate files (either the default files, or those explicitly configured in the
ssh_config files or passed on the ssh(1) command-line), even if ssh-agent(1) or a
PKCS11Provider or SecurityKeyProvider offers more identities. The argument to this
keyword must be yes or no (the default). This option is intended for situations
where ssh-agent offers many different identities.

IdentityAgent
Specifies the UNIX-domain socket used to communicate with the authentication agent.

This option overrides the SSH_AUTH_SOCK environment variable and can be used to
select a specific agent. Setting the socket name to none disables the use of an
authentication agent. If the string "SSH_AUTH_SOCK" is specified, the location of
the socket will be read from the SSH_AUTH_SOCK environment variable. Otherwise if
the specified value begins with a ‘$’ character, then it will be treated as an
environment variable containing the location of the socket.

Arguments to IdentityAgent may use the tilde syntax to refer to a user's home
directory, the tokens described in the TOKENS section and environment variables as
described in the ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES section.

IdentityFile
Specifies a file from which the user's DSA, ECDSA, authenticator-hosted ECDSA,
Ed25519, authenticator-hosted Ed25519 or RSA authentication identity is read. The
default is ~/.ssh/id_rsa, ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa, ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk, ~/.ssh/id_ed25519,
~/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk and ~/.ssh/id_dsa. Additionally, any identities represented by
the authentication agent will be used for authentication unless IdentitiesOnly is
set. If no certificates have been explicitly specified by CertificateFile, ssh(1)
will try to load certificate information from the filename obtained by appending
-cert.pub to the path of a specified IdentityFile.

Arguments to IdentityFile may use the tilde syntax to refer to a user's home
directory or the tokens described in the TOKENS section.

It is possible to have multiple identity files specified in configuration files; all
these identities will be tried in sequence. Multiple IdentityFile directives will
add to the list of identities tried (this behaviour differs from that of other
configuration directives).

IdentityFile may be used in conjunction with IdentitiesOnly to select which
identities in an agent are offered during authentication. IdentityFile may also be
used in conjunction with CertificateFile in order to provide any certificate also
needed for authentication with the identity.

IgnoreUnknown
Specifies a pattern-list of unknown options to be ignored if they are encountered in
configuration parsing. This may be used to suppress errors if ssh_config contains
options that are unrecognised by ssh(1). It is recommended that IgnoreUnknown be
listed early in the configuration file as it will not be applied to unknown options
that appear before it.

Include
Include the specified configuration file(s). Multiple pathnames may be specified
and each pathname may contain glob(7) wildcards and, for user configurations, shell-
like ‘~’ references to user home directories. Wildcards will be expanded and
processed in lexical order. Files without absolute paths are assumed to be in
~/.ssh if included in a user configuration file or /etc/ssh if included from the
system configuration file. Include directive may appear inside a Match or Host
block to perform conditional inclusion.

IPQoS Specifies the IPv4 type-of-service or DSCP class for connections. Accepted values
are af11, af12, af13, af21, af22, af23, af31, af32, af33, af41, af42, af43, cs0,
cs1, cs2, cs3, cs4, cs5, cs6, cs7, ef, le, lowdelay, throughput, reliability, a
numeric value, or none to use the operating system default. This option may take
one or two arguments, separated by whitespace. If one argument is specified, it is
used as the packet class unconditionally. If two values are specified, the first is
automatically selected for interactive sessions and the second for non-interactive
sessions. The default is lowdelay for interactive sessions and throughput for non-
interactive sessions.

KbdInteractiveAuthentication
Specifies whether to use keyboard-interactive authentication. The argument to this
keyword must be yes (the default) or no. ChallengeResponseAuthentication is a
deprecated alias for this.

KbdInteractiveDevices
Specifies the list of methods to use in keyboard-interactive authentication.
Multiple method names must be comma-separated. The default is to use the server
specified list. The methods available vary depending on what the server supports.
For an OpenSSH server, it may be zero or more of: bsdauth and pam.

KexAlgorithms
Specifies the available KEX (Key Exchange) algorithms. Multiple algorithms must be
comma-separated. If the specified list begins with a ‘+’ character, then the
specified algorithms will be appended to the default set instead of replacing them.
If the specified list begins with a ‘-’ character, then the specified algorithms
(including wildcards) will be removed from the default set instead of replacing
them. If the specified list begins with a ‘^’ character, then the specified
algorithms will be placed at the head of the default set. The default is:

sntrup761x25519-sha512@openssh.com,
curve25519-sha256,curve25519-sha256@libssh.org,
ecdh-sha2-nistp256,ecdh-sha2-nistp384,ecdh-sha2-nistp521,
diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,
diffie-hellman-group16-sha512,
diffie-hellman-group18-sha512,
diffie-hellman-group14-sha256

The list of available key exchange algorithms may also be obtained using "ssh -Q
kex".

KnownHostsCommand
Specifies a command to use to obtain a list of host keys, in addition to those
listed in UserKnownHostsFile and GlobalKnownHostsFile. This command is executed
after the files have been read. It may write host key lines to standard output in
identical format to the usual files (described in the VERIFYING HOST KEYS section in
ssh(1)). Arguments to KnownHostsCommand accept the tokens described in the TOKENS
section. The command may be invoked multiple times per connection: once when
preparing the preference list of host key algorithms to use, again to obtain the
host key for the requested host name and, if CheckHostIP is enabled, one more time
to obtain the host key matching the server's address. If the command exits
abnormally or returns a non-zero exit status then the connection is terminated.

LocalCommand
Specifies a command to execute on the local machine after successfully connecting to
the server. The command string extends to the end of the line, and is executed with
the user's shell. Arguments to LocalCommand accept the tokens described in the
TOKENS section.

The command is run synchronously and does not have access to the session of the
ssh(1) that spawned it. It should not be used for interactive commands.

This directive is ignored unless PermitLocalCommand has been enabled.

LocalForward
Specifies that a TCP port on the local machine be forwarded over the secure channel
to the specified host and port from the remote machine. The first argument
specifies the listener and may be [bind_address:]port or a Unix domain socket path.
The second argument is the destination and may be host:hostport or a Unix domain
socket path if the remote host supports it.

IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing addresses in square brackets. Multiple
forwardings may be specified, and additional forwardings can be given on the command
line. Only the superuser can forward privileged ports. By default, the local port
is bound in accordance with the GatewayPorts setting. However, an explicit
bind_address may be used to bind the connection to a specific address. The
bind_address of localhost indicates that the listening port be bound for local use
only, while an empty address or ‘*’ indicates that the port should be available from
all interfaces. Unix domain socket paths may use the tokens described in the TOKENS
section and environment variables as described in the ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES section.

LogLevel
Gives the verbosity level that is used when logging messages from ssh(1). The
possible values are: QUIET, FATAL, ERROR, INFO, VERBOSE, DEBUG, DEBUG1, DEBUG2, and
DEBUG3. The default is INFO. DEBUG and DEBUG1 are equivalent. DEBUG2 and DEBUG3
each specify higher levels of verbose output.

LogVerbose
Specify one or more overrides to LogLevel. An override consists of a pattern lists
that matches the source file, function and line number to force detailed logging
for. For example, an override pattern of:

kex.c:*:1000,*:kex_exchange_identification():*,packet.c:*

would enable detailed logging for line 1000 of kex.c, everything in the
kex_exchange_identification() function, and all code in the packet.c file. This
option is intended for debugging and no overrides are enabled by default.

MACs Specifies the MAC (message authentication code) algorithms in order of preference.
The MAC algorithm is used for data integrity protection. Multiple algorithms must
be comma-separated. If the specified list begins with a ‘+’ character, then the
specified algorithms will be appended to the default set instead of replacing them.
If the specified list begins with a ‘-’ character, then the specified algorithms
(including wildcards) will be removed from the default set instead of replacing
them. If the specified list begins with a ‘^’ character, then the specified
algorithms will be placed at the head of the default set.

The algorithms that contain "-etm" calculate the MAC after encryption (encrypt-then-
mac). These are considered safer and their use recommended.

The default is:

umac-64-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,
hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,
hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com,
umac-64@openssh.com,umac-128@openssh.com,
hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha1

The list of available MAC algorithms may also be obtained using "ssh -Q mac".

NoHostAuthenticationForLocalhost
Disable host authentication for localhost (loopback addresses). The argument to
this keyword must be yes or no (the default).

NumberOfPasswordPrompts
Specifies the number of password prompts before giving up. The argument to this
keyword must be an integer. The default is 3.

PasswordAuthentication
Specifies whether to use password authentication. The argument to this keyword must
be yes (the default) or no.

PermitLocalCommand
Allow local command execution via the LocalCommand option or using the !command
escape sequence in ssh(1). The argument must be yes or no (the default).

PermitRemoteOpen
Specifies the destinations to which remote TCP port forwarding is permitted when
RemoteForward is used as a SOCKS proxy. The forwarding specification must be one of
the following forms:

PermitRemoteOpen host:port
PermitRemoteOpen IPv4_addr:port
PermitRemoteOpen [IPv6_addr]:port

Multiple forwards may be specified by separating them with whitespace. An argument
of any can be used to remove all restrictions and permit any forwarding requests.
An argument of none can be used to prohibit all forwarding requests. The wildcard
‘*’ can be used for host or port to allow all hosts or ports respectively.
Otherwise, no pattern matching or address lookups are performed on supplied names.

PKCS11Provider
Specifies which PKCS#11 provider to use or none to indicate that no provider should
be used (the default). The argument to this keyword is a path to the PKCS#11 shared
library ssh(1) should use to communicate with a PKCS#11 token providing keys for
user authentication.

Port Specifies the port number to connect on the remote host. The default is 22.

PreferredAuthentications
Specifies the order in which the client should try authentication methods. This
allows a client to prefer one method (e.g. keyboard-interactive) over another method
(e.g. password). The default is:

gssapi-with-mic,hostbased,publickey,
keyboard-interactive,password

ProxyCommand
Specifies the command to use to connect to the server. The command string extends
to the end of the line, and is executed using the user's shell ‘exec’ directive to
avoid a lingering shell process.

Arguments to ProxyCommand accept the tokens described in the TOKENS section. The
command can be basically anything, and should read from its standard input and write
to its standard output. It should eventually connect an sshd(8) server running on
some machine, or execute sshd -i somewhere. Host key management will be done using
the Hostname of the host being connected (defaulting to the name typed by the user).
Setting the command to none disables this option entirely. Note that CheckHostIP is
not available for connects with a proxy command.

This directive is useful in conjunction with nc(1) and its proxy support. For
example, the following directive would connect via an HTTP proxy at 192.0.2.0:

ProxyCommand /usr/bin/nc -X connect -x 192.0.2.0:8080 %h %p

ProxyJump
Specifies one or more jump proxies as either [user@]host[:port] or an ssh URI.
Multiple proxies may be separated by comma characters and will be visited
sequentially. Setting this option will cause ssh(1) to connect to the target host
by first making a ssh(1) connection to the specified ProxyJump host and then
establishing a TCP forwarding to the ultimate target from there. Setting the host
to none disables this option entirely.

Note that this option will compete with the ProxyCommand option - whichever is
specified first will prevent later instances of the other from taking effect.

Note also that the configuration for the destination host (either supplied via the
command-line or the configuration file) is not generally applied to jump hosts.
~/.ssh/config should be used if specific configuration is required for jump hosts.

ProxyUseFdpass
Specifies that ProxyCommand will pass a connected file descriptor back to ssh(1)
instead of continuing to execute and pass data. The default is no.

PubkeyAcceptedAlgorithms
Specifies the signature algorithms that will be used for public key authentication
as a comma-separated list of patterns. If the specified list begins with a ‘+’
character, then the algorithms after it will be appended to the default instead of
replacing it. If the specified list begins with a ‘-’ character, then the specified
algorithms (including wildcards) will be removed from the default set instead of
replacing them. If the specified list begins with a ‘^’ character, then the
specified algorithms will be placed at the head of the default set. The default for
this option is:

The list of available signature algorithms may also be obtained using "ssh -Q
PubkeyAcceptedAlgorithms".

PubkeyAuthentication
Specifies whether to try public key authentication. The argument to this keyword
must be yes (the default), no, unbound or host-bound. The final two options enable
public key authentication while respectively disabling or enabling the OpenSSH host-
bound authentication protocol extension required for restricted ssh-agent(1)
forwarding.

RekeyLimit
Specifies the maximum amount of data that may be transmitted before the session key
is renegotiated, optionally followed by a maximum amount of time that may pass
before the session key is renegotiated. The first argument is specified in bytes
and may have a suffix of ‘K’, ‘M’, or ‘G’ to indicate Kilobytes, Megabytes, or
Gigabytes, respectively. The default is between ‘1G’ and ‘4G’, depending on the
cipher. The optional second value is specified in seconds and may use any of the
units documented in the TIME FORMATS section of sshd_config(5). The default value
for RekeyLimit is default none, which means that rekeying is performed after the
cipher's default amount of data has been sent or received and no time based rekeying
is done.

RemoteCommand
Specifies a command to execute on the remote machine after successfully connecting
to the server. The command string extends to the end of the line, and is executed
with the user's shell. Arguments to RemoteCommand accept the tokens described in
the TOKENS section.

RemoteForward
Specifies that a TCP port on the remote machine be forwarded over the secure
channel. The remote port may either be forwarded to a specified host and port from
the local machine, or may act as a SOCKS 4/5 proxy that allows a remote client to
connect to arbitrary destinations from the local machine. The first argument is the
listening specification and may be [bind_address:]port or, if the remote host
supports it, a Unix domain socket path. If forwarding to a specific destination
then the second argument must be host:hostport or a Unix domain socket path,
otherwise if no destination argument is specified then the remote forwarding will be
established as a SOCKS proxy. When acting as a SOCKS proxy, the destination of the
connection can be restricted by PermitRemoteOpen.

IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing addresses in square brackets. Multiple
forwardings may be specified, and additional forwardings can be given on the command
line. Privileged ports can be forwarded only when logging in as root on the remote
machine. Unix domain socket paths may use the tokens described in the TOKENS
section and environment variables as described in the ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES section.

If the port argument is 0, the listen port will be dynamically allocated on the
server and reported to the client at run time.

If the bind_address is not specified, the default is to only bind to loopback
addresses. If the bind_address is ‘*’ or an empty string, then the forwarding is
requested to listen on all interfaces. Specifying a remote bind_address will only
succeed if the server's GatewayPorts option is enabled (see sshd_config(5)).

RequestTTY
Specifies whether to request a pseudo-tty for the session. The argument may be one
of: no (never request a TTY), yes (always request a TTY when standard input is a
TTY), force (always request a TTY) or auto (request a TTY when opening a login
session). This option mirrors the -t and -T flags for ssh(1).

RevokedHostKeys
Specifies revoked host public keys. Keys listed in this file will be refused for
host authentication. Note that if this file does not exist or is not readable, then
host authentication will be refused for all hosts. Keys may be specified as a text
file, listing one public key per line, or as an OpenSSH Key Revocation List (KRL) as
generated by ssh-keygen(1). For more information on KRLs, see the KEY REVOCATION
LISTS section in ssh-keygen(1).

SecurityKeyProvider
Specifies a path to a library that will be used when loading any FIDO authenticator-
hosted keys, overriding the default of using the built-in USB HID support.

If the specified value begins with a ‘$’ character, then it will be treated as an
environment variable containing the path to the library.

SendEnv
Specifies what variables from the local environ(7) should be sent to the server.
The server must also support it, and the server must be configured to accept these
environment variables. Note that the TERM environment variable is always sent
whenever a pseudo-terminal is requested as it is required by the protocol. Refer to
AcceptEnv in sshd_config(5) for how to configure the server. Variables are
specified by name, which may contain wildcard characters. Multiple environment
variables may be separated by whitespace or spread across multiple SendEnv
directives.

See PATTERNS for more information on patterns.

It is possible to clear previously set SendEnv variable names by prefixing patterns
with -. The default is not to send any environment variables.

ServerAliveCountMax
Sets the number of server alive messages (see below) which may be sent without
ssh(1) receiving any messages back from the server. If this threshold is reached
while server alive messages are being sent, ssh will disconnect from the server,
terminating the session. It is important to note that the use of server alive
messages is very different from TCPKeepAlive (below). The server alive messages are
sent through the encrypted channel and therefore will not be spoofable. The TCP
keepalive option enabled by TCPKeepAlive is spoofable. The server alive mechanism
is valuable when the client or server depend on knowing when a connection has become
unresponsive.

The default value is 3. If, for example, ServerAliveInterval (see below) is set to
15 and ServerAliveCountMax is left at the default, if the server becomes
unresponsive, ssh will disconnect after approximately 45 seconds.

ServerAliveInterval
Sets a timeout interval in seconds after which if no data has been received from the
server, ssh(1) will send a message through the encrypted channel to request a
response from the server. The default is 0, indicating that these messages will not
be sent to the server, or 300 if the BatchMode option is set (Debian-specific).
ProtocolKeepAlives and SetupTimeOut are Debian-specific compatibility aliases for
this option.

SessionType
May be used to either request invocation of a subsystem on the remote system, or to
prevent the execution of a remote command at all. The latter is useful for just
forwarding ports. The argument to this keyword must be none (same as the -N
option), subsystem (same as the -s option) or default (shell or command execution).

SetEnv Directly specify one or more environment variables and their contents to be sent to
the server. Similarly to SendEnv, with the exception of the TERM variable, the
server must be prepared to accept the environment variable.

StdinNull
Redirects stdin from /dev/null (actually, prevents reading from stdin). Either this
or the equivalent -n option must be used when ssh is run in the background. The
argument to this keyword must be yes (same as the -n option) or no (the default).

StreamLocalBindMask
Sets the octal file creation mode mask (umask) used when creating a Unix-domain
socket file for local or remote port forwarding. This option is only used for port
forwarding to a Unix-domain socket file.

The default value is 0177, which creates a Unix-domain socket file that is readable
and writable only by the owner. Note that not all operating systems honor the file
mode on Unix-domain socket files.

StreamLocalBindUnlink
Specifies whether to remove an existing Unix-domain socket file for local or remote
port forwarding before creating a new one. If the socket file already exists and
StreamLocalBindUnlink is not enabled, ssh will be unable to forward the port to the
Unix-domain socket file. This option is only used for port forwarding to a Unix-
domain socket file.

The argument must be yes or no (the default).

StrictHostKeyChecking
If this flag is set to yes, ssh(1) will never automatically add host keys to the
~/.ssh/known_hosts file, and refuses to connect to hosts whose host key has changed.
This provides maximum protection against man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, though it
can be annoying when the /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts file is poorly maintained or when
connections to new hosts are frequently made. This option forces the user to
manually add all new hosts.

If this flag is set to accept-new then ssh will automatically add new host keys to
the user's known_hosts file, but will not permit connections to hosts with changed
host keys. If this flag is set to no or off, ssh will automatically add new host
keys to the user known hosts files and allow connections to hosts with changed
hostkeys to proceed, subject to some restrictions. If this flag is set to ask (the
default), new host keys will be added to the user known host files only after the
user has confirmed that is what they really want to do, and ssh will refuse to
connect to hosts whose host key has changed. The host keys of known hosts will be
verified automatically in all cases.

SyslogFacility
Gives the facility code that is used when logging messages from ssh(1). The
possible values are: DAEMON, USER, AUTH, LOCAL0, LOCAL1, LOCAL2, LOCAL3, LOCAL4,
LOCAL5, LOCAL6, LOCAL7. The default is USER.

TCPKeepAlive
Specifies whether the system should send TCP keepalive messages to the other side.
If they are sent, death of the connection or crash of one of the machines will be
properly noticed. This option only uses TCP keepalives (as opposed to using ssh
level keepalives), so takes a long time to notice when the connection dies. As
such, you probably want the ServerAliveInterval option as well. However, this means
that connections will die if the route is down temporarily, and some people find it
annoying.

The default is yes (to send TCP keepalive messages), and the client will notice if
the network goes down or the remote host dies. This is important in scripts, and
many users want it too.

To disable TCP keepalive messages, the value should be set to no. See also
ServerAliveInterval for protocol-level keepalives.

Tunnel Request tun(4) device forwarding between the client and the server. The argument
must be yes, point-to-point (layer 3), ethernet (layer 2), or no (the default).
Specifying yes requests the default tunnel mode, which is point-to-point.

TunnelDevice
Specifies the tun(4) devices to open on the client (local_tun) and the server
(remote_tun).

The argument must be local_tun[:remote_tun]. The devices may be specified by
numerical ID or the keyword any, which uses the next available tunnel device. If
remote_tun is not specified, it defaults to any. The default is any:any.

UpdateHostKeys
Specifies whether ssh(1) should accept notifications of additional hostkeys from the
server sent after authentication has completed and add them to UserKnownHostsFile.
The argument must be yes, no or ask. This option allows learning alternate hostkeys
for a server and supports graceful key rotation by allowing a server to send
replacement public keys before old ones are removed.

Additional hostkeys are only accepted if the key used to authenticate the host was
already trusted or explicitly accepted by the user, the host was authenticated via
UserKnownHostsFile (i.e. not GlobalKnownHostsFile) and the host was authenticated
using a plain key and not a certificate.

UpdateHostKeys is enabled by default if the user has not overridden the default
UserKnownHostsFile setting and has not enabled VerifyHostKeyDNS, otherwise
UpdateHostKeys will be set to no.

If UpdateHostKeys is set to ask, then the user is asked to confirm the modifications
to the known_hosts file. Confirmation is currently incompatible with
ControlPersist, and will be disabled if it is enabled.

Presently, only sshd(8) from OpenSSH 6.8 and greater support the
"hostkeys@openssh.com" protocol extension used to inform the client of all the
server's hostkeys.

User Specifies the user to log in as. This can be useful when a different user name is
used on different machines. This saves the trouble of having to remember to give
the user name on the command line.

UserKnownHostsFile
Specifies one or more files to use for the user host key database, separated by
whitespace. Each filename may use tilde notation to refer to the user's home
directory, the tokens described in the TOKENS section and environment variables as
described in the ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES section. The default is ~/.ssh/known_hosts,
~/.ssh/known_hosts2.

VerifyHostKeyDNS
Specifies whether to verify the remote key using DNS and SSHFP resource records. If
this option is set to yes, the client will implicitly trust keys that match a secure
fingerprint from DNS. Insecure fingerprints will be handled as if this option was
set to ask. If this option is set to ask, information on fingerprint match will be
displayed, but the user will still need to confirm new host keys according to the
StrictHostKeyChecking option. The default is no.

PATTERNS

     A pattern consists of zero or more non-whitespace characters, ‘*’ (a wildcard that matches
     zero or more characters), or ‘?’ (a wildcard that matches exactly one character).  For
     example, to specify a set of declarations for any host in the ".co.uk" set of domains, the
     following pattern could be used:

           Host *.co.uk

     The following pattern would match any host in the 192.168.0.[0-9] network range:

           Host 192.168.0.?

     A pattern-list is a comma-separated list of patterns.  Patterns within pattern-lists may be
     negated by preceding them with an exclamation mark (‘!’).  For example, to allow a key to be
     used from anywhere within an organization except from the "dialup" pool, the following entry
     (in authorized_keys) could be used:

           from="!*.dialup.example.com,*.example.com"

     Note that a negated match will never produce a positive result by itself.  For example,
     attempting to match "host3" against the following pattern-list will fail:

           from="!host1,!host2"

     The solution here is to include a term that will yield a positive match, such as a wildcard:

           from="!host1,!host2,*"

TOKENS

Arguments to some keywords can make use of tokens, which are expanded at runtime:

%% A literal ‘%’.
%C Hash of %l%h%p%r.
%d Local user's home directory.
%f The fingerprint of the server's host key.
%H The known_hosts hostname or address that is being searched for.
%h The remote hostname.
%I A string describing the reason for a KnownHostsCommand execution: either ADDRESS
when looking up a host by address (only when CheckHostIP is enabled), HOSTNAME
when searching by hostname, or ORDER when preparing the host key algorithm
preference list to use for the destination host.
%i The local user ID.
%K The base64 encoded host key.
%k The host key alias if specified, otherwise the original remote hostname given on
the command line.
%L The local hostname.
%l The local hostname, including the domain name.
%n The original remote hostname, as given on the command line.
%p The remote port.
%r The remote username.
%T The local tun(4) or tap(4) network interface assigned if tunnel forwarding was
requested, or "NONE" otherwise.
%t The type of the server host key, e.g. ssh-ed25519.
%u The local username.

CertificateFile, ControlPath, IdentityAgent, IdentityFile, KnownHostsCommand, LocalForward,
Match exec, RemoteCommand, RemoteForward, and UserKnownHostsFile accept the tokens %%, %C,
%d, %h, %i, %k, %L, %l, %n, %p, %r, and %u.

KnownHostsCommand additionally accepts the tokens %f, %H, %I, %K and %t.

Hostname accepts the tokens %% and %h.

LocalCommand accepts all tokens.

ProxyCommand accepts the tokens %%, %h, %n, %p, and %r.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

     Arguments to some keywords can be expanded at runtime from environment variables on the
     client by enclosing them in ${}, for example ${HOME}/.ssh would refer to the user's .ssh
     directory.  If a specified environment variable does not exist then an error will be
     returned and the setting for that keyword will be ignored.

     The keywords CertificateFile, ControlPath, IdentityAgent, IdentityFile, KnownHostsCommand,
     and UserKnownHostsFile support environment variables.  The keywords LocalForward and
     RemoteForward support environment variables only for Unix domain socket paths.

FILES

     ~/.ssh/config
             This is the per-user configuration file.  The format of this file is described
             above.  This file is used by the SSH client.  Because of the potential for abuse,
             this file must have strict permissions: read/write for the user, and not writable by
             others.  It may be group-writable provided that the group in question contains only
             the user.

     /etc/ssh/ssh_config
             Systemwide configuration file.  This file provides defaults for those values that
             are not specified in the user's configuration file, and for those users who do not
             have a configuration file.  This file must be world-readable.

AUTHORS

     OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen.  Aaron
     Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, Theo de Raadt and Dug Song removed many
     bugs, re-added newer features and created OpenSSH.  Markus Friedl contributed the support
     for SSH protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0.