Provided by: gdspy-doc_1.4.2-2build6_all bug

NAME

       gdspy - gdspy Documentation

       gdspy is a Python module that allows the creation of GDSII stream files.

       Most features of the GDSII format are implemented, including support for polygons with any
       number of vertices.

       GDSII format references:

       • http://boolean.klaasholwerda.nl/interface/bnf/gdsformat.htmlhttp://www.artwork.com/gdsii/gdsii/http://www.buchanan1.net/stream_description.html

       For  installation  instructions  and  other  information,  please  check  out  the  GitHub
       repository or the README file included with the source.

GETTING STARTED

       GDSII  files  contain  a  hierarchical representation of any polygonal geometry.  They are
       mainly used in the microelectronics industry for the design of mask layouts, but are  also
       employed in other areas.

       Because  it  is a hierarchical format, repeated structures, such as identical transistors,
       can be defined once and referenced multiple times in the layout, reducing the file size.

       There is one important limitation in the GDSII format:  it  only  supports  weakly  simple
       polygons, that is, polygons whose segments are allowed to intersect, but not cross.

       In  particular,  curves  and  shapes  with holes are not directly supported.  Holes can be
       defined, nonetheless, by connecting their boundary to the boundary of the enclosing shape.
       In  the  case  of curves, they must be approximated by a polygon.  The number of points in
       the polygonal approximation can be increased to better approximate the original  curve  up
       to some acceptable error.

       The  original GDSII format limits the number of vertices in a polygon to 199.  Most modern
       software disregards this limit and allows an  arbitrary  number  of  points  per  polygon.
       Gdspy  follows the modern version of GDSII, but this is an important issue to keep in mind
       if the generated file is to be used in older systems.

       The units used to represent shapes in the GDSII format  are  defined  by  the  user.   The
       default unit in gdspy is 1 µm (10⁻⁶ m), but that can be easily changed by the user.

   First GDSII
       Let's create our first GDSII file:

          import gdspy

          # Create the geometry: a single rectangle.
          rect = gdspy.Rectangle((0, 0), (2, 1))
          cell = gdspy.Cell('FIRST')
          cell.add(rect)

          # Save all created cells in file 'first.gds'.
          gdspy.write_gds('first.gds')

          # Optionally, display all cells using the internal viewer.
          gdspy.LayoutViewer()

       After  importing  the  gdspy  module, we create a gdspy.Rectangle with opposing corners at
       positions (0, 0) and (2, 1).

       Then a gdspy.Cell is created and the rectangle is added to the cell.  All  shapes  in  the
       GDSII  format  exist  inside  cells.  A cell can be imagined as a piece of paper where the
       layout will be defined.  Later, the cells can be used to create a hierarchy of geometries,
       ass we'll see in References.

       Finally,  the  whole  structure  is  saved  in  a  file  called "first.gds" in the current
       directory.  By default, all created cells are included in this operation.

       The GDSII file can be opened in  a  number  of  viewers  and  editors,  such  as  KLayout.
       Alternatively, gdspy includes a simple viewer that can also be used: gdspy.LayoutViewer.

   Polygons
       General  polygons  can  be defined by an ordered list of vertices.  The orientation of the
       vertices (clockwise/counter-clockwise) is not important.

          # Create a polygon from a list of vertices
          points = [(0, 0), (2, 2), (2, 6), (-6, 6), (-6, -6), (-4, -4), (-4, 4), (0, 4)]
          poly = gdspy.Polygon(points)

       [image]

   Holes
       As mentioned in Getting Started, holes have to be connected to the outer boundary  of  the
       polygon, as in the following example:

          # Manually connect the hole to the outer boundary
          cutout = gdspy.Polygon(
              [(0, 0), (5, 0), (5, 5), (0, 5), (0, 0), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3), (3, 2), (2, 2)]
          )

       [image]

   Circles
       The  gdspy.Round  class  creates  circles,  ellipses,  doughnuts, arcs and slices.  In all
       cases, the arguments tolerance or number_of_points will control  the  number  of  vertices
       used to approximate the curved shapes.

       If  the  number  of vertices in the polygon is larger than max_points (199 by default), it
       will be fractured in many smaller polygons with at most max_points vertices each.

          # Circle centered at (0, 0), with radius 2 and tolerance 0.1
          circle = gdspy.Round((0, 0), 2, tolerance=0.01)

          # To create an ellipse, simply pass a list with 2 radii.
          # Because the tolerance is small (resulting a large number of
          # vertices), the ellipse is fractured in 2 polygons.
          ellipse = gdspy.Round((4, 0), [1, 2], tolerance=1e-4)

          # Circular arc example
          arc = gdspy.Round(
              (2, 4),
              2,
              inner_radius=1,
              initial_angle=-0.2 * numpy.pi,
              final_angle=1.2 * numpy.pi,
              tolerance=0.01,
          )

       [image]

   Curves
       Constructing complex polygons by manually listing all vertices  in  gdspy.Polygon  can  be
       challenging.   The class gdspy.Curve can be used to facilitate the creation of polygons by
       drawing  their  shapes  step-by-step.   It  uses  a  syntax  similar  to  the   SVG   path
       specification.

       A short summary of the available methods is presented below:

                                ┌───────┬───────────────────────────────┐
                                │Method │ Primitive                     │
                                ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                │L/l    │ Line segments                 │
                                ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                │H/h    │ Horizontal line segments      │
                                ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                │V/v    │ Vertical line segments        │
                                ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                │C/c    │ Cubic Bezier curve            │
                                ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                │S/s    │ Smooth cubic Bezier curve     │
                                ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                │Q/q    │ Quadratic Bezier curve        │
                                ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                │T/t    │ Smooth quadratic Bezier curve │
                                ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                │B/b    │ General degree Bezier curve   │
                                ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                │I/i    │ Smooth interpolating curve    │
                                ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                │arc    │ Elliptical arc                │
                                └───────┴───────────────────────────────┘

       The  uppercase version of the methods considers that all coordinates are absolute, whereas
       the lowercase considers that they are relative to the current  end  point  of  the  curve.
       Except  for  gdspy.Curve.I(),  gdspy.Curve.i() and gdspy.Curve.arc(), they accept variable
       numbers of arguments that are used as coordinates to construct the primitive.

          # Construct a curve made of a sequence of line segments
          c1 = gdspy.Curve(0, 0).L(1, 0, 2, 1, 2, 2, 0, 2)
          p1 = gdspy.Polygon(c1.get_points())

          # Construct another curve using relative coordinates
          c2 = gdspy.Curve(3, 1).l(1, 0, 2, 1, 2, 2, 0, 2)
          p2 = gdspy.Polygon(c2.get_points())

       [image]

       Coordinate pairs can be given as a complex number: real and imaginary parts are used as  x
       and y coordinates, respectively.  That is useful to define points in polar coordinates.

       Elliptical  arcs  have syntax similar to gdspy.Round, but they allow for an extra rotation
       of the major axis of the ellipse.

          # Use complex numbers to facilitate writing polar coordinates
          c3 = gdspy.Curve(0, 2).l(4 * numpy.exp(1j * numpy.pi / 6))
          # Elliptical arcs have syntax similar to gdspy.Round
          c3.arc((4, 2), 0.5 * numpy.pi, -0.5 * numpy.pi)
          p3 = gdspy.Polygon(c3.get_points())

       [image]

       Other curves can be constructed as cubic,  quadratic  and  general-degree  Bezier  curves.
       Additionally,   a   smooth   interpolating  curve  can  be  calculated  with  the  methods
       gdspy.Curve.I() and gdspy.Curve.i(), which have a number of arguments to control the shape
       of the curve.

          # Cubic Bezier curves can be easily created with C and c
          c4 = gdspy.Curve(0, 0).c(1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 1)
          # Smooth continuation with S or s
          c4.s(1, 1, 0, 1).S(numpy.exp(1j * numpy.pi / 6), 0, 0)
          p4 = gdspy.Polygon(c4.get_points())

          # Similarly for quadratic Bezier curves
          c5 = gdspy.Curve(5, 3).Q(3, 2, 3, 0, 5, 0, 4.5, 1).T(5, 3)
          p5 = gdspy.Polygon(c5.get_points())

          # Smooth interpolating curves can be built using I or i, including
          # closed shapes
          c6 = gdspy.Curve(0, 3).i([(1, 0), (2, 0), (1, -1)], cycle=True)
          p6 = gdspy.Polygon(c6.get_points())

       [image]

   Transformations
       All     polygons     can     be     transformed    trough    gdspy.PolygonSet.translate(),
       gdspy.PolygonSet.rotate(), gdspy.PolygonSet.scale(), and  gdspy.PolygonSet.mirror().   The
       transformations are applied in-place, i.e., no polygons are created.

          poly = gdspy.Rectangle((-2, -2), (2, 2))
          poly.rotate(numpy.pi / 4)
          poly.scale(1, 0.5)

       [image]

   Layer and Datatype
       All  shapes  in  the  GDSII  format  are  tagged with 2 properties: layer and datatype (or
       texttype in the case of gdspy.Label).  They are always  0  by  default,  but  can  be  any
       integer in the range from 0 to 255.

       These  properties have no predefined meaning.  It is up to the system using the GDSII file
       to chose with to do with those tags.  For example, in the CMOS fabrication  process,  each
       layer could represent a different lithography level.

       In  the  example below, a single file stores different fabrication masks in separate layer
       and datatype configurations.

          # Layer/datatype definitions for each step in the fabrication
          ld_fulletch = {"layer": 1, "datatype": 3}
          ld_partetch = {"layer": 2, "datatype": 3}
          ld_liftoff = {"layer": 0, "datatype": 7}

          p1 = gdspy.Rectangle((-3, -3), (3, 3), **ld_fulletch)
          p2 = gdspy.Rectangle((-5, -3), (-3, 3), **ld_partetch)
          p3 = gdspy.Rectangle((5, -3), (3, 3), **ld_partetch)
          p4 = gdspy.Round((0, 0), 2.5, number_of_points=6, **ld_liftoff)

       [image]

   References
       References give the GDSII format its hierarchical features.  They work by reusing  a  cell
       content  in  another  cell (without actually copying the whole geometry).  As a simplistic
       example, imagine the we are designing a simple electronic circuit that  uses  hundreds  of
       transistors,  but  they all have the same shape.  We can draw the transistor just once and
       reference it throughout the circuit, rotating or mirroring each instance as necessary.

       Besides creating single references with gdspy.CellReference, it is possible to create full
       2D arrays with a single entity using gdspy.CellArray.  Both are exemplified below.

          # Create a cell with a component that is used repeatedly
          contact = gdspy.Cell("CONTACT")
          contact.add([p1, p2, p3, p4])

          # Create a cell with the complete device
          device = gdspy.Cell("DEVICE")
          device.add(cutout)
          # Add 2 references to the component changing size and orientation
          ref1 = gdspy.CellReference(contact, (3.5, 1), magnification=0.25)
          ref2 = gdspy.CellReference(contact, (1, 3.5), magnification=0.25, rotation=90)
          device.add([ref1, ref2])

          # The final layout has several repetitions of the complete device
          main = gdspy.Cell("MAIN")
          main.add(gdspy.CellArray(device, 3, 2, (6, 7)))

       [image]

   Paths
       Besides  polygons,  the  GDSII  format  defines  paths,  witch  are  polygonal chains with
       associated width and end caps.  The width is a  single  number,  constant  throughout  the
       path, and the end caps can be flush, round, or extended by a custom distance.

       There  is  no  specification  for  the joins between adjacent segments, so it is up to the
       system using the GDSII file to specify those.  Usually the joins are  straight  extensions
       of  the path boundaries up to some beveling limit.  Gdspy also uses this specification for
       the joins.

       It is possible to circumvent all of the above limitations within gdspy by storing paths as
       polygons in the GDSII file.  The disadvantage of this solution is that other software will
       not be able to edit the geometry as paths, since that information is lost.

       The construction of paths (either GDSII paths or polygonal paths) in gdspy is quite  rich.
       There are 3 classes that can be used depending on the requirements of the desired path.

   Polygonal-Only Paths
       The  class  gdspy.Path  is  designed  to  allow  the  creation  of path-like polygons in a
       piece-wise manner.  It is the most  computationally  efficient  class  between  the  three
       because it does not calculate joins.  That means the user is responsible for designing the
       joins.  The paths can end up with discontinuities if care is not taken when creating them.

          # Start a path at (0, 0) with width 1
          path1 = gdspy.Path(1, (0, 0))

          # Add a segment to the path goin in the '+y' direction
          path1.segment(4, "+y")

          # Further segments or turns will folow the current path direction
          # to ensure continuity
          path1.turn(2, "r")
          path1.segment(1)
          path1.turn(3, "rr")

       [image]

       Just as with Circles, all curved geometry is approximated by line segments.  The number of
       segments  is  similarly  controlled by a tolerance or a number_of_points argument.  Curves
       also include fracturing to limit the number of points in each polygon.

       More  complex  paths  can   be   constructed   with   the   methods   gdspy.Path.bezier(),
       gdspy.Path.smooth(), and gdspy.Path.parametric().  The example below demonstrates a couple
       of possibilities.

          path2 = gdspy.Path(0.5, (0, 0))

          # Start the path with a smooth Bezier S-curve
          path2.bezier([(0, 5), (5, 5), (5, 10)])

          # We want to add a spiral curve to the path.  The spiral is defined
          # as a parametric curve.  We make sure spiral(0) = (0, 0) so that
          # the path is continuous.
          def spiral(u):
              r = 4 - 3 * u
              theta = 5 * u * numpy.pi
              x = r * numpy.cos(theta) - 4
              y = r * numpy.sin(theta)
              return (x, y)

          # It is recommended to also define the derivative of the parametric
          # curve, otherwise this derivative must be calculated nummerically.
          # The derivative is used to define the side boundaries of the path,
          # so, in this case, to ensure continuity with the existing S-curve,
          # we make sure the the direction at the start of the spiral is
          # pointing exactly upwards, as if is radius were constant.
          # Additionally, the exact magnitude of the derivative is not
          # important; gdspy only uses its direction.
          def dspiral_dt(u):
              theta = 5 * u * numpy.pi
              dx_dt = -numpy.sin(theta)
              dy_dt = numpy.cos(theta)
              return (dx_dt, dy_dt)

          # Add the parametric spiral to the path
          path2.parametric(spiral, dspiral_dt)

       [image]

       The width of the path does not have to be constant.   Each  path  component  can  linearly
       taper  the  width  of  the  path  by  using  the  final_width  argument.  In the case of a
       parametric curve, more complex width changes can be created by setting  final_width  to  a
       function.

       Finally,  parallel  paths  can  be  created  simultaneously  with  the  help  of arguments
       number_of_paths, distance, and final_distance.

          # Start 3 parallel paths with center-to-center distance of 1.5
          path3 = gdspy.Path(0.1, (-5.5, 3), number_of_paths=3, distance=1.5)

          # Add a segment tapering the widths up to 0.5
          path3.segment(2, "-y", final_width=0.5)

          # Add a bezier curve decreasing the distance between paths to 0.75
          path3.bezier([(0, -2), (1, -3), (3, -3)], final_distance=0.75)

          # Add a parametric section to modulate the width with a sinusoidal
          # shape.  Note that the algorithm that determines the number of
          # evaluations of the parametric curve does not take the width into
          # consideration, so we have to manually increase this parameter.
          path3.parametric(
              lambda u: (5 * u, 0),
              lambda u: (1, 0),
              final_width=lambda u: 0.4 + 0.1 * numpy.cos(10 * numpy.pi * u),
              number_of_evaluations=256,
          )

          # Add a circular turn and a final tapering segment.
          path3.turn(3, "l")
          path3.segment(2, final_width=1, final_distance=1.5)

       [image]

   Flexible Paths
       Although very efficient, gdspy.Path is limited in the type of path it  can  provide.   For
       example, if we simply want a path going through a sequence of points, we need a class that
       can correctly compute the joins between segments.  That's one of the advantages  of  class
       gdspy.FlexPath.  Other path construction methods are similar to those in gdspy.Path.

       A few features of gdspy.FlexPath are:

       • paths can be stored as proper GDSII paths;

       • end caps and joins can be specified by the user;

       • each parallel path can have a different width;

       • spacing  between parallel paths is arbitrary; the user specifies the offset of each path
         individually.

          # Path defined by a sequence of points and stored as a GDSII path
          sp1 = gdspy.FlexPath(
              [(0, 0), (3, 0), (3, 2), (5, 3), (3, 4), (0, 4)], 1, gdsii_path=True
          )

          # Other construction methods can still be used
          sp1.smooth([(0, 2), (2, 2), (4, 3), (5, 1)], relative=True)

          # Multiple parallel paths separated by 0.5 with different widths,
          # end caps, and joins.  Because of the join specification, they
          # cannot be stared as GDSII paths, only as polygons.
          sp2 = gdspy.FlexPath(
              [(12, 0), (8, 0), (8, 3), (10, 2)],
              [0.3, 0.2, 0.4],
              0.5,
              ends=["extended", "flush", "round"],
              corners=["bevel", "miter", "round"],
          )
          sp2.arc(2, -0.5 * numpy.pi, 0.5 * numpy.pi)
          sp2.arc(1, 0.5 * numpy.pi, 1.5 * numpy.pi)

       [image]

       The following example shows other features, such as width tapering, arbitrary offsets, and
       custom joins and end caps.

          # Path corners and end caps can be custom functions.
          # This corner function creates 'broken' joins.
          def broken(p0, v0, p1, v1, p2, w):
              # Calculate intersection point p between lines defined by
              # p0 + u0 * v0 (for all u0) and p1 + u1 * v1 (for all u1)
              den = v1[1] * v0[0] - v1[0] * v0[1]
              lim = 1e-12 * (v0[0] ** 2 + v0[1] ** 2) * (v1[0] ** 2 + v1[1] ** 2)
              if den ** 2 < lim:
                  # Lines are parallel: use mid-point
                  u0 = u1 = 0
                  p = 0.5 * (p0 + p1)
              else:
                  dx = p1[0] - p0[0]
                  dy = p1[1] - p0[1]
                  u0 = (v1[1] * dx - v1[0] * dy) / den
                  u1 = (v0[1] * dx - v0[0] * dy) / den
                  p = 0.5 * (p0 + v0 * u0 + p1 + v1 * u1)
              if u0 <= 0 and u1 >= 0:
                  # Inner corner
                  return [p]
              # Outer corner
              return [p0, p2, p1]

          # This end cap function creates pointy caps.
          def pointy(p0, v0, p1, v1):
              r = 0.5 * numpy.sqrt(numpy.sum((p0 - p1) ** 2))
              v0 /= numpy.sqrt(numpy.sum(v0 ** 2))
              v1 /= numpy.sqrt(numpy.sum(v1 ** 2))
              return [p0, 0.5 * (p0 + p1) + 0.5 * (v0 - v1) * r, p1]

          # Paths with arbitrary offsets from the center and multiple layers.
          sp3 = gdspy.FlexPath(
              [(0, 0), (0, 1)],
              [0.1, 0.3, 0.5],
              offset=[-0.2, 0, 0.4],
              layer=[0, 1, 2],
              corners=broken,
              ends=pointy,
          )
          sp3.segment((3, 3), offset=[-0.5, -0.1, 0.5])
          sp3.segment((4, 1), width=[0.2, 0.2, 0.2], offset=[-0.2, 0, 0.2])
          sp3.segment((0, -1), relative=True)

       [image]

       The  corner  type  'circular bend' (together with the bend_radius argument) can be used to
       automatically curve the path.  This feature is used in Example: Integrated Photonics.

          # Path created with automatic bends of radius 5
          points = [(0, 0), (0, 10), (20, 0), (18, 15), (8, 15)]
          sp4 = gdspy.FlexPath(
              points, 0.5, corners="circular bend", bend_radius=5, gdsii_path=True
          )

          # Same path, generated with natural corners, for comparison
          sp5 = gdspy.FlexPath(points, 0.5, layer=1, gdsii_path=True)

       [image]

   Robust Paths
       In some situations, gdspy.FlexPath is unable to properly calculate all  the  joins.   This
       often happens when the width or offset of the path is relatively large with respect to the
       length of the segments being joined.  Curves that join other curves or segments  at  sharp
       angles are an example of such situation.

       The  class  gdspy.RobustPath  can  be  used  in  such  scenarios  where robustness is more
       important than efficiency due to sharp  corners  or  large  offsets  in  the  paths.   The
       drawbacks  of  using  gdspy.RobustPath are the loss in computation efficiency (compared to
       the other 2 classes) and the impossibility of specifying corner  shapes.   The  advantages
       are, as mentioned earlier, more robustness when generating the final geometry, and freedom
       to use custom functions to parameterize  the  widths  or  offsets  of  the  paths  in  any
       construction method.

          # Create 4 parallel paths in different layers
          lp = gdspy.RobustPath(
              (50, 0),
              [2, 0.5, 1, 1],
              [0, 0, -1, 1],
              ends=["extended", "round", "flush", "flush"],
              layer=[0, 2, 1, 1],
          )
          lp.segment((45, 0))
          lp.segment(
              (5, 0),
              width=[lambda u: 2 + 16 * u * (1 - u), 0.5, 1, 1],
              offset=[
                  0,
                  lambda u: 8 * u * (1 - u) * numpy.cos(12 * numpy.pi * u),
                  lambda u: -1 - 8 * u * (1 - u),
                  lambda u: 1 + 8 * u * (1 - u),
              ],
          )
          lp.segment((0, 0))
          lp.smooth(
              [(5, 10)],
              angles=[0.5 * numpy.pi, 0],
              width=0.5,
              offset=[-0.25, 0.25, -0.75, 0.75],
          )
          lp.parametric(
              lambda u: numpy.array((45 * u, 4 * numpy.sin(6 * numpy.pi * u))),
              offset=[
                  lambda u: -0.25 * numpy.cos(24 * numpy.pi * u),
                  lambda u: 0.25 * numpy.cos(24 * numpy.pi * u),
                  -0.75,
                  0.75,
              ],
          )

       [image]

       Note  that,  analogously to gdspy.FlexPath, gdspy.RobustPath can be stored as a GDSII path
       as long as its width is kept constant.

   Text
       In the context of a GDSII file, text is supported in the form of labels, which  are  ASCII
       annotations placed somewhere in the geometry of a given cell.  Similar to polygons, labels
       are tagged with layer and texttype values (texttype is the label equivalent of the polygon
       datatype).  They are supported by the class gdspy.Label.

       Additionally,  gdspy  offers  the  possibility of creating text as polygons to be included
       with the geometry.  The class gdspy.Text creates polygonal text that can be  used  in  the
       same  way as any other polygons in gdspy.  The font used to render the characters contains
       only horizontal and vertical edges, which is important for some laser writing systems.

          # Label anchored at (1, 3) by its north-west corner
          label = gdspy.Label("Sample label", (1, 3), "nw")

          # Horizontal text with height 2.25
          htext = gdspy.Text("12345", 2.25, (0.25, 6))

          # Vertical text with height 1.5
          vtext = gdspy.Text("ABC", 1.5, (10.5, 4), horizontal=False)

          rect = gdspy.Rectangle((0, 0), (10, 6), layer=10)

       [image]

   Geometry Operations
       Gdspy offers a number of functions and methods to  modify  existing  geometry.   The  most
       useful    operations   include   gdspy.boolean(),   gdspy.slice(),   gdspy.offset(),   and
       gdspy.PolygonSet.fillet().

   Boolean Operations
       Boolean operations (gdspy.boolean()) can be performed on polygons, paths and whole  cells.
       Four  operations are defined: union ('or'), intersection ('and'), subtraction ('not'), and
       symmetric subtraction ('xor').

       They can be computationally expensive, so it is usually advisable to avoid  using  boolean
       operations  whenever  possible.   If they are necessary, keeping the number of vertices is
       all polygons as low as possible also helps.

          # Create some text
          text = gdspy.Text("GDSPY", 4, (0, 0))
          # Create a rectangle extending the text's bounding box by 1
          bb = numpy.array(text.get_bounding_box())
          rect = gdspy.Rectangle(bb[0] - 1, bb[1] + 1)

          # Subtract the text from the rectangle
          inv = gdspy.boolean(rect, text, "not")

       [image]

   Slice Operation
       As the name indicates, a slice operation subdivides a set of polygons along horizontal  or
       vertical cut lines.

       In  a  few  cases, a boolean operation can be substituted by one or more slice operations.
       Because gdspy.slice() is ususally much simpler than gdspy.boolean(), it is a good idea  to
       use the former if possible.

          ring1 = gdspy.Round((-6, 0), 6, inner_radius=4)
          ring2 = gdspy.Round((0, 0), 6, inner_radius=4)
          ring3 = gdspy.Round((6, 0), 6, inner_radius=4)

          # Slice the first ring across x=-3, the second ring across x=-3
          # and x=3, and the third ring across x=3
          slices1 = gdspy.slice(ring1, -3, axis=0)
          slices2 = gdspy.slice(ring2, [-3, 3], axis=0)
          slices3 = gdspy.slice(ring3, 3, axis=0)

          slices = gdspy.Cell("SLICES")

          # Keep only the left side of slices1, the center part of slices2
          # and the right side of slices3
          slices.add(slices1[0])
          slices.add(slices2[1])
          slices.add(slices3[1])

       [image]

   Offset Operation
       The  function  gdspy.offset()  expands  or  contracts  polygons by a fixed amount.  It can
       operate on individual polygons or sets of them, in which case it may make sense to use the
       argument  join_first  to  operate  on the whole geometry as if a boolean 'or' was executed
       beforehand.

          rect1 = gdspy.Rectangle((-4, -4), (1, 1))
          rect2 = gdspy.Rectangle((-1, -1), (4, 4))

          # Offset both polygons
          # Because we join them first, a single polygon is created.
          outer = gdspy.offset([rect1, rect2], 0.5, join_first=True, layer=1)

       [image]

   Fillet Operation
       The method gdspy.PolygonSet.fillet() can be used to round  polygon  corners.   It  doesn't
       have  a  join_first  argument  as gdspy.offset(), so if it will be used on a polygon, that
       polygon should probably not be fractured.

          multi_path = gdspy.Path(2, (-3, -2))
          multi_path.segment(4, "+x")
          multi_path.turn(2, "l").turn(2, "r")
          multi_path.segment(4)

          # Create a copy with joined polygons and no fracturing
          joined = gdspy.boolean(multi_path, None, "or", max_points=0)
          joined.translate(0, -5)

          # Fillet applied to each polygon in the path
          multi_path.fillet(0.5)

          # Fillet applied to the joined copy
          joined.fillet(0.5)

       [image]

   GDSII Library
       All the information used to create a GDSII file is kept within an instance of  GdsLibrary.
       Besides  all  the geometric and hierarchical information, this class also holds a name and
       the units for all entities.  The name can be any ASCII string.  It is simply stored in the
       GDSII  file  and  has no other purpose in gdspy.  The units require some attention because
       they can impact the resolution of the polygons in the library when written to a file.

   Units in GDSII
       Two values are defined: unit and precision.  The value of unit defines  the  unit  size—in
       meters—for  all entities in the library.  For example, if unit = 1e-6 (10⁻⁶ m, the default
       value), a vertex at (1, 2) should be interpreted as a vertex in real world position  (1  ×
       10⁻⁶ m, 2 × 10⁻⁶ m).  If unit changes to 0.001, then that same vertex would be located (in
       real world coordinates) at (0.001 m, 0.002 m), or (1 mm, 2 mm).

       The value of precision has to do with the type used to  store  coordinates  in  the  GDSII
       file:  signed  4-byte  integers.   Because of that, a finer coordinate grid than 1 unit is
       usually desired to define coordinates.  That grid is defined,  in  meters,  by  precision,
       which defaults to 1e-9 (10⁻⁹ m).  When the GDSII file is written, all vertices are snapped
       to the grid defined by precision.  For  example,  for  the  default  values  of  unit  and
       precision,  a  vertex at (1.0512, 0.0001) represents real world coordinates (1.0512 × 10⁻⁶
       m, 0.0001 × 10⁻⁶ m), or (1051.2 × 10⁻⁹ m,  0.1  ×  10⁻⁹  m),  which  will  be  rounded  to
       integers:  (1051  ×  10⁻⁹  m,  0  ×  10⁻⁹ m), or (1.051 × 10⁻⁶ m, 0 × 10⁻⁶ m).  The actual
       coordinate values written in the GDSII file will be the integers (1051, 0).   By  reducing
       the  value  of  precision from 10⁻⁹ m to 10⁻¹² m, for example, the coordinates will have 3
       additional decimal places of precision, so the stored values would be (1051200, 100).

       The downside of increasing the number of decimal places in the file is reducing the  range
       of  coordinates  that  can  be stored (in real world units).  That is because the range of
       coordinate values that can be written in the file are [-(2³²); 2³¹ - 1] = [-2,147,483,648;
       2,147,483,647].   For  the  default precsision, this range is [-2.147483648 m; 2.147483647
       m].  If precision  is  set  to  10⁻¹²  m,  the  same  range  is  reduced  by  1000  times:
       [-2.147483648 mm; 2.147483647 mm].

   Saving a GDSII File
       To  save a GDSII file, the easiest way is to use gdspy.write_gds(), as in the First GDSII.
       That function accepts arguments unit and  precision  to  change  the  default  values,  as
       explained in the section above.

       In   reality,   it   calls   the   gdspy.GdsLibrary.write_gds()   method   from  a  global
       gdspy.GdsLibrary instance: gdspy.current_library.  This instance automatically  holds  all
       cells   created   by   gdspy   unless   specifically   told   not  to  with  the  argument
       exclude_from_current set to True in gdspy.Cell.

       That means that after saving a file, if a new GDSII library is to be started from  scratch
       using the global instance, it is important to reinitialize it with:

          gdspy.current_library = gdspy.GdsLibrary()

   Loading a GDSII File
       To  load an existing GDSII file (or to work simultaneously with multiple libraries), a new
       instance of GdsLibrary can be created or an existing one can be used:

          # Load a GDSII file into a new library
          gdsii = gdspy.GdsLibrary(infile='filename.gds')

          # Use the current global library to load the file
          gdspy.current_library.read_gds('filename.gds')

       In either case, care must be taken to merge the units from the library and the file, which
       is  controlled  by  the argument units in gdspy.GdsLibrary.read_gds() (keyword argument in
       gdspy.GdsLibrary).

       Access  to  the  cells  in  the  loaded  library  is  provided  through   the   dictionary
       gdspy.GdsLibrary.cell_dict      (cells      indexed      by     name).      The     method
       gdspy.GdsLibrary.top_level() can be used to find the top-level cells in the library (cells
       on  the  top  of the hierarchy, i.e., cell that are not referenced by any other cells) and
       gdspy.GdsLibrary.extract() can be used to import a given cell and all of its  dependencies
       into gdspy.current_library.

   Examples
   Integrated Photonics
       This example demonstrates the use of gdspy primitives to create more complex structures.

       These structures are commonly used in the field of integrated photonics.

       photonics.py

       photonics.gds

          ######################################################################
          #                                                                    #
          #  Copyright 2009-2019 Lucas Heitzmann Gabrielli.                    #
          #  This file is part of gdspy, distributed under the terms of the    #
          #  Boost Software License - Version 1.0.  See the accompanying       #
          #  LICENSE file or <http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt>            #
          #                                                                    #
          ######################################################################

          import numpy
          import gdspy

          def grating(period, number_of_teeth, fill_frac, width, position, direction, lda=1, sin_theta=0,
                      focus_distance=-1, focus_width=-1, tolerance=0.001, layer=0, datatype=0):
              '''
              Straight or focusing grating.

              period          : grating period
              number_of_teeth : number of teeth in the grating
              fill_frac       : filling fraction of the teeth (w.r.t. the period)
              width           : width of the grating
              position        : grating position (feed point)
              direction       : one of {'+x', '-x', '+y', '-y'}
              lda             : free-space wavelength
              sin_theta       : sine of incidence angle
              focus_distance  : focus distance (negative for straight grating)
              focus_width     : if non-negative, the focusing area is included in
                                the result (usually for negative resists) and this
                                is the width of the waveguide connecting to the
                                grating
              tolerance       : same as in `path.parametric`
              layer           : GDSII layer number
              datatype        : GDSII datatype number

              Return `PolygonSet`
              '''
              if focus_distance < 0:
                  p = gdspy.L1Path((position[0] - 0.5 * width,
                                    position[1] + 0.5 * (number_of_teeth - 1 + fill_frac) * period),
                                   '+x', period * fill_frac, [width], [], number_of_teeth, period,
                                   layer=layer, datatype=datatype)
              else:
                  neff = lda / float(period) + sin_theta
                  qmin = int(focus_distance / float(period) + 0.5)
                  p = gdspy.Path(period * fill_frac, position)
                  c3 = neff**2 - sin_theta**2
                  w = 0.5 * width
                  for q in range(qmin, qmin + number_of_teeth):
                      c1 = q * lda * sin_theta
                      c2 = (q * lda)**2
                      p.parametric(lambda t: (width * t - w,
                                              (c1 + neff * numpy.sqrt(c2 - c3 * (width * t - w)**2)) / c3),
                                   tolerance=tolerance, max_points=0, layer=layer, datatype=datatype)
                      p.x = position[0]
                      p.y = position[1]
                  sz = p.polygons[0].shape[0] // 2
                  if focus_width == 0:
                      p.polygons[0] = numpy.vstack((p.polygons[0][:sz, :], [position]))
                  elif focus_width > 0:
                      p.polygons[0] = numpy.vstack((p.polygons[0][:sz, :],
                                                    [(position[0] + 0.5 * focus_width, position[1]),
                                                     (position[0] - 0.5 * focus_width, position[1])]))
                  p.fracture()
              if direction == '-x':
                  return p.rotate(0.5 * numpy.pi, position)
              elif direction == '+x':
                  return p.rotate(-0.5 * numpy.pi, position)
              elif direction == '-y':
                  return p.rotate(numpy.pi, position)
              else:
                  return p

          if __name__ == '__main__':
              # Examples

              # Negative resist example
              width = 0.45
              bend_radius = 50.0
              ring_radius = 20.0
              taper_len = 50.0
              input_gap = 150.0
              io_gap = 500.0
              wg_gap = 20.0
              ring_gaps = [0.06 + 0.02 * i for i in range(8)]

              ring = gdspy.Cell('NRing')
              ring.add(gdspy.Round((ring_radius, 0), ring_radius, ring_radius - width, tolerance=0.001))

              grat = gdspy.Cell('NGrat')
              grat.add(grating(0.626, 28, 0.5, 19, (0, 0), '+y', 1.55,
                               numpy.sin(numpy.pi * 8 / 180), 21.5, width,
                               tolerance=0.001))

              taper = gdspy.Cell('NTaper')
              taper.add(gdspy.Path(0.12, (0, 0)).segment(taper_len, '+y', final_width=width))

              c = gdspy.Cell('Negative')
              for i, gap in enumerate(ring_gaps):
                  path = gdspy.FlexPath([(input_gap * i, taper_len)], width=width,
                                        corners='circular bend', bend_radius=bend_radius,
                                        gdsii_path=True)
                  path.segment((0, 600 - wg_gap * i), relative=True)
                  path.segment((io_gap, 0), relative=True)
                  path.segment((0, 300 + wg_gap * i), relative=True)
                  c.add(path)
                  c.add(gdspy.CellReference(ring, (input_gap * i + width / 2 + gap, 300)))
              c.add(gdspy.CellArray(taper, len(ring_gaps), 1, (input_gap, 0), (0, 0)))
              c.add(gdspy.CellArray(grat, len(ring_gaps), 1, (input_gap, 0), (io_gap, 900 + taper_len)))

              # Positive resist example
              width = 0.45
              ring_radius = 20.0
              big_margin = 10.0
              small_margin = 5.0
              taper_len = 50.0
              bus_len = 400.0
              input_gap = 150.0
              io_gap = 500.0
              wg_gap = 20.0
              ring_gaps = [0.06 + 0.02 * i for i in range(8)]

              ring_margin = gdspy.Rectangle((0, -ring_radius - big_margin),
                                            (2 * ring_radius + big_margin, ring_radius + big_margin))
              ring_hole = gdspy.Round((ring_radius, 0), ring_radius, ring_radius - width, tolerance=0.001)
              ring_bus = gdspy.Path(small_margin, (0, taper_len), number_of_paths=2,
                                    distance=small_margin + width)
              ring_bus.segment(bus_len, '+y')

              p = gdspy.Path(small_margin, (0, 0), number_of_paths=2, distance=small_margin + width)
              p.segment(21.5, '+y', final_distance=small_margin + 19)
              grat = gdspy.Cell('PGrat').add(p)
              grat.add(grating(0.626, 28, 0.5, 19, (0, 0), '+y', 1.55,
                               numpy.sin(numpy.pi * 8 / 180), 21.5, tolerance=0.001))

              p = gdspy.Path(big_margin, (0, 0), number_of_paths=2, distance=big_margin + 0.12)
              p.segment(taper_len, '+y', final_width=small_margin, final_distance=small_margin + width)
              taper = gdspy.Cell('PTaper').add(p)

              c = gdspy.Cell('Positive')
              for i, gap in enumerate(ring_gaps):
                  path = gdspy.FlexPath([(input_gap * i, taper_len + bus_len)],
                                        width=[small_margin, small_margin],
                                        offset=small_margin + width, gdsii_path=True)
                  path.segment((0, 600 - bus_len - bend_radius - wg_gap * i), relative=True)
                  path.turn(bend_radius, 'r')
                  path.segment((io_gap - 2 * bend_radius, 0), relative=True)
                  path.turn(bend_radius, 'l')
                  path.segment((0, 300 - bend_radius + wg_gap * i), relative=True)
                  c.add(path)
                  dx = width / 2 + gap
                  c.add(gdspy.boolean(
                      gdspy.boolean(ring_bus, gdspy.copy(ring_margin, dx, 300), 'or', precision=1e-4),
                      gdspy.copy(ring_hole, dx, 300), 'not', precision=1e-4).translate(input_gap * i, 0))
              c.add(gdspy.CellArray(taper, len(ring_gaps), 1, (input_gap, 0), (0, 0)))
              c.add(gdspy.CellArray(grat, len(ring_gaps), 1, (input_gap, 0), (io_gap, 900 + taper_len)))

              # Save to a gds file and check out the output
              gdspy.write_gds('photonics.gds')
              gdspy.LayoutViewer()

   Using System Fonts
       This example uses matplotlib to render text using any typeface present in the system.  The
       glyph paths are  then  transformed  into  polygon  arrays  that  can  be  used  to  create
       gdspy.PolygonSet objects.

       fonts.py

       fonts.gds

          ######################################################################
          #                                                                    #
          #  Copyright 2009-2019 Lucas Heitzmann Gabrielli.                    #
          #  This file is part of gdspy, distributed under the terms of the    #
          #  Boost Software License - Version 1.0.  See the accompanying       #
          #  LICENSE file or <http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt>            #
          #                                                                    #
          ######################################################################

          from matplotlib.font_manager import FontProperties
          from matplotlib.textpath import TextPath
          import gdspy

          def render_text(text, size=None, position=(0, 0), font_prop=None, tolerance=0.1):
              path = TextPath(position, text, size=size, prop=font_prop)
              polys = []
              xmax = position[0]
              for points, code in path.iter_segments():
                  if code == path.MOVETO:
                      c = gdspy.Curve(*points, tolerance=tolerance)
                  elif code == path.LINETO:
                      c.L(*points)
                  elif code == path.CURVE3:
                      c.Q(*points)
                  elif code == path.CURVE4:
                      c.C(*points)
                  elif code == path.CLOSEPOLY:
                      poly = c.get_points()
                      if poly.size > 0:
                          if poly[:, 0].min() < xmax:
                              i = len(polys) - 1
                              while i >= 0:
                                  if gdspy.inside(poly[:1], [polys[i]], precision=0.1 * tolerance)[0]:
                                      p = polys.pop(i)
                                      poly = gdspy.boolean([p], [poly], 'xor', precision=0.1 * tolerance,
                                                           max_points=0).polygons[0]
                                      break
                                  elif gdspy.inside(polys[i][:1], [poly], precision=0.1 * tolerance)[0]:
                                      p = polys.pop(i)
                                      poly = gdspy.boolean([p], [poly], 'xor', precision=0.1 * tolerance,
                                                           max_points=0).polygons[0]
                                  i -= 1
                          xmax = max(xmax, poly[:, 0].max())
                          polys.append(poly)
              return polys

          if __name__ == "__main__":
              fp = FontProperties(family='serif', style='italic')
              text = gdspy.PolygonSet(render_text('Text rendering', 10, font_prop=fp), layer=1)
              gdspy.Cell('TXT').add(text)
              gdspy.write_gds('fonts.gds')
              gdspy.LayoutViewer()

API REFERENCE

   Geometry Construction
   PolygonSet
       class gdspy.PolygonSet(polygons, layer=0, datatype=0)
              Bases: object

              Set of polygonal objects.

              Parameterspolygons (iterable of array-like[N][2]) -- List containing the coordinates
                       of the vertices of each polygon.

                     • layer (integer) -- The GDSII layer number for this element.

                     • datatype (integer) -- The GDSII datatype for this element (between  0  and
                       255).

              Variablespolygons  (list  of  numpy  array[N][2]) -- Coordinates of the vertices of
                       each polygon.

                     • layers (list of integer) -- The GDSII layer number for each element.

                     • datatypes (list of  integer)  --  The  GDSII  datatype  for  each  element
                       (between 0 and 255).

                 Notes

                        The   last  point  should  not  be  equal  to  the  first  (polygons  are
                        automatically closed).

                        The original GDSII specification supports only a maximum of 199  vertices
                        per polygon.

              get_bounding_box()
                     Calculate the bounding box of the polygons.

                     Returns
                            out  --  Bounding  box  of  this polygon in the form [[x_min, y_min],
                            [x_max, y_max]], or None if the polygon is empty.

                     Return type
                            Numpy array[2, 2] or None

              rotate(angle, center=(0, 0))
                     Rotate this object.

                     Parametersangle (number) -- The angle of rotation (in radians).

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the rotation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              scale(scalex, scaley=None, center=(0, 0))
                     Scale this object.

                     Parametersscalex (number) -- Scaling factor along the first axis.

                            • scaley (number or None) -- Scaling factor along  the  second  axis.
                              If None, same as scalex.

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the scaling operation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              to_gds(multiplier)
                     Convert this object to a series of GDSII elements.

                     Parameters
                            multiplier  (number)  --  A  number  that  multiplies  all dimensions
                            written in the GDSII elements.

                     Returns
                            out -- The GDSII binary string that represents this object.

                     Return type
                            string

              area(by_spec=False)
                     Calculate the total area of this polygon set.

                     Parameters
                            by_spec (bool) -- If True, the return  value  is  a  dictionary  with
                            {(layer, datatype): area}.

                     Returns
                            out -- Area of this object.

                     Return type
                            number, dictionary

              fracture(max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Slice  these polygons in the horizontal and vertical directions so that each
                     resulting piece has at most max_points.  This operation occurs in place.

                     Parametersmax_points (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each  resulting
                              polygon (at least 5 for the fracture to occur).

                            • precision   (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding  vertice
                              coordinates.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              fillet(radius, points_per_2pi=128, max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Round the corners of these polygons and fractures them  into  polygons  with
                     less vertices if necessary.

                     Parametersradius  (number,  array-like) -- Radius of the corners.  If number:
                              all corners filleted by that  amount.   If  array:  specify  fillet
                              radii on a per-polygon basis (length must be equal to the number of
                              polygons in this PolygonSet).  Each element in the array can  be  a
                              number  (all  corners filleted by the same amount) or another array
                              of numbers, one per polygon vertex.  Alternatively, the  array  can
                              be flattened to have one radius per PolygonSet vertex.

                            • points_per_2pi  (integer) -- Number of vertices used to approximate
                              a full circle.  The number  of  vertices  in  each  corner  of  the
                              polygon  will  be  the fraction of this number corresponding to the
                              angle encompassed by that corner with respect to 2 pi.

                            • max_points (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each  resulting
                              polygon  (at  least  5,  otherwise  the  resulting  polygon  is not
                              fractured).

                            • precision  (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding   vertice
                              coordinates in case of fracturing.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              translate(dx, dy)
                     Translate this polygon.

                     Parametersdx (number) -- Distance to move in the x-direction.

                            • dy (number) -- Distance to move in the y-direction.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              mirror(p1, p2=(0, 0))
                     Mirror the polygons over a line through points 1 and 2

                     Parametersp1 (array-like[2]) -- first point defining the reflection line

                            • p2 (array-like[2]) -- second point defining the reflection line

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

   Polygon
       class gdspy.Polygon(points, layer=0, datatype=0)
              Bases: PolygonSet

              Polygonal geometric object.

              Parameterspoints (array-like[N][2]) -- Coordinates of the vertices of the polygon.

                     • layer (integer) -- The GDSII layer number for this element.

                     • datatype  (integer)  -- The GDSII datatype for this element (between 0 and
                       255).

                 Notes

                        The  last  point  should  not  be  equal  to  the  first  (polygons   are
                        automatically closed).

                        The  original GDSII specification supports only a maximum of 199 vertices
                        per polygon.

              Examples

              >>> triangle_pts = [(0, 40), (15, 40), (10, 50)]
              >>> triangle = gdspy.Polygon(triangle_pts)
              >>> myCell.add(triangle)

              area(by_spec=False)
                     Calculate the total area of this polygon set.

                     Parameters
                            by_spec (bool) -- If True, the return  value  is  a  dictionary  with
                            {(layer, datatype): area}.

                     Returns
                            out -- Area of this object.

                     Return type
                            number, dictionary

              fillet(radius, points_per_2pi=128, max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Round  the  corners  of these polygons and fractures them into polygons with
                     less vertices if necessary.

                     Parametersradius (number, array-like) -- Radius of the corners.   If  number:
                              all  corners  filleted  by  that  amount.  If array: specify fillet
                              radii on a per-polygon basis (length must be equal to the number of
                              polygons  in  this PolygonSet).  Each element in the array can be a
                              number (all corners filleted by the same amount) or  another  array
                              of  numbers,  one per polygon vertex.  Alternatively, the array can
                              be flattened to have one radius per PolygonSet vertex.

                            • points_per_2pi (integer) -- Number of vertices used to  approximate
                              a  full  circle.   The  number  of  vertices  in each corner of the
                              polygon will be the fraction of this number  corresponding  to  the
                              angle encompassed by that corner with respect to 2 pi.

                            • max_points  (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each resulting
                              polygon (at  least  5,  otherwise  the  resulting  polygon  is  not
                              fractured).

                            • precision   (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding  vertice
                              coordinates in case of fracturing.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              fracture(max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Slice these polygons in the horizontal and vertical directions so that  each
                     resulting piece has at most max_points.  This operation occurs in place.

                     Parametersmax_points  (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each resulting
                              polygon (at least 5 for the fracture to occur).

                            • precision  (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding   vertice
                              coordinates.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              get_bounding_box()
                     Calculate the bounding box of the polygons.

                     Returns
                            out  --  Bounding  box  of  this polygon in the form [[x_min, y_min],
                            [x_max, y_max]], or None if the polygon is empty.

                     Return type
                            Numpy array[2, 2] or None

              mirror(p1, p2=(0, 0))
                     Mirror the polygons over a line through points 1 and 2

                     Parametersp1 (array-like[2]) -- first point defining the reflection line

                            • p2 (array-like[2]) -- second point defining the reflection line

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              rotate(angle, center=(0, 0))
                     Rotate this object.

                     Parametersangle (number) -- The angle of rotation (in radians).

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the rotation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              scale(scalex, scaley=None, center=(0, 0))
                     Scale this object.

                     Parametersscalex (number) -- Scaling factor along the first axis.

                            • scaley (number or None) -- Scaling factor along  the  second  axis.
                              If None, same as scalex.

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the scaling operation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              to_gds(multiplier)
                     Convert this object to a series of GDSII elements.

                     Parameters
                            multiplier  (number)  --  A  number  that  multiplies  all dimensions
                            written in the GDSII elements.

                     Returns
                            out -- The GDSII binary string that represents this object.

                     Return type
                            string

              translate(dx, dy)
                     Translate this polygon.

                     Parametersdx (number) -- Distance to move in the x-direction.

                            • dy (number) -- Distance to move in the y-direction.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

   Rectangle
       class gdspy.Rectangle(point1, point2, layer=0, datatype=0)
              Bases: PolygonSet

              Rectangular geometric object.

              Parameterspoint1 (array-like[2]) -- Coordinates of a corner of the rectangle.

                     • point2 (array-like[2]) -- Coordinates  of  the  corner  of  the  rectangle
                       opposite to point1.

                     • layer (integer) -- The GDSII layer number for this element.

                     • datatype  (integer)  -- The GDSII datatype for this element (between 0 and
                       255).

              Examples

              >>> rectangle = gdspy.Rectangle((0, 0), (10, 20))
              >>> myCell.add(rectangle)

              area(by_spec=False)
                     Calculate the total area of this polygon set.

                     Parameters
                            by_spec (bool) -- If True, the return  value  is  a  dictionary  with
                            {(layer, datatype): area}.

                     Returns
                            out -- Area of this object.

                     Return type
                            number, dictionary

              fillet(radius, points_per_2pi=128, max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Round  the  corners  of these polygons and fractures them into polygons with
                     less vertices if necessary.

                     Parametersradius (number, array-like) -- Radius of the corners.   If  number:
                              all  corners  filleted  by  that  amount.  If array: specify fillet
                              radii on a per-polygon basis (length must be equal to the number of
                              polygons  in  this PolygonSet).  Each element in the array can be a
                              number (all corners filleted by the same amount) or  another  array
                              of  numbers,  one per polygon vertex.  Alternatively, the array can
                              be flattened to have one radius per PolygonSet vertex.

                            • points_per_2pi (integer) -- Number of vertices used to  approximate
                              a  full  circle.   The  number  of  vertices  in each corner of the
                              polygon will be the fraction of this number  corresponding  to  the
                              angle encompassed by that corner with respect to 2 pi.

                            • max_points  (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each resulting
                              polygon (at  least  5,  otherwise  the  resulting  polygon  is  not
                              fractured).

                            • precision   (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding  vertice
                              coordinates in case of fracturing.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              fracture(max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Slice these polygons in the horizontal and vertical directions so that  each
                     resulting piece has at most max_points.  This operation occurs in place.

                     Parametersmax_points  (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each resulting
                              polygon (at least 5 for the fracture to occur).

                            • precision  (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding   vertice
                              coordinates.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              get_bounding_box()
                     Calculate the bounding box of the polygons.

                     Returns
                            out  --  Bounding  box  of  this polygon in the form [[x_min, y_min],
                            [x_max, y_max]], or None if the polygon is empty.

                     Return type
                            Numpy array[2, 2] or None

              mirror(p1, p2=(0, 0))
                     Mirror the polygons over a line through points 1 and 2

                     Parametersp1 (array-like[2]) -- first point defining the reflection line

                            • p2 (array-like[2]) -- second point defining the reflection line

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              rotate(angle, center=(0, 0))
                     Rotate this object.

                     Parametersangle (number) -- The angle of rotation (in radians).

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the rotation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              scale(scalex, scaley=None, center=(0, 0))
                     Scale this object.

                     Parametersscalex (number) -- Scaling factor along the first axis.

                            • scaley (number or None) -- Scaling factor along  the  second  axis.
                              If None, same as scalex.

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the scaling operation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              to_gds(multiplier)
                     Convert this object to a series of GDSII elements.

                     Parameters
                            multiplier  (number)  --  A  number  that  multiplies  all dimensions
                            written in the GDSII elements.

                     Returns
                            out -- The GDSII binary string that represents this object.

                     Return type
                            string

              translate(dx, dy)
                     Translate this polygon.

                     Parametersdx (number) -- Distance to move in the x-direction.

                            • dy (number) -- Distance to move in the y-direction.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

   Round
       class  gdspy.Round(center,   radius,   inner_radius=0,   initial_angle=0,   final_angle=0,
       tolerance=0.01, number_of_points=None, max_points=199, layer=0, datatype=0)
              Bases: PolygonSet

              Circular geometric object.

              Represent a circle, ellipse, ring or their sections.

              Parameterscenter (array-like[2]) -- Coordinates of the center of the circle/ring.

                     • radius (number, array-like[2]) -- Radius of the circle/outer radius of the
                       ring.  To build an ellipse an array of 2 numbers can be used, representing
                       the radii in the horizontal and vertical directions.

                     • inner_radius (number, array-like[2]) -- Inner radius of the ring. To build
                       an elliptical hole, an array of 2 numbers can be  used,  representing  the
                       radii in the horizontal and vertical directions.

                     • initial_angle  (number)  -- Initial angle of the circular/ring section (in
                       radians).

                     • final_angle (number) -- Final  angle  of  the  circular/ring  section  (in
                       radians).

                     • tolerance  (float)  --  Approximate  curvature  resolution.  The number of
                       points is automatically calculated.

                     • number_of_points (integer or  None)  --  Manually  define  the  number  of
                       vertices  that  form  the  object  (polygonal  approximation).   Overrides
                       tolerance.

                     • max_points (integer) -- If the number of points in the element is  greater
                       than  max_points,  it  will  be fractured in smaller polygons with at most
                       max_points each.  If max_points is zero no fracture will occur.

                     • layer (integer) -- The GDSII layer number for this element.

                     • datatype (integer) -- The GDSII datatype for this element (between  0  and
                       255).

                 Notes

                        The  original GDSII specification supports only a maximum of 199 vertices
                        per polygon.

              Examples

              >>> circle = gdspy.Round((30, 5), 8)
              >>> ell_ring = gdspy.Round((50, 5), (8, 7), inner_radius=(5, 4))
              >>> pie_slice = gdspy.Round((30, 25), 8, initial_angle=0,
              ...                             final_angle=-5.0*numpy.pi/6.0)
              >>> arc = gdspy.Round((50, 25), 8, inner_radius=5,
              ...                       initial_angle=-5.0*numpy.pi/6.0,
              ...                       final_angle=0)

              area(by_spec=False)
                     Calculate the total area of this polygon set.

                     Parameters
                            by_spec (bool) -- If True, the return  value  is  a  dictionary  with
                            {(layer, datatype): area}.

                     Returns
                            out -- Area of this object.

                     Return type
                            number, dictionary

              fillet(radius, points_per_2pi=128, max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Round  the  corners  of these polygons and fractures them into polygons with
                     less vertices if necessary.

                     Parametersradius (number, array-like) -- Radius of the corners.   If  number:
                              all  corners  filleted  by  that  amount.  If array: specify fillet
                              radii on a per-polygon basis (length must be equal to the number of
                              polygons  in  this PolygonSet).  Each element in the array can be a
                              number (all corners filleted by the same amount) or  another  array
                              of  numbers,  one per polygon vertex.  Alternatively, the array can
                              be flattened to have one radius per PolygonSet vertex.

                            • points_per_2pi (integer) -- Number of vertices used to  approximate
                              a  full  circle.   The  number  of  vertices  in each corner of the
                              polygon will be the fraction of this number  corresponding  to  the
                              angle encompassed by that corner with respect to 2 pi.

                            • max_points  (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each resulting
                              polygon (at  least  5,  otherwise  the  resulting  polygon  is  not
                              fractured).

                            • precision   (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding  vertice
                              coordinates in case of fracturing.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              fracture(max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Slice these polygons in the horizontal and vertical directions so that  each
                     resulting piece has at most max_points.  This operation occurs in place.

                     Parametersmax_points  (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each resulting
                              polygon (at least 5 for the fracture to occur).

                            • precision  (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding   vertice
                              coordinates.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              get_bounding_box()
                     Calculate the bounding box of the polygons.

                     Returns
                            out  --  Bounding  box  of  this polygon in the form [[x_min, y_min],
                            [x_max, y_max]], or None if the polygon is empty.

                     Return type
                            Numpy array[2, 2] or None

              mirror(p1, p2=(0, 0))
                     Mirror the polygons over a line through points 1 and 2

                     Parametersp1 (array-like[2]) -- first point defining the reflection line

                            • p2 (array-like[2]) -- second point defining the reflection line

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              rotate(angle, center=(0, 0))
                     Rotate this object.

                     Parametersangle (number) -- The angle of rotation (in radians).

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the rotation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              scale(scalex, scaley=None, center=(0, 0))
                     Scale this object.

                     Parametersscalex (number) -- Scaling factor along the first axis.

                            • scaley (number or None) -- Scaling factor along  the  second  axis.
                              If None, same as scalex.

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the scaling operation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              to_gds(multiplier)
                     Convert this object to a series of GDSII elements.

                     Parameters
                            multiplier  (number)  --  A  number  that  multiplies  all dimensions
                            written in the GDSII elements.

                     Returns
                            out -- The GDSII binary string that represents this object.

                     Return type
                            string

              translate(dx, dy)
                     Translate this polygon.

                     Parametersdx (number) -- Distance to move in the x-direction.

                            • dy (number) -- Distance to move in the y-direction.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

   Text
       class  gdspy.Text(text,  size,  position=(0,  0),   horizontal=True,   angle=0,   layer=0,
       datatype=0)
              Bases: PolygonSet

              Polygonal text object.

              Each letter is formed by a series of polygons.

              Parameterstext (string) -- The text to be converted in geometric objects.

                     • size  (number)  --  Height of the character.  The width of a character and
                       the distance between characters are this value multiplied by 5 / 9 and 8 /
                       9, respectively.  For vertical text, the distance is multiplied by 11 / 9.

                     • position (array-like[2]) -- Text position (lower left corner).

                     • horizontal  (bool)  -- If True, the text is written from left to right; if
                       False, from top to bottom.

                     • angle (number) -- The angle of rotation of the text.

                     • layer (integer) -- The GDSII layer number for these elements.

                     • datatype (integer) -- The GDSII datatype for this element (between  0  and
                       255).

              Examples

              >>> text = gdspy.Text('Sample text', 20, (-10, -100))
              >>> myCell.add(text)

              area(by_spec=False)
                     Calculate the total area of this polygon set.

                     Parameters
                            by_spec  (bool)  --  If  True,  the return value is a dictionary with
                            {(layer, datatype): area}.

                     Returns
                            out -- Area of this object.

                     Return type
                            number, dictionary

              fillet(radius, points_per_2pi=128, max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Round the corners of these polygons and fractures them  into  polygons  with
                     less vertices if necessary.

                     Parametersradius  (number,  array-like) -- Radius of the corners.  If number:
                              all corners filleted by that  amount.   If  array:  specify  fillet
                              radii on a per-polygon basis (length must be equal to the number of
                              polygons in this PolygonSet).  Each element in the array can  be  a
                              number  (all  corners filleted by the same amount) or another array
                              of numbers, one per polygon vertex.  Alternatively, the  array  can
                              be flattened to have one radius per PolygonSet vertex.

                            • points_per_2pi  (integer) -- Number of vertices used to approximate
                              a full circle.  The number  of  vertices  in  each  corner  of  the
                              polygon  will  be  the fraction of this number corresponding to the
                              angle encompassed by that corner with respect to 2 pi.

                            • max_points (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each  resulting
                              polygon  (at  least  5,  otherwise  the  resulting  polygon  is not
                              fractured).

                            • precision  (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding   vertice
                              coordinates in case of fracturing.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              fracture(max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Slice  these polygons in the horizontal and vertical directions so that each
                     resulting piece has at most max_points.  This operation occurs in place.

                     Parametersmax_points (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each  resulting
                              polygon (at least 5 for the fracture to occur).

                            • precision   (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding  vertice
                              coordinates.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              get_bounding_box()
                     Calculate the bounding box of the polygons.

                     Returns
                            out -- Bounding box of this polygon  in  the  form  [[x_min,  y_min],
                            [x_max, y_max]], or None if the polygon is empty.

                     Return type
                            Numpy array[2, 2] or None

              mirror(p1, p2=(0, 0))
                     Mirror the polygons over a line through points 1 and 2

                     Parametersp1 (array-like[2]) -- first point defining the reflection line

                            • p2 (array-like[2]) -- second point defining the reflection line

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              rotate(angle, center=(0, 0))
                     Rotate this object.

                     Parametersangle (number) -- The angle of rotation (in radians).

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the rotation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              scale(scalex, scaley=None, center=(0, 0))
                     Scale this object.

                     Parametersscalex (number) -- Scaling factor along the first axis.

                            • scaley  (number  or  None) -- Scaling factor along the second axis.
                              If None, same as scalex.

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the scaling operation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              to_gds(multiplier)
                     Convert this object to a series of GDSII elements.

                     Parameters
                            multiplier (number)  --  A  number  that  multiplies  all  dimensions
                            written in the GDSII elements.

                     Returns
                            out -- The GDSII binary string that represents this object.

                     Return type
                            string

              translate(dx, dy)
                     Translate this polygon.

                     Parametersdx (number) -- Distance to move in the x-direction.

                            • dy (number) -- Distance to move in the y-direction.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

   Path
       class gdspy.Path(width, initial_point=(0, 0), number_of_paths=1, distance=0)
              Bases: PolygonSet

              Series of geometric objects that form a path or a collection of parallel paths.

              Parameterswidth (number) -- The width of each path.

                     • initial_point (array-like[2]) -- Starting position of the path.

                     • number_of_paths  (positive  integer) -- Number of parallel paths to create
                       simultaneously.

                     • distance (number) -- Distance between the centers of adjacent paths.

              Variablesx (number) -- Current position of the path in the x direction.

                     • y (number) -- Current position of the path in the y direction.

                     • w (number) -- Half-width of each path.

                     • n (integer) -- Number of parallel paths.

                     • direction ('+x', '-x', '+y', '-y' or number) --  Direction  or  angle  (in
                       radians) the path points to.

                     • distance (number) -- Distance between the centers of adjacent paths.

                     • length  (number)  -- Length of the central path axis.  If only one path is
                       created, this is the real length of the path.

              translate(dx, dy)
                     Translate this object.

                     Parametersdx (number) -- Distance to move in the x-direction.

                            • dy (number) -- Distance to move in the y-direction.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            Path

              rotate(angle, center=(0, 0))
                     Rotate this object.

                     Parametersangle (number) -- The angle of rotation (in radians).

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the rotation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            Path

              scale(scalex, scaley=None, center=(0, 0))
                     Scale this object.

                     Parametersscalex (number) -- Scaling factor along the first axis.

                            • scaley (number or None) -- Scaling factor along  the  second  axis.
                              If None, same as scalex.

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the scaling operation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            Path

                        Notes

                               The  direction  of the path is not modified by this method and its
                               width is scaled only by scalex.

              mirror(p1, p2=(0, 0))
                     Mirror the polygons over a line through points 1 and 2

                     Parametersp1 (array-like[2]) -- first point defining the reflection line

                            • p2 (array-like[2]) -- second point defining the reflection line

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            Path

              segment(length,     direction=None,     final_width=None,      final_distance=None,
              axis_offset=0, layer=0, datatype=0)
                     Add a straight section to the path.

                     Parameterslength (number) -- Length of the section to add.

                            • direction  ('+x', '-x', '+y', '-y' or number) -- Direction or angle
                              (in radians) of rotation of the segment.

                            • final_width (number) -- If set, the paths of this segment will have
                              their widths linearly changed from their current value to this one.

                            • final_distance  (number)  --  If set, the distance between paths is
                              linearly change from its current  value  to  this  one  along  this
                              segment.

                            • axis_offset (number) -- If set, the paths will be offset from their
                              direction by this amount.

                            • layer (integer, list) -- The GDSII layer numbers for  the  elements
                              of each path.  If the number of layers in the list is less than the
                              number of paths, the list is repeated.

                            • datatype (integer, list) -- The GDSII datatype for the elements  of
                              each  path  (between 0 and 255).  If the number of datatypes in the
                              list is less than the number of paths, the list is repeated.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            Path

              arc(radius,  initial_angle,  final_angle,  tolerance=0.01,   number_of_points=None,
              max_points=199, final_width=None, final_distance=None, layer=0, datatype=0)
                     Add a curved section to the path.

                     Parametersradius (number) -- Central radius of the section.

                            • initial_angle (number) -- Initial angle of the curve (in radians).

                            • final_angle (number) -- Final angle of the curve (in radians).

                            • tolerance  (float) -- Approximate curvature resolution.  The number
                              of points is automatically calculated.

                            • number_of_points (integer or None) -- Manually define the number of
                              vertices that form the object (polygonal approximation).  Overrides
                              tolerance.

                            • max_points (integer) -- If the number of points in the  element  is
                              greater  than  max_points, it will be fractured in smaller polygons
                              with at most max_points each.  If max_points is  zero  no  fracture
                              will occur.

                            • final_width (number) -- If set, the paths of this segment will have
                              their widths linearly changed from their current value to this one.

                            • final_distance (number) -- If set, the distance  between  paths  is
                              linearly  change  from  its  current  value  to this one along this
                              segment.

                            • layer (integer, list) -- The GDSII layer numbers for  the  elements
                              of each path.  If the number of layers in the list is less than the
                              number of paths, the list is repeated.

                            • datatype (integer, list) -- The GDSII datatype for the elements  of
                              each  path  (between 0 and 255).  If the number of datatypes in the
                              list is less than the number of paths, the list is repeated.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            Path

                        Notes

                               The original GDSII specification supports only a  maximum  of  199
                               vertices per polygon.

              turn(radius,    angle,   tolerance=0.01,   number_of_points=None,   max_points=199,
              final_width=None, final_distance=None, layer=0, datatype=0)
                     Add a curved section to the path.

                     Parametersradius (number) -- Central radius of the section.

                            • angle ('r', 'l', 'rr', 'll' or number) --  Angle  (in  radians)  of
                              rotation  of  the path.  The values 'r' and 'l' represent 90-degree
                              turns cw and ccw, respectively; the values 'rr' and 'll'  represent
                              analogous 180-degree turns.

                            • tolerance  (float) -- Approximate curvature resolution.  The number
                              of points is automatically calculated.

                            • number_of_points (integer or None) -- Manually define the number of
                              vertices that form the object (polygonal approximation).  Overrides
                              tolerance.

                            • max_points (integer) -- If the number of points in the  element  is
                              greater  than  max_points, it will be fractured in smaller polygons
                              with at most max_points each.  If max_points is  zero  no  fracture
                              will occur.

                            • final_width (number) -- If set, the paths of this segment will have
                              their widths linearly changed from their current value to this one.

                            • final_distance (number) -- If set, the distance  between  paths  is
                              linearly  change  from  its  current  value  to this one along this
                              segment.

                            • layer (integer, list) -- The GDSII layer numbers for  the  elements
                              of each path.  If the number of layers in the list is less than the
                              number of paths, the list is repeated.

                            • datatype (integer, list) -- The GDSII datatype for the elements  of
                              each  path  (between 0 and 255).  If the number of datatypes in the
                              list is less than the number of paths, the list is repeated.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            Path

                        Notes

                               The original GDSII specification supports only a  maximum  of  199
                               vertices per polygon.

              parametric(curve_function,          curve_derivative=None,          tolerance=0.01,
              number_of_evaluations=5,  max_points=199,  final_width=None,   final_distance=None,
              relative=True, layer=0, datatype=0)
                     Add a parametric curve to the path.

                     curve_function  will  be evaluated uniformly in the interval [0, 1] at least
                     number_of_points times.  More points will be  added  to  the  curve  at  the
                     midpoint  between  evaluations  if  that  points  presents error larger than
                     tolerance.

                     Parameterscurve_function (callable) -- Function that defines the curve.  Must
                              be  a  function  of  one  argument  (that  varies from 0 to 1) that
                              returns a 2-element array with the coordinates of the curve.

                            • curve_derivative (callable) -- If set, it should be the  derivative
                              of  the  curve  function.  Must be a function of one argument (that
                              varies from 0 to 1) that returns a 2-element array.  If  None,  the
                              derivative will be calculated numerically.

                            • tolerance (number) -- Acceptable tolerance for the approximation of
                              the curve function by a finite number of evaluations.

                            • number_of_evaluations (integer) -- Initial number of  points  where
                              the curve function will be evaluated.  According to tolerance, more
                              evaluations will be performed.

                            • max_points (integer) --  Elements  will  be  fractured  until  each
                              polygon  has  at most max_points.  If max_points is less than 4, no
                              fracture will occur.

                            • final_width (number or function) -- If set to a number,  the  paths
                              of  this segment will have their widths linearly changed from their
                              current value to this one.  If set to a  function,  it  must  be  a
                              function  of one argument (that varies from 0 to 1) and returns the
                              width of the path.

                            • final_distance (number or function) -- If  set  to  a  number,  the
                              distance between paths is linearly change from its current value to
                              this one.  If set to a function, it  must  be  a  function  of  one
                              argument  (that  varies  from  0 to 1) and returns the width of the
                              path.

                            • relative (bool) -- If True, the return values of curve_function are
                              used  as  offsets from the current path position, i.e., to ensure a
                              continuous path, curve_function(0) must be (0, 0).  Otherwise, they
                              are used as absolute coordinates.

                            • layer  (integer,  list) -- The GDSII layer numbers for the elements
                              of each path.  If the number of layers in the list is less than the
                              number of paths, the list is repeated.

                            • datatype  (integer, list) -- The GDSII datatype for the elements of
                              each path (between 0 and 255).  If the number of datatypes  in  the
                              list is less than the number of paths, the list is repeated.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            Path

                        Notes

                               The  norm  of  the  vector  returned  by  curve_derivative  is not
                               important.  Only the direction is used.

                               The original GDSII specification supports only a  maximum  of  199
                               vertices per polygon.

                     Examples

                     >>> def my_parametric_curve(t):
                     ...         return (2**t, t**2)
                     >>> def my_parametric_curve_derivative(t):
                     ...         return (0.69315 * 2**t, 2 * t)
                     >>> my_path.parametric(my_parametric_curve,
                     ...                    my_parametric_curve_derivative)

              bezier(points,     tolerance=0.01,     number_of_evaluations=5,     max_points=199,
              final_width=None, final_distance=None, relative=True, layer=0, datatype=0)
                     Add a Bezier curve to the path.

                     A Bezier curve is added to the path starting from its current  position  and
                     finishing at the last point in the points array.

                     Parameterspoints  (array-like[N][2])  --  Control  points defining the Bezier
                              curve.

                            • tolerance (number) -- Acceptable tolerance for the approximation of
                              the curve function by a finite number of evaluations.

                            • number_of_evaluations  (integer)  -- Initial number of points where
                              the curve function will be evaluated.  According to tolerance, more
                              evaluations will be performed.

                            • max_points  (integer)  --  Elements  will  be  fractured until each
                              polygon has at most max_points.  If max_points is zero no  fracture
                              will occur.

                            • final_width  (number  or function) -- If set to a number, the paths
                              of this segment will have their widths linearly changed from  their
                              current  value  to  this  one.   If set to a function, it must be a
                              function of one argument (that varies from 0 to 1) and returns  the
                              width of the path.

                            • final_distance  (number  or  function)  --  If set to a number, the
                              distance between paths is linearly change from its current value to
                              this  one.   If  set  to  a  function, it must be a function of one
                              argument (that varies from 0 to 1) and returns  the  width  of  the
                              path.

                            • relative (bool) -- If True, all coordinates in the points array are
                              used as offsets from the current path position, i.e., if  the  path
                              is  at  (1,  -2)  and  the last point in the array is (10, 25), the
                              constructed Bezier will end at (1 +  10,  -2  +  25)  =  (11,  23).
                              Otherwise, the points are used as absolute coordinates.

                            • layer  (integer,  list) -- The GDSII layer numbers for the elements
                              of each path.  If the number of layers in the list is less than the
                              number of paths, the list is repeated.

                            • datatype  (integer, list) -- The GDSII datatype for the elements of
                              each path (between 0 and 255).  If the number of datatypes  in  the
                              list is less than the number of paths, the list is repeated.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            Path

                        Notes

                               The  original  GDSII  specification supports only a maximum of 199
                               vertices per polygon.

              smooth(points, angles=None, curl_start=1, curl_end=1, t_in=1, t_out=1, cycle=False,
              tolerance=0.01,    number_of_evaluations=5,    max_points=199,   final_widths=None,
              final_distances=None, relative=True, layer=0, datatype=0)
                     Add a smooth interpolating curve through the given points.

                     Uses the Hobby algorithm
                     [1]_
                      to calculate a smooth interpolating curve made  of  cubic  Bezier  segments
                     between each pair of points.

                     Parameterspoints (array-like[N][2]) -- Vertices in the interpolating curve.

                            • angles  (array-like[N + 1] or None) -- Tangent angles at each point
                              (in  radians).   Any  angles  defined  as  None  are  automatically
                              calculated.

                            • curl_start  (number)  --  Ratio  between the mock curvatures at the
                              first point and at its neighbor.  A value of 1  renders  the  first
                              segment a good approximation for a circular arc.  A value of 0 will
                              better approximate a straight segment.  It has no effect for closed
                              curves or when an angle is defined for the first point.

                            • curl_end  (number) -- Ratio between the mock curvatures at the last
                              point and at its neighbor.  It has no effect for closed  curves  or
                              when an angle is defined for the first point.

                            • t_in  (number  or  array-like[N  +  1])  --  Tension parameter when
                              arriving at each point.  One value per point or a single value used
                              for all points.

                            • t_out  (number  or  array-like[N  +  1])  -- Tension parameter when
                              leaving each point.  One value per point or a single value used for
                              all points.

                            • cycle  (bool)  --  If  True, calculates control points for a closed
                              curve, with an additional segment connecting  the  first  and  last
                              points.

                            • tolerance (number) -- Acceptable tolerance for the approximation of
                              the curve function by a finite number of evaluations.

                            • number_of_evaluations (integer) -- Initial number of  points  where
                              the curve function will be evaluated.  According to tolerance, more
                              evaluations will be performed.

                            • max_points (integer) --  Elements  will  be  fractured  until  each
                              polygon  has at most max_points.  If max_points is zero no fracture
                              will occur.

                            • final_widths (array-like[M]) -- Each  element  corresponds  to  the
                              final  width  of  a segment in the whole curve.  If an element is a
                              number, the paths of this segment will have their  widths  linearly
                              changed to this value.  If a function, it must be a function of one
                              argument (that varies from 0 to 1) and returns  the  width  of  the
                              path.   The  length  of  the  array  must be equal to the number of
                              segments in the curve, i.e., M = N - 1 for an open curve and M =  N
                              for a closed one.

                            • final_distances  (array-like[M]) -- Each element corresponds to the
                              final distance between paths of a segment in the whole  curve.   If
                              an  element  is  a  number,  the distance between paths is linearly
                              change to this value.  If a function, it must be a function of  one
                              argument  (that  varies  from  0 to 1) and returns the width of the
                              path.  The length of the array must  be  equal  to  the  number  of
                              segments  in the curve, i.e., M = N - 1 for an open curve and M = N
                              for a closed one.

                            • relative (bool) -- If True, all coordinates in the points array are
                              used  as  offsets from the current path position, i.e., if the path
                              is at (1, -2) and the last point in the  array  is  (10,  25),  the
                              constructed  curve  will  end  at  (1  +  10,  -2 + 25) = (11, 23).
                              Otherwise, the points are used as absolute coordinates.

                            • layer (integer, list) -- The GDSII layer numbers for  the  elements
                              of each path.  If the number of layers in the list is less than the
                              number of paths, the list is repeated.

                            • datatype (integer, list) -- The GDSII datatype for the elements  of
                              each  path  (between 0 and 255).  If the number of datatypes in the
                              list is less than the number of paths, the list is repeated.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            Path

                        Notes

                               The original GDSII specification supports only a  maximum  of  199
                               vertices per polygon.

                     References

              [1]  Hobby, J.D.  Discrete Comput. Geom. (1986) 1: 123.  DOI: 10.1007/BF02187690

              area(by_spec=False)
                     Calculate the total area of this polygon set.

                     Parameters
                            by_spec  (bool)  --  If  True,  the return value is a dictionary with
                            {(layer, datatype): area}.

                     Returns
                            out -- Area of this object.

                     Return type
                            number, dictionary

              fillet(radius, points_per_2pi=128, max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Round the corners of these polygons and fractures them  into  polygons  with
                     less vertices if necessary.

                     Parametersradius  (number,  array-like) -- Radius of the corners.  If number:
                              all corners filleted by that  amount.   If  array:  specify  fillet
                              radii on a per-polygon basis (length must be equal to the number of
                              polygons in this PolygonSet).  Each element in the array can  be  a
                              number  (all  corners filleted by the same amount) or another array
                              of numbers, one per polygon vertex.  Alternatively, the  array  can
                              be flattened to have one radius per PolygonSet vertex.

                            • points_per_2pi  (integer) -- Number of vertices used to approximate
                              a full circle.  The number  of  vertices  in  each  corner  of  the
                              polygon  will  be  the fraction of this number corresponding to the
                              angle encompassed by that corner with respect to 2 pi.

                            • max_points (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each  resulting
                              polygon  (at  least  5,  otherwise  the  resulting  polygon  is not
                              fractured).

                            • precision  (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding   vertice
                              coordinates in case of fracturing.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              fracture(max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Slice  these polygons in the horizontal and vertical directions so that each
                     resulting piece has at most max_points.  This operation occurs in place.

                     Parametersmax_points (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each  resulting
                              polygon (at least 5 for the fracture to occur).

                            • precision   (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding  vertice
                              coordinates.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              get_bounding_box()
                     Calculate the bounding box of the polygons.

                     Returns
                            out -- Bounding box of this polygon  in  the  form  [[x_min,  y_min],
                            [x_max, y_max]], or None if the polygon is empty.

                     Return type
                            Numpy array[2, 2] or None

              to_gds(multiplier)
                     Convert this object to a series of GDSII elements.

                     Parameters
                            multiplier  (number)  --  A  number  that  multiplies  all dimensions
                            written in the GDSII elements.

                     Returns
                            out -- The GDSII binary string that represents this object.

                     Return type
                            string

   PolyPath
       class  gdspy.PolyPath(points,  width,  number_of_paths=1,   distance=0,   corners='miter',
       ends='flush', max_points=199, layer=0, datatype=0)
              Bases: PolygonSet

              Series  of geometric objects that form a polygonal path or a collection of parallel
              polygonal paths.

              Deprecated since version 1.4: PolyPath is deprecated in favor of FlexPath and  will
              be removed in a future version of Gdspy.

              Parameterspoints (array-like[N][2]) -- Points along the center of the path.

                     • width  (number  or  array-like[N])  --  Width of the path.  If an array is
                       given, width at each endpoint.

                     • number_of_paths (positive integer) -- Number of parallel paths  to  create
                       simultaneously.

                     • distance  (number  or  array-like[N])  --  Distance between the centers of
                       adjacent paths.  If an array is given, distance at each endpoint.

                     • corners ('miter' or 'bevel') -- Type of joins.

                     • ends ('flush', 'round', 'extended') -- Type of end caps for the paths.

                     • max_points (integer) -- The paths will be fractured in  polygons  with  at
                       most  max_points  (must be at least 4).  If max_points is zero no fracture
                       will occur.

                     • layer (integer, list) -- The GDSII layer numbers for the elements of  each
                       path.   If  the  number  of  layers in the list is less than the number of
                       paths, the list is repeated.

                     • datatype (integer, list) -- The GDSII datatype for the  elements  of  each
                       path  (between 0 and 255).  If the number of datatypes in the list is less
                       than the number of paths, the list is repeated.

                 Notes

                        The bevel join will give strange  results  if  the  number  of  paths  is
                        greater than 1.

              area(by_spec=False)
                     Calculate the total area of this polygon set.

                     Parameters
                            by_spec  (bool)  --  If  True,  the return value is a dictionary with
                            {(layer, datatype): area}.

                     Returns
                            out -- Area of this object.

                     Return type
                            number, dictionary

              fillet(radius, points_per_2pi=128, max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Round the corners of these polygons and fractures them  into  polygons  with
                     less vertices if necessary.

                     Parametersradius  (number,  array-like) -- Radius of the corners.  If number:
                              all corners filleted by that  amount.   If  array:  specify  fillet
                              radii on a per-polygon basis (length must be equal to the number of
                              polygons in this PolygonSet).  Each element in the array can  be  a
                              number  (all  corners filleted by the same amount) or another array
                              of numbers, one per polygon vertex.  Alternatively, the  array  can
                              be flattened to have one radius per PolygonSet vertex.

                            • points_per_2pi  (integer) -- Number of vertices used to approximate
                              a full circle.  The number  of  vertices  in  each  corner  of  the
                              polygon  will  be  the fraction of this number corresponding to the
                              angle encompassed by that corner with respect to 2 pi.

                            • max_points (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each  resulting
                              polygon  (at  least  5,  otherwise  the  resulting  polygon  is not
                              fractured).

                            • precision  (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding   vertice
                              coordinates in case of fracturing.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              fracture(max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Slice  these polygons in the horizontal and vertical directions so that each
                     resulting piece has at most max_points.  This operation occurs in place.

                     Parametersmax_points (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each  resulting
                              polygon (at least 5 for the fracture to occur).

                            • precision   (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding  vertice
                              coordinates.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              get_bounding_box()
                     Calculate the bounding box of the polygons.

                     Returns
                            out -- Bounding box of this polygon  in  the  form  [[x_min,  y_min],
                            [x_max, y_max]], or None if the polygon is empty.

                     Return type
                            Numpy array[2, 2] or None

              mirror(p1, p2=(0, 0))
                     Mirror the polygons over a line through points 1 and 2

                     Parametersp1 (array-like[2]) -- first point defining the reflection line

                            • p2 (array-like[2]) -- second point defining the reflection line

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              rotate(angle, center=(0, 0))
                     Rotate this object.

                     Parametersangle (number) -- The angle of rotation (in radians).

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the rotation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              scale(scalex, scaley=None, center=(0, 0))
                     Scale this object.

                     Parametersscalex (number) -- Scaling factor along the first axis.

                            • scaley  (number  or  None) -- Scaling factor along the second axis.
                              If None, same as scalex.

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the scaling operation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              to_gds(multiplier)
                     Convert this object to a series of GDSII elements.

                     Parameters
                            multiplier (number)  --  A  number  that  multiplies  all  dimensions
                            written in the GDSII elements.

                     Returns
                            out -- The GDSII binary string that represents this object.

                     Return type
                            string

              translate(dx, dy)
                     Translate this polygon.

                     Parametersdx (number) -- Distance to move in the x-direction.

                            • dy (number) -- Distance to move in the y-direction.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

   L1Path
       class  gdspy.L1Path(initial_point,  direction,  width,  length,  turn,  number_of_paths=1,
       distance=0, max_points=199, layer=0, datatype=0)
              Bases: PolygonSet

              Series of geometric objects that form a path or a collection of parallel paths with
              Manhattan geometry.

              Deprecated since version 1.4: L1Path is deprecated in favor of FlexPath and will be
              removed in a future version of Gdspy.

              Parametersinitial_point (array-like[2]) -- Starting position of the path.

                     • direction ('+x', '+y', '-x', '-y') -- Starting direction of the path.

                     • width (number) -- The initial width of each path.

                     • length (array-like) -- Lengths of each section to add.

                     • turn (array-like) -- Direction to turn  before  each  section.   The  sign
                       indicate  the  turn  direction  (ccw  is  positive),  and the modulus is a
                       multiplicative factor for the path width after each  turn.   Must  have  1
                       element less then length.

                     • number_of_paths  (positive  integer) -- Number of parallel paths to create
                       simultaneously.

                     • distance (number) -- Distance between the centers of adjacent paths.

                     • max_points (integer) -- The paths will be fractured in  polygons  with  at
                       most  max_points  (must be at least 6).  If max_points is zero no fracture
                       will occur.

                     • layer (integer, list) -- The GDSII layer numbers for the elements of  each
                       path.   If  the  number  of  layers in the list is less than the number of
                       paths, the list is repeated.

                     • datatype (integer, list) -- The GDSII datatype for the  elements  of  each
                       path  (between 0 and 255).  If the number of datatypes in the list is less
                       than the number of paths, the list is repeated.

              Variablesx (number) -- Final position of the path in the x direction.

                     • y (number) -- Final position of the path in the y direction.

                     • direction ('+x', '-x', '+y', '-y' or number) --  Direction  or  angle  (in
                       radians) the path points to.  The numerical angle is returned only after a
                       rotation of the object.

              Examples

              >>> length = [10, 30, 15, 15, 15, 15, 10]
              >>> turn = [1, -1, -1, 3, -1, 1]
              >>> l1path = gdspy.L1Path((0, 0), '+x', 2, length, turn)
              >>> myCell.add(l1path)

              rotate(angle, center=(0, 0))
                     Rotate this object.

                     Parametersangle (number) -- The angle of rotation (in radians).

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the rotation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            L1Path

              area(by_spec=False)
                     Calculate the total area of this polygon set.

                     Parameters
                            by_spec (bool) -- If True, the return  value  is  a  dictionary  with
                            {(layer, datatype): area}.

                     Returns
                            out -- Area of this object.

                     Return type
                            number, dictionary

              fillet(radius, points_per_2pi=128, max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Round  the  corners  of these polygons and fractures them into polygons with
                     less vertices if necessary.

                     Parametersradius (number, array-like) -- Radius of the corners.   If  number:
                              all  corners  filleted  by  that  amount.  If array: specify fillet
                              radii on a per-polygon basis (length must be equal to the number of
                              polygons  in  this PolygonSet).  Each element in the array can be a
                              number (all corners filleted by the same amount) or  another  array
                              of  numbers,  one per polygon vertex.  Alternatively, the array can
                              be flattened to have one radius per PolygonSet vertex.

                            • points_per_2pi (integer) -- Number of vertices used to  approximate
                              a  full  circle.   The  number  of  vertices  in each corner of the
                              polygon will be the fraction of this number  corresponding  to  the
                              angle encompassed by that corner with respect to 2 pi.

                            • max_points  (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each resulting
                              polygon (at  least  5,  otherwise  the  resulting  polygon  is  not
                              fractured).

                            • precision   (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding  vertice
                              coordinates in case of fracturing.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              fracture(max_points=199, precision=0.001)
                     Slice these polygons in the horizontal and vertical directions so that  each
                     resulting piece has at most max_points.  This operation occurs in place.

                     Parametersmax_points  (integer) -- Maximal number of points in each resulting
                              polygon (at least 5 for the fracture to occur).

                            • precision  (float)  --  Desired  precision  for  rounding   vertice
                              coordinates.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              get_bounding_box()
                     Calculate the bounding box of the polygons.

                     Returns
                            out  --  Bounding  box  of  this polygon in the form [[x_min, y_min],
                            [x_max, y_max]], or None if the polygon is empty.

                     Return type
                            Numpy array[2, 2] or None

              mirror(p1, p2=(0, 0))
                     Mirror the polygons over a line through points 1 and 2

                     Parametersp1 (array-like[2]) -- first point defining the reflection line

                            • p2 (array-like[2]) -- second point defining the reflection line

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              scale(scalex, scaley=None, center=(0, 0))
                     Scale this object.

                     Parametersscalex (number) -- Scaling factor along the first axis.

                            • scaley (number or None) -- Scaling factor along  the  second  axis.
                              If None, same as scalex.

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the scaling operation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

              to_gds(multiplier)
                     Convert this object to a series of GDSII elements.

                     Parameters
                            multiplier  (number)  --  A  number  that  multiplies  all dimensions
                            written in the GDSII elements.

                     Returns
                            out -- The GDSII binary string that represents this object.

                     Return type
                            string

              translate(dx, dy)
                     Translate this polygon.

                     Parametersdx (number) -- Distance to move in the x-direction.

                            • dy (number) -- Distance to move in the y-direction.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet

   FlexPath
       class   gdspy.FlexPath(points,   width,   offset=0,    corners='natural',    ends='flush',
       bend_radius=None,   tolerance=0.01,   precision=0.001,  max_points=199,  gdsii_path=False,
       width_transform=True, layer=0, datatype=0)
              Bases: object

              Path object.

              This class keeps information about the constructive  parameters  of  the  path  and
              calculates its boundaries only upon request.

              It  can  be  stored  as a proper path element in the GDSII format, unlike Path.  In
              this case, the width must be constant along the whole path.

              Parameterspoints (array-like[N][2]) -- Points along the center of the path.

                     • width (number, list) -- Width of each parallel path  being  created.   The
                       number  of  parallel  paths being created is defined by the length of this
                       list.

                     • offset (number, list) -- Offsets of each parallel path  from  the  center.
                       If  width  is not a list, the length of this list is used to determine the
                       number of parallel paths being created.  Otherwise, offset must be a  list
                       with  the  same  length  as  width, or a number, which is used as distance
                       between adjacent paths.

                     • corners ('natural', 'miter', 'bevel', 'round', 'smooth', 'circular  bend',
                       callable,  list)  --  Type  of joins.  A callable must receive 6 arguments
                       (vertex and direction vector from both segments being joined,  the  center
                       and  width  of the path) and return a list of vertices that make the join.
                       A list can be used to define the join for each parallel path.

                     • ends ('flush', 'extended', 'round', 'smooth', 2-tuple, callable, list)  --
                       Type  of  end  caps for the paths.  A 2-element tuple represents the start
                       and end extensions to the paths.  A  callable  must  receive  4  arguments
                       (vertex  and  direction  vectors  from both sides of the path and return a
                       list of vertices that make the end cap.  A list can be used to define  the
                       end type for each parallel path.

                     • bend_radius  (number,  list)  --  Bend radii for each path when corners is
                       'circular bend'.  It has no effect for other corner types.

                     • tolerance (number) -- Tolerance used  to  draw  the  paths  and  calculate
                       joins.

                     • precision  (number)  -- Precision for rounding the coordinates of vertices
                       when fracturing the final polygonal boundary.

                     • max_points (integer) -- If the number of  points  in  the  polygonal  path
                       boundary  is  greater  than  max_points,  it  will be fractured in smaller
                       polygons with at most max_points each.  If max_points is zero no  fracture
                       will occur.

                     • gdsii_path  (bool)  -- If True, treat this object as a GDSII path element.
                       Otherwise, it will be converted into polygonal boundaries when required.

                     • width_transform (bool) -- If  gdsii_path  is  True,  this  flag  indicates
                       whether  the  width of the path should transform when scaling this object.
                       It has no effect when gdsii_path is False.

                     • layer (integer, list) -- The GDSII layer numbers for the elements of  each
                       path.   If  the  number  of  layers in the list is less than the number of
                       paths, the list is repeated.

                     • datatype (integer, list) -- The GDSII datatype for the  elements  of  each
                       path  (between 0 and 255).  If the number of datatypes in the list is less
                       than the number of paths, the list is repeated.

                 Notes

                        The value of tolerance should not be smaller  than  precision,  otherwise
                        there would be wasted computational effort in calculating the paths.

              get_polygons(by_spec=False)
                     Calculate the polygonal boundaries described by this path.

                     Parameters
                            by_spec  (bool) -- If True, the return value is a dictionary with the
                            polygons of each individual pair (layer, datatype).

                     Returns
                            out -- List containing  the  coordinates  of  the  vertices  of  each
                            polygon,  or  dictionary  with  the  list  of polygons (if by_spec is
                            True).

                     Return type
                            list of array-like[N][2] or dictionary

              to_polygonset()
                     Create a PolygonSet representation of this object.

                     The resulting object will be fractured according to the parameter max_points
                     used when instantiating this object.

                     Returns
                            out  --  A PolygonSet that contains all boundaries for this path.  If
                            the path is empty, returns None.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet or None

              to_gds(multiplier)
                     Convert this object to a series of GDSII elements.

                     If FlexPath.gdsii_path is True, GDSII path elements are created  instead  of
                     boundaries.   Such  paths  do not support variable widths, but their memeory
                     footprint is smaller than full polygonal boundaries.

                     Parameters
                            multiplier (number)  --  A  number  that  multiplies  all  dimensions
                            written in the GDSII elements.

                     Returns
                            out -- The GDSII binary string that represents this object.

                     Return type
                            string

              area(by_spec=False)
                     Calculate the total area of this object.

                     This functions creates a PolgonSet from this object and calculates its area,
                     which means it is computationally expensive.

                     Parameters
                            by_spec (bool) -- If True, the return  value  is  a  dictionary  with
                            {(layer, datatype): area}.

                     Returns
                            out -- Area of this object.

                     Return type
                            number, dictionary

              translate(dx, dy)
                     Translate this path.

                     Parametersdx (number) -- Distance to move in the x-direction

                            • dy (number) -- Distance to move in the y-direction

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            FlexPath

              rotate(angle, center=(0, 0))
                     Rotate this path.

                     Parametersangle (number) -- The angle of rotation (in radians).

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the rotation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            FlexPath

              scale(scale, center=(0, 0))
                     Scale this path.

                     Parametersscale (number) -- Scaling factor.

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the scaling operation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            FlexPath

              transform(translation, rotation, scale, x_reflection, array_trans=None)
                     Apply a transform to this path.

                     Parameterstranslation (Numpy array[2]) -- Translation vector.

                            • rotation (number) -- Rotation angle.

                            • scale (number) -- Scaling factor.

                            • x_reflection (bool) -- Reflection around the first axis.

                            • array_trans  (Numpy  aray[2]) -- Translation vector before rotation
                              and reflection.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            FlexPath

                        Notes

                               Applies the transformations in the same order as  a  CellReference
                               or  a  CellArray.  If width_transform is False, the widths are not
                               scaled.

              segment(end_point, width=None, offset=None, relative=False)
                     Add a straight section to the path.

                     Parametersend_point (array-like[2]) -- End position of the straight segment.

                            • width (number, list)  --  If  a  number,  all  parallel  paths  are
                              linearly  tapered  to  this width along the segment.  A list can be
                              used where each element defines the width for one of  the  parallel
                              paths  in this object.  This argument has no effect if the path was
                              created with gdsii_path True.

                            • offset (number, list) -- If a number, all  parallel  paths  offsets
                              are  linearly  increased by this amount (which can be negative).  A
                              list can be used where each element  defines  the  absolute  offset
                              (not offset increase) for one of the parallel paths in this object.

                            • relative (bool) -- If True, end_point is used as an offset from the
                              current path position, i.e., if the path is  at  (1,  -2)  and  the
                              end_point is (10, 25), the segment will be constructed from (1, -2)
                              to (1 + 10, -2 + 25) = (11, 23).  Otherwise, end_point is  used  as
                              an absolute coordinate.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            FlexPath

              arc(radius, initial_angle, final_angle, width=None, offset=None)
                     Add a circular arc section to the path.

                     Parametersradius (number) -- Radius of the circular arc.

                            • initial_angle (number) -- Initial angle of the arc.

                            • final_angle (number) -- Final angle of the arc.

                            • width  (number,  list)  --  If  a  number,  all  parallel paths are
                              linearly tapered to this width along the segment.  A  list  can  be
                              used  where  each element defines the width for one of the parallel
                              paths in this object.  This argument has no effect if the path  was
                              created with gdsii_path True.

                            • offset  (number,  list)  -- If a number, all parallel paths offsets
                              are linearly increased by this amount (which can be  negative).   A
                              list  can  be  used  where each element defines the absolute offset
                              (not offset increase) for one of the parallel paths in this object.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            FlexPath

              turn(radius, angle, width=None, offset=None)
                     Add a circular turn to the path.

                     The initial angle of the arc is calculated from the last path segment.

                     Parametersradius (number) -- Radius of the circular arc.

                            • angle ('r', 'l', 'rr', 'll' or number) --  Angle  (in  radians)  of
                              rotation  of  the path.  The values 'r' and 'l' represent 90-degree
                              turns cw and ccw, respectively; the values 'rr' and 'll'  represent
                              analogous 180-degree turns.

                            • width  (number,  list)  --  If  a  number,  all  parallel paths are
                              linearly tapered to this width along the segment.  A  list  can  be
                              used  where  each element defines the width for one of the parallel
                              paths in this object.  This argument has no effect if the path  was
                              created with gdsii_path True.

                            • offset  (number,  list)  -- If a number, all parallel paths offsets
                              are linearly increased by this amount (which can be  negative).   A
                              list  can  be  used  where each element defines the absolute offset
                              (not offset increase) for one of the parallel paths in this object.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            FlexPath

              parametric(curve_function, width=None, offset=None, relative=True)
                     Add a parametric curve to the path.

                     Parameterscurve_function (callable) -- Function that defines the curve.  Must
                              be  a  function  of  one  argument  (that  varies from 0 to 1) that
                              returns a 2-element Numpy array with the coordinates of the curve.

                            • width (number, list)  --  If  a  number,  all  parallel  paths  are
                              linearly  tapered  to  this width along the segment.  A list can be
                              used where each element defines the width for one of  the  parallel
                              paths  in this object.  This argument has no effect if the path was
                              created with gdsii_path True.

                            • offset (number, list) -- If a number, all  parallel  paths  offsets
                              are  linearly  increased by this amount (which can be negative).  A
                              list can be used where each element  defines  the  absolute  offset
                              (not offset increase) for one of the parallel paths in this object.

                            • relative (bool) -- If True, the return values of curve_function are
                              used as offsets from the current path position, i.e., to  ensure  a
                              continuous path, curve_function(0) must be (0, 0).  Otherwise, they
                              are used as absolute coordinates.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            FlexPath

              bezier(points, width=None, offset=None, relative=True)
                     Add a Bezier curve to the path.

                     A Bezier curve is added to the path starting from its current  position  and
                     finishing at the last point in the points array.

                     Parameterspoints  (array-like[N][2])  --  Control  points defining the Bezier
                              curve.

                            • width (number, list)  --  If  a  number,  all  parallel  paths  are
                              linearly  tapered  to  this width along the segment.  A list can be
                              used where each element defines the width for one of  the  parallel
                              paths  in this object.  This argument has no effect if the path was
                              created with gdsii_path True.

                            • offset (number, list) -- If a number, all  parallel  paths  offsets
                              are  linearly  increased by this amount (which can be negative).  A
                              list can be used where each element  defines  the  absolute  offset
                              (not offset increase) for one of the parallel paths in this object.

                            • relative (bool) -- If True, all coordinates in the points array are
                              used as offsets from the current path position, i.e., if  the  path
                              is  at  (1,  -2)  and  the last point in the array is (10, 25), the
                              constructed Bezier will end at (1 +  10,  -2  +  25)  =  (11,  23).
                              Otherwise, the points are used as absolute coordinates.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            FlexPath

              smooth(points, angles=None, curl_start=1, curl_end=1, t_in=1, t_out=1, cycle=False,
              width=None, offset=None, relative=True)
                     Add a smooth interpolating curve through the given points.

                     Uses the Hobby algorithm
                     [1]_
                      to calculate a smooth interpolating curve made  of  cubic  Bezier  segments
                     between each pair of points.

                     Parameterspoints (array-like[N][2]) -- Vertices in the interpolating curve.

                            • angles  (array-like[N + 1] or None) -- Tangent angles at each point
                              (in  radians).   Any  angles  defined  as  None  are  automatically
                              calculated.

                            • curl_start  (number)  --  Ratio  between the mock curvatures at the
                              first point and at its neighbor.  A value of 1  renders  the  first
                              segment a good approximation for a circular arc.  A value of 0 will
                              better approximate a straight segment.  It has no effect for closed
                              curves or when an angle is defined for the first point.

                            • curl_end  (number) -- Ratio between the mock curvatures at the last
                              point and at its neighbor.  It has no effect for closed  curves  or
                              when an angle is defined for the first point.

                            • t_in  (number  or  array-like[N  +  1])  --  Tension parameter when
                              arriving at each point.  One value per point or a single value used
                              for all points.

                            • t_out  (number  or  array-like[N  +  1])  -- Tension parameter when
                              leaving each point.  One value per point or a single value used for
                              all points.

                            • cycle  (bool)  --  If  True, calculates control points for a closed
                              curve, with an additional segment connecting  the  first  and  last
                              points.

                            • width  (number,  list)  --  If  a  number,  all  parallel paths are
                              linearly tapered to this width along the segment.  A  list  can  be
                              used  where  each element defines the width for one of the parallel
                              paths in this object.  This argument has no effect if the path  was
                              created with gdsii_path True.

                            • offset  (number,  list)  -- If a number, all parallel paths offsets
                              are linearly increased by this amount (which can be  negative).   A
                              list  can  be  used  where each element defines the absolute offset
                              (not offset increase) for one of the parallel paths in this object.

                            • relative (bool) -- If True, all coordinates in the points array are
                              used  as  offsets from the current path position, i.e., if the path
                              is at (1, -2) and the last point in the  array  is  (10,  25),  the
                              constructed  curve  will  end  at  (1  +  10,  -2 + 25) = (11, 23).
                              Otherwise, the points are used as absolute coordinates.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            FlexPath

                        Notes

                               Arguments width and offset are repeated for each cubic Bezier that
                               composes this path element.

                     References

              [1]  Hobby, J.D.  Discrete Comput. Geom. (1986) 1: 123.  DOI: 10.1007/BF02187690

   RobustPath
       class   gdspy.RobustPath(initial_point,  width,  offset=0,  ends='flush',  tolerance=0.01,
       precision=0.001, max_points=199, max_evals=1000,  gdsii_path=False,  width_transform=True,
       layer=0, datatype=0)
              Bases: object

              Path object with lazy evaluation.

              This  class  keeps  information  about  the constructive parameters of the path and
              calculates its boundaries only upon request.  The benefits are that joins and  path
              components  can be calculated automatically to ensure continuity (except in extreme
              cases).

              It can be stored as a proper path element in the GDSII  format,  unlike  Path.   In
              this case, the width must be constant along the whole path.

              The  downside  of  RobustPath is that it is more computationally expensive than the
              other path classes.

              Parametersinitial_point (array-like[2]) -- Starting position of the path.

                     • width (number, list) -- Width of each parallel path  being  created.   The
                       number  of  parallel  paths being created is defined by the length of this
                       list.

                     • offset (number, list) -- Offsets of each parallel path  from  the  center.
                       If  width  is not a list, the length of this list is used to determine the
                       number of parallel paths being created.  Otherwise, offset must be a  list
                       with  the  same  length  as  width, or a number, which is used as distance
                       between adjacent paths.

                     • ends ('flush', 'extended', 'round', 'smooth', 2-tuple, list)  --  Type  of
                       end  caps  for  the paths.  A 2-element tuple represents the start and end
                       extensions to the paths.  A list can be used to define the  end  type  for
                       each parallel path.

                     • tolerance  (number)  --  Tolerance  used  to  draw the paths and calculate
                       joins.

                     • precision (number) -- Precision for rounding the coordinates  of  vertices
                       when fracturing the final polygonal boundary.

                     • max_points  (integer)  --  If  the  number of points in the polygonal path
                       boundary is greater than max_points,  it  will  be  fractured  in  smaller
                       polygons  with at most max_points each.  If max_points is zero no fracture
                       will occur.

                     • max_evals (integer) -- Limit to the maximal  number  of  evaluations  when
                       calculating each path component.

                     • gdsii_path  (bool)  -- If True, treat this object as a GDSII path element.
                       Otherwise, it will be converted into polygonal boundaries when required.

                     • width_transform (bool) -- If  gdsii_path  is  True,  this  flag  indicates
                       whether  the  width of the path should transform when scaling this object.
                       It has no effect when gdsii_path is False.

                     • layer (integer, list) -- The GDSII layer numbers for the elements of  each
                       path.   If  the  number  of  layers in the list is less than the number of
                       paths, the list is repeated.

                     • datatype (integer, list) -- The GDSII datatype for the  elements  of  each
                       path  (between 0 and 255).  If the number of datatypes in the list is less
                       than the number of paths, the list is repeated.

                 Notes

                        The value of tolerance should not be smaller  than  precision,  otherwise
                        there would be wasted computational effort in calculating the paths.

              grad(u, arm=0, side='-')
                     Calculate the direction vector of each parallel path.

                     Parametersu  (number)  --  Position  along  the  RobustPath to compute.  This
                              argument can range from 0 (start of the path) to len(self) (end  of
                              the path).

                            • arm  (-1,  0,  1) -- Wether to calculate one of the path boundaries
                              (-1 or 1) or its central spine (0).

                            • side ('-' or '+') --  At  path  joins,  whether  to  calculate  the
                              direction using the component before or after the join.

                     Returns
                            out  --  Direction  vectors  for each of the N parallel paths in this
                            object.

                     Return type
                            Numpy array[N, 2]

              width(u)
                     Calculate the width of each parallel path.

                     Parameters
                            u (number)  --  Position  along  the  RobustPath  to  compute.   This
                            argument  can  range  from 0 (start of the path) to len(self) (end of
                            the path).

                     Returns
                            out -- Width for each of the N parallel paths in this object.

                     Return type
                            Numpy array[N]

              get_polygons(by_spec=False)
                     Calculate the polygonal boundaries described by this path.

                     Parameters
                            by_spec (bool) -- If True, the return value is a dictionary with  the
                            polygons of each individual pair (layer, datatype).

                     Returns
                            out  --  List  containing  the  coordinates  of  the vertices of each
                            polygon, or dictionary with the  list  of  polygons  (if  by_spec  is
                            True).

                     Return type
                            list of array-like[N][2] or dictionary

              to_polygonset()
                     Create a PolygonSet representation of this object.

                     The resulting object will be fractured according to the parameter max_points
                     used when instantiating this object.

                     Returns
                            out -- A PolygonSet that contains all boundaries for this  path.   If
                            the path is empty, returns None.

                     Return type
                            PolygonSet or None

              to_gds(multiplier)
                     Convert this object to a series of GDSII elements.

                     If RobustPath.gdsii_path is True, GDSII path elements are created instead of
                     boundaries.  Such paths do not support variable widths,  but  their  memeory
                     footprint is smaller than full polygonal boundaries.

                     Parameters
                            multiplier  (number)  --  A  number  that  multiplies  all dimensions
                            written in the GDSII elements.

                     Returns
                            out -- The GDSII binary string that represents this object.

                     Return type
                            string

              area(by_spec=False)
                     Calculate the total area of this object.

                     This functions creates a PolgonSet from this object and calculates its area,
                     which means it is computationally expensive.

                     Parameters
                            by_spec  (bool)  --  If  True,  the return value is a dictionary with
                            {(layer, datatype): area}.

                     Returns
                            out -- Area of this object.

                     Return type
                            number, dictionary

              translate(dx, dy)
                     Translate this path.

                     Parametersdx (number) -- Distance to move in the x-direction

                            • dy (number) -- Distance to move in the y-direction

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            RobustPath

              rotate(angle, center=(0, 0))
                     Rotate this path.

                     Parametersangle (number) -- The angle of rotation (in radians).

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the rotation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            RobustPath

              scale(scale, center=(0, 0))
                     Scale this path.

                     Parametersscale (number) -- Scaling factor.

                            • center (array-like[2]) -- Center point for the scaling operation.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            RobustPath

              transform(translation, rotation, scale, x_reflection, array_trans=None)
                     Apply a transform to this path.

                     Parameterstranslation (Numpy array[2]) -- Translation vector.

                            • rotation (number) -- Rotation angle.

                            • scale (number) -- Scaling factor.

                            • x_reflection (bool) -- Reflection around the first axis.

                            • array_trans (Numpy aray[2]) -- Translation vector  before  rotation
                              and reflection.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            RobustPath

                        Notes

                               Applies  the  transformations in the same order as a CellReference
                               or a CellArray.  If width_transform is False, the widths  are  not
                               scaled.

              segment(end_point, width=None, offset=None, relative=False)
                     Add a straight section to the path.

                     Parametersend_point (array-like[2]) -- End position of the straight segment.

                            • width  (number,  callable, list) -- If a number, all parallel paths
                              are linearly tapered to this width along the segment.  If  this  is
                              callable, it must be a function of one argument (that varies from 0
                              to 1) that returns the width of the path.  A list can be used where
                              each  element (number or callable) defines the width for one of the
                              parallel paths in this object.

                            • offset (number, callable, list) -- If a number, all parallel  paths
                              offsets  are  linearly  increased  by  this  amount  (which  can be
                              negative).  If this is callable, it  must  be  a  function  of  one
                              argument  (that  varies  from  0  to  1)  that  returns  the offset
                              increase.  A list  can  be  used  where  each  element  (number  or
                              callable) defines the absolute offset (not offset increase) for one
                              of the parallel paths in this object.

                            • relative (bool) -- If True, end_point is used as an offset from the
                              current  path  position,  i.e.,  if  the path is at (1, -2) and the
                              end_point is (10, 25), the segment will be constructed from (1, -2)
                              to  (1  + 10, -2 + 25) = (11, 23).  Otherwise, end_point is used as
                              an absolute coordinate.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            RobustPath

              arc(radius, initial_angle, final_angle, width=None, offset=None)
                     Add a circular arc section to the path.

                     Parametersradius (number) -- Radius of the circular arc.

                            • initial_angle (number) -- Initial angle of the arc.

                            • final_angle (number) -- Final angle of the arc.

                            • width (number, callable, list) -- If a number, all  parallel  paths
                              are  linearly  tapered to this width along the segment.  If this is
                              callable, it must be a function of one argument (that varies from 0
                              to 1) that returns the width of the path.  A list can be used where
                              each element (number or callable) defines the width for one of  the
                              parallel paths in this object.

                            • offset  (number, callable, list) -- If a number, all parallel paths
                              offsets are  linearly  increased  by  this  amount  (which  can  be
                              negative).   If  this  is  callable,  it  must be a function of one
                              argument (that  varies  from  0  to  1)  that  returns  the  offset
                              increase.   A  list  can  be  used  where  each  element (number or
                              callable) defines the absolute offset (not offset increase) for one
                              of the parallel paths in this object.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            RobustPath

              turn(radius, angle, width=None, offset=None)
                     Add a circular turn to the path.

                     The  initial  angle  of the arc is calculated from an average of the current
                     directions of all parallel paths in this object.

                     Parametersradius (number) -- Radius of the circular arc.

                            • angle ('r', 'l', 'rr', 'll' or number) --  Angle  (in  radians)  of
                              rotation  of  the path.  The values 'r' and 'l' represent 90-degree
                              turns cw and ccw, respectively; the values 'rr' and 'll'  represent
                              analogous 180-degree turns.

                            • width  (number,  callable, list) -- If a number, all parallel paths
                              are linearly tapered to this width along the segment.  If  this  is
                              callable, it must be a function of one argument (that varies from 0
                              to 1) that returns the width of the path.  A list can be used where
                              each  element (number or callable) defines the width for one of the
                              parallel paths in this object.

                            • offset (number, callable, list) -- If a number, all parallel  paths
                              offsets  are  linearly  increased  by  this  amount  (which  can be
                              negative).  If this is callable, it  must  be  a  function  of  one
                              argument  (that  varies  from  0  to  1)  that  returns  the offset
                              increase.  A list  can  be  used  where  each  element  (number  or
                              callable) defines the absolute offset (not offset increase) for one
                              of the parallel paths in this object.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            RobustPath

              parametric(curve_function,    curve_derivative=None,    width=None,    offset=None,
              relative=True)
                     Add a parametric curve to the path.

                     Parameterscurve_function (callable) -- Function that defines the curve.  Must
                              be a function of one argument  (that  varies  from  0  to  1)  that
                              returns a 2-element Numpy array with the coordinates of the curve.

                            • curve_derivative  (callable) -- If set, it should be the derivative
                              of the curve function.  Must be a function of  one  argument  (that
                              varies from 0 to 1) that returns a 2-element Numpy array.  If None,
                              the derivative will be calculated numerically.

                            • width (number, callable, list) -- If a number, all  parallel  paths
                              are  linearly  tapered to this width along the segment.  If this is
                              callable, it must be a function of one argument (that varies from 0
                              to 1) that returns the width of the path.  A list can be used where
                              each element (number or callable) defines the width for one of  the
                              parallel paths in this object.

                            • offset  (number, callable, list) -- If a number, all parallel paths
                              offsets are  linearly  increased  by  this  amount  (which  can  be
                              negative).   If  this  is  callable,  it  must be a function of one
                              argument (that  varies  from  0  to  1)  that  returns  the  offset
                              increase.   A  list  can  be  used  where  each  element (number or
                              callable) defines the absolute offset (not offset increase) for one
                              of the parallel paths in this object.

                            • relative (bool) -- If True, the return values of curve_function are
                              used as offsets from the current path position, i.e., to  ensure  a
                              continuous path, curve_function(0) must be (0, 0).  Otherwise, they
                              are used as absolute coordinates.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            RobustPath

              bezier(points, width=None, offset=None, relative=True)
                     Add a Bezier curve to the path.

                     A Bezier curve is added to the path starting from its current  position  and
                     finishing at the last point in the points array.

                     Parameterspoints  (array-like[N][2])  --  Control  points defining the Bezier
                              curve.

                            • width (number, callable, list) -- If a number, all  parallel  paths
                              are  linearly  tapered to this width along the segment.  If this is
                              callable, it must be a function of one argument (that varies from 0
                              to 1) that returns the width of the path.  A list can be used where
                              each element (number or callable) defines the width for one of  the
                              parallel paths in this object.

                            • offset  (number, callable, list) -- If a number, all parallel paths
                              offsets are  linearly  increased  by  this  amount  (which  can  be
                              negative).   If  this  is  callable,  it  must be a function of one
                              argument (that  varies  from  0  to  1)  that  returns  the  offset
                              increase.   A  list  can  be  used  where  each  element (number or
                              callable) defines the absolute offset (not offset increase) for one
                              of the parallel paths in this object.

                            • relative (bool) -- If True, all coordinates in the points array are
                              used as offsets from the current path position, i.e., if  the  path
                              is  at  (1,  -2)  and  the last point in the array is (10, 25), the
                              constructed Bezier will end at (1 +  10,  -2  +  25)  =  (11,  23).
                              Otherwise, the points are used as absolute coordinates.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            RobustPath

              smooth(points, angles=None, curl_start=1, curl_end=1, t_in=1, t_out=1, cycle=False,
              width=None, offset=None, relative=True)
                     Add a smooth interpolating curve through the given points.

                     Uses the Hobby algorithm
                     [1]_
                      to calculate a smooth interpolating curve made  of  cubic  Bezier  segments
                     between each pair of points.

                     Parameterspoints (array-like[N][2]) -- Vertices in the interpolating curve.

                            • angles  (array-like[N + 1] or None) -- Tangent angles at each point
                              (in  radians).   Any  angles  defined  as  None  are  automatically
                              calculated.

                            • curl_start  (number)  --  Ratio  between the mock curvatures at the
                              first point and at its neighbor.  A value of 1  renders  the  first
                              segment a good approximation for a circular arc.  A value of 0 will
                              better approximate a straight segment.  It has no effect for closed
                              curves or when an angle is defined for the first point.

                            • curl_end  (number) -- Ratio between the mock curvatures at the last
                              point and at its neighbor.  It has no effect for closed  curves  or
                              when an angle is defined for the first point.

                            • t_in  (number  or  array-like[N  +  1])  --  Tension parameter when
                              arriving at each point.  One value per point or a single value used
                              for all points.

                            • t_out  (number  or  array-like[N  +  1])  -- Tension parameter when
                              leaving each point.  One value per point or a single value used for
                              all points.

                            • cycle  (bool)  --  If  True, calculates control points for a closed
                              curve, with an additional segment connecting  the  first  and  last
                              points.

                            • width  (number,  callable, list) -- If a number, all parallel paths
                              are linearly tapered to this width along the segment.  If  this  is
                              callable, it must be a function of one argument (that varies from 0
                              to 1) that returns the width of the path.  A list can be used where
                              each  element (number or callable) defines the width for one of the
                              parallel paths in this object.

                            • offset (number, callable, list) -- If a number, all parallel  paths
                              offsets  are  linearly  increased  by  this  amount  (which  can be
                              negative).  If this is callable, it  must  be  a  function  of  one
                              argument  (that  varies  from  0  to  1)  that  returns  the offset
                              increase.  A list  can  be  used  where  each  element  (number  or
                              callable) defines the absolute offset (not offset increase) for one
                              of the parallel paths in this object.

                            • relative (bool) -- If True, all coordinates in the points array are
                              used  as  offsets from the current path position, i.e., if the path
                              is at (1, -2) and the last point in the  array  is  (10,  25),  the
                              constructed  curve  will  end  at  (1  +  10,  -2 + 25) = (11, 23).
                              Otherwise, the points are used as absolute coordinates.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            RobustPath

                        Notes

                               Arguments width and offset are repeated for each cubic Bezier that
                               composes this path element.

                     References

              [1]  Hobby, J.D.  Discrete Comput. Geom. (1986) 1: 123.  DOI: 10.1007/BF02187690

   Curve
       class gdspy.Curve(x, y=0, tolerance=0.01)
              Bases: object

              Generation of curves loosely based on SVG paths.

              Short summary of available methods:

                                   ┌───────┬───────────────────────────────┐
                                   │Method │ Primitive                     │
                                   ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                   │L/l    │ Line segments                 │
                                   ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                   │H/h    │ Horizontal line segments      │
                                   ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                   │V/v    │ Vertical line segments        │
                                   ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                   │C/c    │ Cubic Bezier curve            │
                                   ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                   │S/s    │ Smooth cubic Bezier curve     │
                                   ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                   │Q/q    │ Quadratic Bezier curve        │
                                   ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                   │T/t    │ Smooth quadratic Bezier curve │
                                   ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                   │B/b    │ General degree Bezier curve   │
                                   ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                   │I/i    │ Smooth interpolating curve    │
                                   ├───────┼───────────────────────────────┤
                                   │arc    │ Elliptical arc                │
                                   └───────┴───────────────────────────────┘

              The  uppercase  version of the methods considers that all coordinates are absolute,
              whereas the lowercase considers that they are relative to the current end point  of
              the curve.

              Parametersx (number) -- X-coordinate of the starting point of the curve.  If this is
                       a complex number, the value of y is ignored and the starting point becomes
                       (x.real, x.imag).

                     • y (number) -- Y-coordinate of the starting point of the curve.

                     • tolerance   (number)   --   Tolerance   used   to  calculate  a  polygonal
                       approximation to the curve.

                 Notes

                        In all methods of this class  that  accept  coordinate  pairs,  a  single
                        complex  number  can  be  passed  to be split into its real and imaginary
                        parts.  This feature can be useful in  expressing  coordinates  in  polar
                        form.

                        All  commands  follow the SVG 2 specification, except for elliptical arcs
                        and smooth interpolating curves,  which  are  inspired  by  the  Metapost
                        syntax.

              Examples

              >>> curve = gdspy.Curve(3, 4).H(1).q(0.5, 1, 2j).L(2 + 3j, 2, 2)
              >>> pol = gdspy.Polygon(curve.get_points())

              get_points()
                     Get the polygonal points that approximate this curve.

                     Returns
                            out -- Vertices of the polygon.

                     Return type
                            Numpy array[N, 2]

              L(*xy) Add straight line segments to the curve.

                     Parameters
                            xy (numbers) -- Endpoint coordinates of the line segments.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              l(*xy) Add straight line segments to the curve.

                     Parameters
                            xy (numbers) -- Endpoint coordinates of the line segments relative to
                            the current end point.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              H(*x)  Add horizontal line segments to the curve.

                     Parameters
                            x (numbers) -- Endpoint x-coordinates of the line segments.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              h(*x)  Add horizontal line segments to the curve.

                     Parameters
                            x (numbers) -- Endpoint x-coordinates of the line  segments  relative
                            to the current end point.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              V(*y)  Add vertical line segments to the curve.

                     Parameters
                            y (numbers) -- Endpoint y-coordinates of the line segments.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              v(*y)  Add vertical line segments to the curve.

                     Parameters
                            y  (numbers)  -- Endpoint y-coordinates of the line segments relative
                            to the current end point.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              arc(radius, initial_angle, final_angle, rotation=0)
                     Add an elliptical arc to the curve.

                     Parametersradius (number, array-like[2]) -- Arc radius.   An  elliptical  arc
                              can be created by passing an array with 2 radii.

                            • initial_angle (number) -- Initial angle of the arc (in radians).

                            • final_angle (number) -- Final angle of the arc (in radians).

                            • rotation (number) -- Rotation of the axis of the ellipse.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              C(*xy) Add cubic Bezier curves to the curve.

                     Parameters
                            xy (numbers) -- Coordinate pairs. Each set of 3 pairs are interpreted
                            as the control point at the beginning of the curve, the control point
                            at the end of the curve and the endpoint of the curve.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              c(*xy) Add cubic Bezier curves to the curve.

                     Parameters
                            xy (numbers) -- Coordinate pairs. Each set of 3 pairs are interpreted
                            as the control point at the beginning of the curve, the control point
                            at  the  end  of  the  curve  and  the  endpoint  of  the curve.  All
                            coordinates are relative to the current end point.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              S(*xy) Add smooth cubic Bezier curves to the curve.

                     Parameters
                            xy (numbers) -- Coordinate pairs. Each set of 2 pairs are interpreted
                            as  the control point at the end of the curve and the endpoint of the
                            curve.  The control point at the beginning of the curve is assumed to
                            be  the  reflection of the control point at the end of the last curve
                            relative to the starting point of the curve. If the previous curve is
                            not a cubic Bezier, the control point is coincident with the starting
                            point.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              s(*xy) Add smooth cubic Bezier curves to the curve.

                     Parameters
                            xy (numbers) -- Coordinate pairs. Each set of 2 pairs are interpreted
                            as  the control point at the end of the curve and the endpoint of the
                            curve.  The control point at the beginning of the curve is assumed to
                            be  the  reflection of the control point at the end of the last curve
                            relative to the starting point of the curve. If the previous curve is
                            not a cubic Bezier, the control point is coincident with the starting
                            point.  All coordinates are relative to the current end point.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              Q(*xy) Add quadratic Bezier curves to the curve.

                     Parameters
                            xy (numbers) -- Coordinate pairs. Each set of 2 pairs are interpreted
                            as the control point and the endpoint of the curve.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              q(*xy) Add quadratic Bezier curves to the curve.

                     Parameters
                            xy (numbers) -- Coordinate pairs. Each set of 2 pairs are interpreted
                            as the control point and the endpoint of the curve.  All  coordinates
                            are relative to the current end point.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              T(*xy) Add smooth quadratic Bezier curves to the curve.

                     Parameters
                            xy  (numbers)  --  Coordinates  of  the endpoints of the curves.  The
                            control point is assumed to be the reflection of the control point of
                            the  last  curve  relative to the starting point of the curve. If the
                            previous curve is not  a  quadratic  Bezier,  the  control  point  is
                            coincident with the starting point.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              t(*xy) Add smooth quadratic Bezier curves to the curve.

                     Parameters
                            xy  (numbers)  --  Coordinates  of  the endpoints of the curves.  The
                            control point is assumed to be the reflection of the control point of
                            the  last  curve  relative to the starting point of the curve. If the
                            previous curve is not  a  quadratic  Bezier,  the  control  point  is
                            coincident  with the starting point.  All coordinates are relative to
                            the current end point.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              B(*xy) Add a general degree Bezier curve.

                     Parameters
                            xy (numbers)  --  Coordinate  pairs.   The  last  coordinate  is  the
                            endpoint of curve and all other are control points.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              b(*xy) Add a general degree Bezier curve.

                     Parameters
                            xy  (numbers)  --  Coordinate  pairs.   The  last  coordinate  is the
                            endpoint of curve and all other are control points.  All  coordinates
                            are relative to the current end point.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

              I(points, angles=None, curl_start=1, curl_end=1, t_in=1, t_out=1, cycle=False)
                     Add a smooth interpolating curve through the given points.

                     Uses the Hobby algorithm
                     [1]_
                      to  calculate  a  smooth  interpolating curve made of cubic Bezier segments
                     between each pair of points.

                     Parameterspoints (array-like[N][2]) -- Vertices in the interpolating curve.

                            • angles (array-like[N + 1] or None) -- Tangent angles at each  point
                              (in  radians).   Any  angles  defined  as  None  are  automatically
                              calculated.

                            • curl_start (number) -- Ratio between the  mock  curvatures  at  the
                              first  point  and  at its neighbor.  A value of 1 renders the first
                              segment a good approximation for a circular arc.  A value of 0 will
                              better approximate a straight segment.  It has no effect for closed
                              curves or when an angle is defined for the first point.

                            • curl_end (number) -- Ratio between the mock curvatures at the  last
                              point  and  at its neighbor.  It has no effect for closed curves or
                              when an angle is defined for the first point.

                            • t_in (number or  array-like[N  +  1])  --  Tension  parameter  when
                              arriving at each point.  One value per point or a single value used
                              for all points.

                            • t_out (number or array-like[N  +  1])  --  Tension  parameter  when
                              leaving each point.  One value per point or a single value used for
                              all points.

                            • cycle (bool) -- If True, calculates control  points  for  a  closed
                              curve,  with  an  additional  segment connecting the first and last
                              points.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

                     Examples

                     >>> c1 = gdspy.Curve(0, 1).I([(1, 1), (2, 1), (1, 0)])
                     >>> c2 = gdspy.Curve(0, 2).I([(1, 2), (2, 2), (1, 1)],
                     ...                          cycle=True)
                     >>> ps = gdspy.PolygonSet([c1.get_points(), c2.get_points()])

                     References

              [1]  Hobby, J.D.  Discrete Comput. Geom. (1986) 1: 123.  DOI: 10.1007/BF02187690

              i(points, angles=None, curl_start=1, curl_end=1, t_in=1, t_out=1, cycle=False)
                     Add a smooth interpolating curve through the given points.

                     Uses the Hobby algorithm
                     [1]_
                      to calculate a smooth interpolating curve made  of  cubic  Bezier  segments
                     between each pair of points.

                     Parameterspoints  (array-like[N][2])  --  Vertices in the interpolating curve
                              (relative to teh current endpoint).

                            • angles (array-like[N + 1] or None) -- Tangent angles at each  point
                              (in  radians).   Any  angles  defined  as  None  are  automatically
                              calculated.

                            • curl_start (number) -- Ratio between the  mock  curvatures  at  the
                              first  point  and  at its neighbor.  A value of 1 renders the first
                              segment a good approximation for a circular arc.  A value of 0 will
                              better approximate a straight segment.  It has no effect for closed
                              curves or when an angle is defined for the first point.

                            • curl_end (number) -- Ratio between the mock curvatures at the  last
                              point  and  at its neighbor.  It has no effect for closed curves or
                              when an angle is defined for the first point.

                            • t_in (number or  array-like[N  +  1])  --  Tension  parameter  when
                              arriving at each point.  One value per point or a single value used
                              for all points.

                            • t_out (number or array-like[N  +  1])  --  Tension  parameter  when
                              leaving each point.  One value per point or a single value used for
                              all points.

                            • cycle (bool) -- If True, calculates control  points  for  a  closed
                              curve,  with  an  additional  segment connecting the first and last
                              points.

                     Returns
                            out -- This curve.

                     Return type
                            Curve

                     Examples

                     >>> c1 = gdspy.Curve(0, 1).i([(1, 0), (2, 0), (1, -1)])
                     >>> c2 = gdspy.Curve(0, 2).i([(1, 0), (2, 0), (1, -1)],
                     ...                          cycle=True)
                     >>> ps = gdspy.PolygonSet([c1.get_points(), c2.get_points()])

                     References

              [1]  Hobby, J.D.  Discrete Comput. Geom. (1986) 1: 123.  DOI: 10.1007/BF02187690

   Label
       class   gdspy.Label(text,   position,   anchor='o',   rotation=None,   magnification=None,
       x_reflection=False, layer=0, texttype=0)
              Bases: object

              Text that can be used to label parts of the geometry or display messages.  The text
              does not create additional geometry, it's meant for display and  labeling  purposes
              only.

              Parameterstext (string) -- The text of this label.

                     • position (array-like[2]) -- Text anchor position.

                     • anchor  ('n', 's', 'e', 'w', 'o', 'ne', 'nw'...) -- Position of the anchor
                       relative to the text.

                     • rotation (number) -- Angle of rotation of the label (in degrees).

                     • magnification (number) -- Magnification factor for the label.

                     • x_reflection (bool) -- If True, the label is reflected parallel to  the  x
                       direction before being rotated (not supported by LayoutViewer).

                     • layer (integer) -- The GDSII layer number for these elements.

                     • texttype  (integer)  --  The  GDSII text type for the label (between 0 and
                       63).

              Variablestext (string) -- The text of this label.

                     • position (array-like[2]) -- Text anchor position.

                     • anchor (int) -- Position of the anchor relative to the text.

                     • rotation (number) -- Angle of rotation of the label (in degrees).

                     • magnification (number) -- Magnification factor for the label.

                     • x_reflection (bool) -- If True, the label is reflected parallel to  the  x
                       direction before being rotated (not supported by LayoutViewer).

                     • layer (integer) -- The GDSII layer number for these elements.

                     • texttype  (integer)  --  The  GDSII text type for the label (between 0 and
                       63).

              Examples

              >>> label = gdspy.Label('Sample label', (10, 0), 'sw')
              >>> myCell.add(label)

              to_gds(multiplier)
                     Convert this label to a GDSII structure.

                     Parameters
                            multiplier (number)  --  A  number  that  multiplies  all  dimensions
                            written in the GDSII structure.

                     Returns
                            out -- The GDSII binary string that represents this label.

                     Return type
                            string

              translate(dx, dy)
                     Translate this label.

                     Parametersdx (number) -- Distance to move in the x-direction

                            • dy (number) -- Distance to move in the y-direction

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            Label

                     Examples

                     >>> text = gdspy.Label((0, 0), (10, 20))
                     >>> text = text.translate(2, 0)
                     >>> myCell.add(text)

   boolean
       gdspy.boolean(operand1,  operand2,  operation,  precision=0.001,  max_points=199, layer=0,
       datatype=0)
              Execute any boolean operation between 2 polygons or polygon sets.

              Parametersoperand1 (PolygonSet,  CellReference,  CellArray  or  iterable)  --  First
                       operand.   If  this  is  an  iterable,  each element must be a PolygonSet,
                       CellReference, CellArray, or an array-like[N][2] of vertices of a polygon.

                     • operand2 (None,  PolygonSet,  CellReference,  CellArray  or  iterable)  --
                       Second  operand.   If  this  is  an  iterable,  each  element  must  be  a
                       PolygonSet, CellReference, CellArray, or an array-like[N][2]  of  vertices
                       of a polygon.

                     • operation  ({'or',  'and',  'xor',  'not'})  --  Boolean  operation  to be
                       executed.  The 'not' operation returns the difference operand1 - operand2.

                     • precision (float) -- Desired precision for rounding vertice coordinates.

                     • max_points (integer) -- If greater than 4, fracture the resulting polygons
                       to  ensure  they  have  at  most  max_points  vertices.   This  is  not  a
                       tessellating function, so this number should be as high as possible.   For
                       example, it should be set to 199 for polygons being drawn in GDSII files.

                     • layer (integer) -- The GDSII layer number for the resulting element.

                     • datatype  (integer)  --  The  GDSII  datatype  for  the  resulting element
                       (between 0 and 255).

              Returns
                     out -- Result of the boolean operation.

              Return type
                     PolygonSet or None

   offset
       gdspy.offset(polygons,    distance,    join='miter',     tolerance=2,     precision=0.001,
       join_first=False, max_points=199, layer=0, datatype=0)
              Shrink or expand a polygon or polygon set.

              Parameterspolygons (PolygonSet, CellReference, CellArray or iterable) -- Polygons to
                       be offset.  If this is an iterable, each element  must  be  a  PolygonSet,
                       CellReference, CellArray, or an array-like[N][2] of vertices of a polygon.

                     • distance  (number)  --  Offset  distance.  Positive to expand, negative to
                       shrink.

                     • join ('miter', 'bevel', 'round') -- Type of join used to create the offset
                       polygon.

                     • tolerance (number) -- For miter joints, this number must be at least 2 and
                       it represents the maximal distance in  multiples  of  offset  between  new
                       vertices  and  their  original position before beveling to avoid spikes at
                       acute joints.  For round joints, it indicates the curvature resolution  in
                       number of points per full circle.

                     • precision (float) -- Desired precision for rounding vertex coordinates.

                     • join_first (bool) -- Join all paths before offsetting to avoid unnecessary
                       joins in adjacent polygon sides.

                     • max_points (integer) -- If greater than 4, fracture the resulting polygons
                       to  ensure  they  have  at  most  max_points  vertices.   This  is  not  a
                       tessellating function, so this number should be as high as possible.   For
                       example, it should be set to 199 for polygons being drawn in GDSII files.

                     • layer (integer) -- The GDSII layer number for the resulting element.

                     • datatype  (integer)  --  The  GDSII  datatype  for  the  resulting element
                       (between 0 and 255).

              Returns
                     out -- Return the offset shape as a set of polygons.

              Return type
                     PolygonSet or None

   slice
       gdspy.slice(polygons, position, axis, precision=0.001, layer=0, datatype=0)
              Slice polygons and polygon sets at given positions along an axis.

              Parameterspolygons (PolygonSet, CellReference, CellArray or iterable) -- Operand  of
                       the  slice  operation.   If  this  is  an iterable, each element must be a
                       PolygonSet, CellReference, CellArray, or an array-like[N][2]  of  vertices
                       of a polygon.

                     • position  (number  or list of numbers) -- Positions to perform the slicing
                       operation along the specified axis.

                     • axis (0 or 1) -- Axis along which the polygon will be sliced.

                     • precision (float) -- Desired precision for rounding vertice coordinates.

                     • layer (integer, list) -- The GDSII layer numbers for the elements  between
                       each  division.   If  the  number  of  layers in the list is less than the
                       number of divided regions, the list is repeated.

                     • datatype (integer, list) -- The GDSII datatype for the  resulting  element
                       (between  0 and 255).  If the number of datatypes in the list is less than
                       the number of divided regions, the list is repeated.

              Returns
                     out -- Result of the slicing operation, with N = len(positions) +  1.   Each
                     PolygonSet  comprises  all polygons between 2 adjacent slicing positions, in
                     crescent order.

              Return type
                     list[N] of PolygonSet or None

              Examples

              >>> ring = gdspy.Round((0, 0), 10, inner_radius = 5)
              >>> result = gdspy.slice(ring, [-7, 7], 0)
              >>> cell.add(result[1])

   inside
       gdspy.inside(points, polygons, short_circuit='any', precision=0.001)
              Test whether each of the points is within the given set of polygons.

              Parameterspoints (array-like[N][2] or sequence of array-like[N][2])  --  Coordinates
                       of the points to be tested or groups of points to be tested together.

                     • polygons (PolygonSet, CellReference, CellArray or iterable) -- Polygons to
                       be tested against.  If this  is  an  iterable,  each  element  must  be  a
                       PolygonSet,  CellReference,  CellArray, or an array-like[N][2] of vertices
                       of a polygon.

                     • short_circuit ({'any', 'all'}) -- If points is a sequence of point groups,
                       testing  within each group will be short-circuited if any of the points in
                       the group is inside ('any') or outside ('all') the polygons.  If points is
                       simply a sequence of points, this parameter has no effect.

                     • precision (float) -- Desired precision for rounding vertice coordinates.

              Returns
                     out -- Tuple of booleans indicating if each of the points or point groups is
                     inside the set of polygons.

              Return type
                     tuple

   copy
       gdspy.copy(obj, dx=0, dy=0)
              Create a copy of obj and translate it by (dx, dy).

              Parametersobj (translatable object) -- Object to be copied.

                     • dx (number) -- Distance to move in the x-direction.

                     • dy (number) -- Distance to move in the y-direction.

              Returns
                     out -- Translated copy of original obj

              Return type
                     translatable object

              Examples

              >>> rectangle = gdspy.Rectangle((0, 0), (10, 20))
              >>> rectangle2 = gdspy.copy(rectangle, 2,0)
              >>> myCell.add(rectangle)
              >>> myCell.add(rectangle2)

   GDSII Library
   Cell
       class gdspy.Cell(name, exclude_from_current=False)
              Bases: object

              Collection of polygons, paths, labels and raferences to other cells.

              Parametersname (string) -- The name of the cell.

                     • exclude_from_current (bool) -- If True, the cell will not be automatically
                       included in the current library.

              Variablesname (string) -- The name of this cell.

                     • polygons (list of PolygonSet) -- List of cell polygons.

                     • paths (list of RobustPath or FlexPath) -- List of cell paths.

                     • labels (list of Label) -- List of cell labels.

                     • references   (list   of  CellReference  or  CellArray)  --  List  of  cell
                       references.

              to_gds(multiplier, timestamp=None)
                     Convert this cell to a GDSII structure.

                     Parametersmultiplier (number) -- A  number  that  multiplies  all  dimensions
                              written in the GDSII structure.

                            • timestamp  (datetime object) -- Sets the GDSII timestamp.  If None,
                              the current time is used.

                     Returns
                            out -- The GDSII binary string that represents this cell.

                     Return type
                            string

              copy(name, exclude_from_current=False, deep_copy=False)
                     Creates a copy of this cell.

                     Parametersname (string) -- The name of the cell.

                            • exclude_from_current (bool) --  If  True,  the  cell  will  not  be
                              included in the global list of cells maintained by gdspy.

                            • deep_copy  (bool)  --  If  False,  the  new  cell will contain only
                              references to the  existing  elements.   If  True,  copies  of  all
                              elements are also created.

                     Returns
                            out -- The new copy of this cell.

                     Return type
                            Cell

              add(element)
                     Add a new element or list of elements to this cell.

                     Parameters
                            element  (PolygonSet,  CellReference,  CellArray  or iterable) -- The
                            element or iterable of elements to be inserted in this cell.

                     Returns
                            out -- This cell.

                     Return type
                            Cell

              remove_polygons(test)
                     Remove polygons from this cell.

                     The function or callable test is called for each polygon in  the  cell.   If
                     its  return  value  evaluates  to True, the corresponding polygon is removed
                     from the cell.

                     Parameters
                            test (callable) -- Test function to query whether a polygon should be
                            removed.   The  function  is  called  with arguments: (points, layer,
                            datatype)

                     Returns
                            out -- This cell.

                     Return type
                            Cell

                     Examples

                     Remove polygons in layer 1:

                     >>> cell.remove_polygons(lambda pts, layer, datatype:
                     ...                      layer == 1)

                     Remove polygons with negative x coordinates:

                     >>> cell.remove_polygons(lambda pts, layer, datatype:
                     ...                      any(pts[:, 0] < 0))

              remove_paths(test)
                     Remove paths from this cell.

                     The function or callable test is called for each FlexPath or  RobustPath  in
                     the cell.  If its return value evaluates to True, the corresponding label is
                     removed from the cell.

                     Parameters
                            test (callable) -- Test function to query whether a  path  should  be
                            removed.  The function is called with the path as the only argument.

                     Returns
                            out -- This cell.

                     Return type
                            Cell

              remove_labels(test)
                     Remove labels from this cell.

                     The  function or callable test is called for each label in the cell.  If its
                     return value evaluates to True, the corresponding label is removed from  the
                     cell.

                     Parameters
                            test  (callable)  -- Test function to query whether a label should be
                            removed.  The function is called with the label as the only argument.

                     Returns
                            out -- This cell.

                     Return type
                            Cell

                     Examples

                     Remove labels in layer 1:

                     >>> cell.remove_labels(lambda lbl: lbl.layer == 1)

              area(by_spec=False)
                     Calculate the total area of  the  elements  on  this  cell,  including  cell
                     references and arrays.

                     Parameters
                            by_spec  (bool) -- If True, the return value is a dictionary with the
                            areas of each individual pair (layer, datatype).

                     Returns
                            out -- Area of this cell.

                     Return type
                            number, dictionary

              get_layers()
                     Return the set of layers in this cell.

                     Returns
                            out -- Set of the layers used in this cell.

                     Return type
                            set

              get_datatypes()
                     Return the set of datatypes in this cell.

                     Returns
                            out -- Set of the datatypes used in this cell.

                     Return type
                            set

              get_bounding_box()
                     Calculate the bounding box for this cell.

                     Returns
                            out -- Bounding box of this cell [[x_min, y_min], [x_max, y_max]], or
                            None if the cell is empty.

                     Return type
                            Numpy array[2, 2] or None

              get_polygons(by_spec=False, depth=None)
                     Return a list of polygons in this cell.

                     Parametersby_spec  (bool)  --  If True, the return value is a dictionary with
                              the polygons of each individual pair (layer, datatype).

                            • depth (integer or None) -- If  not  None,  defines  from  how  many
                              reference levels to retrieve polygons.  References below this level
                              will result in a bounding box.  If by_spec is True the key will  be
                              the name of this cell.

                     Returns
                            out  --  List  containing  the  coordinates  of  the vertices of each
                            polygon, or dictionary with the  list  of  polygons  (if  by_spec  is
                            True).

                     Return type
                            list of array-like[N][2] or dictionary

                     NOTE:
                        Instances  of  FlexPath and RobustPath are also included in the result by
                        computing their polygonal boundary.

              get_polygonsets(depth=None)
                     Return a list with a copy of the polygons in this cell.

                     Parameters
                            depth (integer or None)  --  If  not  None,  defines  from  how  many
                            reference levels to retrieve polygons from.

                     Returns
                            out -- List containing the polygons in this cell and its references.

                     Return type
                            list of PolygonSet

              get_paths(depth=None)
                     Return a list with a copy of the paths in this cell.

                     Parameters
                            depth  (integer  or  None)  --  If  not  None,  defines from how many
                            reference levels to retrieve paths from.

                     Returns
                            out -- List containing the paths in this cell and its references.

                     Return type
                            list of FlexPath or RobustPath

              get_labels(depth=None)
                     Return a list with a copy of the labels in this cell.

                     Parameters
                            depth (integer or None)  --  If  not  None,  defines  from  how  many
                            reference levels to retrieve labels from.

                     Returns
                            out -- List containing the labels in this cell and its references.

                     Return type
                            list of Label

              get_dependencies(recursive=False)
                     Return a list of the cells included in this cell as references.

                     Parameters
                            recursive (bool) -- If True returns cascading dependencies.

                     Returns
                            out -- List of the cells referenced by this cell.

                     Return type
                            set of Cell

              flatten(single_layer=None, single_datatype=None, single_texttype=None)
                     Convert all references into polygons, paths and labels.

                     Parameterssingle_layer (integer or None) -- If not None, all polygons will be
                              transferred to the layer indicated by this number.

                            • single_datatype (integer or None) -- If not None, all polygons will
                              be transferred to the datatype indicated by this number.

                            • single_datatype  --  If not None, all labels will be transferred to
                              the texttype indicated by this number.

                     Returns
                            out -- This cell.

                     Return type
                            Cell

   CellReference
       class  gdspy.CellReference(ref_cell,  origin=(0,  0),  rotation=None,  magnification=None,
       x_reflection=False, ignore_missing=False)
              Bases: object

              Simple reference to an existing cell.

              Parametersref_cell (Cell or string) -- The referenced cell or its name.

                     • origin (array-like[2]) -- Position where the reference is inserted.

                     • rotation (number) -- Angle of rotation of the reference (in degrees).

                     • magnification (number) -- Magnification factor for the reference.

                     • x_reflection  (bool) -- If True the reference is reflected parallel to the
                       x direction before being rotated.

                     • ignore_missing (bool) -- If False a warning is issued when the  referenced
                       cell is not found.

              to_gds(multiplier)
                     Convert this object to a GDSII element.

                     Parameters
                            multiplier  (number)  --  A  number  that  multiplies  all dimensions
                            written in the GDSII element.

                     Returns
                            out -- The GDSII binary string that represents this object.

                     Return type
                            string

              area(by_spec=False)
                     Calculate the total area of  the  referenced  cell  with  the  magnification
                     factor included.

                     Parameters
                            by_spec  (bool) -- If True, the return value is a dictionary with the
                            areas of each individual pair (layer, datatype).

                     Returns
                            out -- Area of this cell.

                     Return type
                            number, dictionary

              get_polygons(by_spec=False, depth=None)
                     Return the list of polygons created by this reference.

                     Parametersby_spec (bool) -- If True, the return value is  a  dictionary  with
                              the polygons of each individual pair (layer, datatype).

                            • depth  (integer  or  None)  --  If  not None, defines from how many
                              reference levels to retrieve polygons.  References below this level
                              will  result in a bounding box.  If by_spec is True the key will be
                              the name of the referenced cell.

                     Returns
                            out -- List containing  the  coordinates  of  the  vertices  of  each
                            polygon,  or  dictionary  with  the  list  of polygons (if by_spec is
                            True).

                     Return type
                            list of array-like[N][2] or dictionary

                     NOTE:
                        Instances of FlexPath and RobustPath are also included in the  result  by
                        computing their polygonal boundary.

              get_polygonsets(depth=None)
                     Return the list of polygons created by this reference.

                     Parameters
                            depth  (integer  or  None)  --  If  not  None,  defines from how many
                            reference levels to retrieve polygons from.

                     Returns
                            out -- List containing the polygons in this cell and its references.

                     Return type
                            list of PolygonSet

              get_paths(depth=None)
                     Return the list of paths created by this reference.

                     Parameters
                            depth (integer or None)  --  If  not  None,  defines  from  how  many
                            reference levels to retrieve paths from.

                     Returns
                            out -- List containing the paths in this cell and its references.

                     Return type
                            list of FlexPath or RobustPath

              get_labels(depth=None)
                     Return the list of labels created by this reference.

                     Parameters
                            depth  (integer  or  None)  --  If  not  None,  defines from how many
                            reference levels to retrieve labels from.

                     Returns
                            out -- List containing the labels in this cell and its references.

                     Return type
                            list of Label

              get_bounding_box()
                     Calculate the bounding box for this reference.

                     Returns
                            out -- Bounding box of this cell [[x_min, y_min], [x_max, y_max]], or
                            None if the cell is empty.

                     Return type
                            Numpy array[2, 2] or None

              translate(dx, dy)
                     Translate this reference.

                     Parametersdx (number) -- Distance to move in the x-direction.

                            • dy (number) -- Distance to move in the y-direction.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            CellReference

   CellArray
       class  gdspy.CellArray(ref_cell,  columns,  rows,  spacing,  origin=(0, 0), rotation=None,
       magnification=None, x_reflection=False, ignore_missing=False)
              Bases: object

              Multiple references to an existing cell in an array format.

              Parametersref_cell (Cell or string) -- The referenced cell or its name.

                     • columns (positive integer) -- Number of columns in the array.

                     • rows (positive integer) -- Number of columns in the array.

                     • spacing (array-like[2]) -- distances between adjacent columns and adjacent
                       rows.

                     • origin (array-like[2]) -- Position where the cell is inserted.

                     • rotation (number) -- Angle of rotation of the reference (in degrees).

                     • magnification (number) -- Magnification factor for the reference.

                     • x_reflection (bool) -- If True, the reference is reflected parallel to the
                       x direction before being rotated.

                     • ignore_missing (bool) -- If False a warning is issued when the  referenced
                       cell is not found.

              to_gds(multiplier)
                     Convert this object to a GDSII element.

                     Parameters
                            multiplier  (number)  --  A  number  that  multiplies  all dimensions
                            written in the GDSII element.

                     Returns
                            out -- The GDSII binary string that represents this object.

                     Return type
                            string

              area(by_spec=False)
                     Calculate the total area of the cell array  with  the  magnification  factor
                     included.

                     Parameters
                            by_spec  (bool) -- If True, the return value is a dictionary with the
                            areas of each individual pair (layer, datatype).

                     Returns
                            out -- Area of this cell.

                     Return type
                            number, dictionary

              get_polygons(by_spec=False, depth=None)
                     Return the list of polygons created by this reference.

                     Parametersby_spec (bool) -- If True, the return value is  a  dictionary  with
                              the polygons of each individual pair (layer, datatype).

                            • depth  (integer  or  None)  --  If  not None, defines from how many
                              reference levels to retrieve polygons.  References below this level
                              will  result in a bounding box.  If by_spec is True the key will be
                              name of the referenced cell.

                     Returns
                            out -- List containing  the  coordinates  of  the  vertices  of  each
                            polygon,  or  dictionary  with  the  list  of polygons (if by_spec is
                            True).

                     Return type
                            list of array-like[N][2] or dictionary

                     NOTE:
                        Instances of FlexPath and RobustPath are also included in the  result  by
                        computing their polygonal boundary.

              get_polygonsets(depth=None)
                     Return the list of polygons created by this reference.

                     Parameters
                            depth  (integer  or  None)  --  If  not  None,  defines from how many
                            reference levels to retrieve polygons from.

                     Returns
                            out -- List containing the polygons in this cell and its references.

                     Return type
                            list of PolygonSet

              get_paths(depth=None)
                     Return the list of paths created by this reference.

                     Parameters
                            depth (integer or None)  --  If  not  None,  defines  from  how  many
                            reference levels to retrieve paths from.

                     Returns
                            out -- List containing the paths in this cell and its references.

                     Return type
                            list of FlexPath or RobustPath

              get_labels(depth=None)
                     Return the list of labels created by this reference.

                     Parameters
                            depth  (integer  or  None)  --  If  not  None,  defines from how many
                            reference levels to retrieve labels from.

                     Returns
                            out -- List containing the labels in this cell and its references.

                     Return type
                            list of Label

              get_bounding_box()
                     Calculate the bounding box for this reference.

                     Returns
                            out -- Bounding box of this cell [[x_min, y_min], [x_max, y_max]], or
                            None if the cell is empty.

                     Return type
                            Numpy array[2, 2] or None

              translate(dx, dy)
                     Translate this reference.

                     Parametersdx (number) -- Distance to move in the x-direction.

                            • dy (number) -- Distance to move in the y-direction.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            CellArray

   GdsLibrary
       class gdspy.GdsLibrary(name='library', infile=None, unit=1e-06, precision=1e-09, **kwargs)
              Bases: object

              GDSII library (file).

              Represent a GDSII library containing a dictionary of cells.

              Parametersname  (string) -- Name of the GDSII library.  Ignored if a name is defined
                       in infile.

                     • infile (file or string) -- GDSII stream file (or path) to be imported.  It
                       must be opened for reading in binary format.

                     • kwargs (keyword arguments) -- Arguments passed to read_gds.

              Variablesname (string) -- Name of the GDSII library.

                     • cell_dict  (dictionary) -- Dictionary of cells in this library, indexed by
                       name.

                     • unit (number) -- Unit size for the objects in the library (in meters).

                     • precision (number) -- Precision for the dimensions of the objects  in  the
                       library (in meters).

              add(cell, overwrite_duplicate=False)
                     Add one or more cells to the library.

                     Parameterscell (Cell or iterable) -- Cells to be included in the library.

                            • overwrite_duplicate  (bool)  --  If  True an existing cell with the
                              same name in the library will be overwritten.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            GdsLibrary

                        Notes

                               CellReference  or  CellArray  instances  that   referred   to   an
                               overwritten cell are not automatically updated.

              write_gds(outfile, cells=None, timestamp=None, binary_cells=None)
                     Write the GDSII library to a file.

                     The  dimensions actually written on the GDSII file will be the dimensions of
                     the objects created times the  ratio  unit/precision.   For  example,  if  a
                     circle  with  radius  1.5 is created and we set GdsLibrary.unit to 1.0e-6 (1
                     um) and GdsLibrary.precision to 1.0e-9` (1 nm), the  radius  of  the  circle
                     will be 1.5 um and the GDSII file will contain the dimension 1500 nm.

                     Parametersoutfile  (file  or  string)  --  The file (or path) where the GDSII
                              stream will be written.  It must be opened for  writing  operations
                              in binary format.

                            • cells  (iterable)  -- The cells or cell names to be included in the
                              library.  If None, all cells are used.

                            • timestamp (datetime object) -- Sets the GDSII timestamp.  If  None,
                              the current time is used.

                            • binary_cells  (iterable  of bytes) -- Iterable with binary data for
                              GDSII cells (from get_binary_cells, for example).

                        Notes

                               Only the specified cells are written.  The user is responsible for
                               ensuring all cell dependencies are satisfied.

              read_gds(infile,   units='skip',  rename={},  rename_template='{name}',  layers={},
              datatypes={}, texttypes={})
                     Read a GDSII file into this library.

                     Parametersinfile (file or string) --  GDSII  stream  file  (or  path)  to  be
                              imported.  It must be opened for reading in binary format.

                            • units  ({'convert', 'import', 'skip'}) -- Controls how to scale and
                              use the units  in  the  imported  file.   'convert':  the  imported
                              geometry  is  scaled  to this library units. 'import': the unit and
                              precision in this library are replaced by those from  the  imported
                              file.   'skip':  the  imported geometry is not scaled and units are
                              not replaced; the geometry is imported in the  user  units  of  the
                              file.

                            • rename  (dictionary)  --  Dictionary  used  to  rename the imported
                              cells.  Keys and values must be strings.

                            • rename_template (string) -- Template  string  used  to  rename  the
                              imported  cells. Appiled only if the cell name is not in the rename
                              dictionary.  Examples: 'prefix-{name}', '{name}-suffix'

                            • layers (dictionary) -- Dictionary used to convert the layers in the
                              imported cells.  Keys and values must be integers.

                            • datatypes  (dictionary) -- Dictionary used to convert the datatypes
                              in the imported cells.  Keys and values must be integers.

                            • texttypes (dictionary) -- Dictionary used to convert the text types
                              in the imported cells.  Keys and values must be integers.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            GdsLibrary

                        Notes

                               Not  all  features  from  the  GDSII  specification  are currently
                               supported.  A warning will be produced if any unsupported features
                               are found in the imported file.

              extract(cell, overwrite_duplicate=False)
                     Extract a cell from the this GDSII file and include it in the current global
                     library, including referenced dependencies.

                     Parameterscell (Cell or string) -- Cell or name of the cell to  be  extracted
                              from  the  imported  file.   Referenced cells will be automatically
                              extracted as well.

                            • overwrite_duplicate (bool) -- If True an  existing  cell  with  the
                              same name in the current global library will be overwritten.

                     Returns
                            out -- The extracted cell.

                     Return type
                            Cell

                        Notes

                               CellReference   or   CellArray   instances  that  referred  to  an
                               overwritten cell are not automatically updated.

              top_level()
                     Output the top level cells from the GDSII data.

                     Top level cells are those that are not referenced by any other cells.

                     Returns
                            out -- List of top level cells.

                     Return type
                            list

   GdsWriter
       class    gdspy.GdsWriter(outfile,     name='library',     unit=1e-06,     precision=1e-09,
       timestamp=None)
              Bases: object

              GDSII strem library writer.

              The  dimensions  actually  written  on the GDSII file will be the dimensions of the
              objects created times the ratio unit/precision.  For  example,  if  a  circle  with
              radius  1.5  is created and we set unit to 1.0e-6 (1 um) and precision to 1.0e-9 (1
              nm), the radius of the circle will be 1.5 um and the GDSII file  will  contain  the
              dimension 1500 nm.

              Parametersoutfile (file or string) -- The file (or path) where the GDSII stream will
                       be written.  It must be opened for writing operations in binary format.

                     • name (string) -- Name of the GDSII library (file).

                     • unit (number) -- Unit size for the objects in the library (in meters).

                     • precision (number) -- Precision for the dimensions of the objects  in  the
                       library (in meters).

                     • timestamp  (datetime  object)  --  Sets the GDSII timestamp.  If None, the
                       current time is used.

                 Notes

                        This class can be used for incremental output of the geometry in case the
                        complete layout is too large to be kept in memory all at once.

              Examples

              >>> writer = gdspy.GdsWriter('out-file.gds', unit=1.0e-6,
              ...                          precision=1.0e-9)
              >>> for i in range(10):
              ...     cell = gdspy.Cell('C{}'.format(i), True)
              ...     # Add the contents of this cell...
              ...     writer.write_cell(cell)
              ...     # Clear the memory: erase Cell objects and any other objects
              ...     # that won't be needed.
              ...     del cell
              >>> writer.close()

              write_cell(cell, timestamp=None)
                     Write the specified cell to the file.

                     Parameterscell (Cell) -- Cell to be written.

                            • timestamp  (datetime object) -- Sets the GDSII timestamp.  If None,
                              the current time is used.

                        Notes

                               Only the specified cell is written.  Dependencies must be manually
                               included.

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            GdsWriter

              write_binary_cells(binary_cells)
                     Write the specified binary cells to the file.

                     Parameters
                            binary_cells  (iterable  of  bytes)  -- Iterable with binary data for
                            GDSII cells (from get_binary_cells, for example).

                     Returns
                            out -- This object.

                     Return type
                            GdsWriter

              close()
                     Finalize the GDSII stream library.

   LayoutViewer
   write_gds
       gdspy.write_gds(outfile,   cells=None,   name='library',   unit=1e-06,    precision=1e-09,
       timestamp=None, binary_cells=None)
              Write the current GDSII library to a file.

              The  dimensions  actually  written  on the GDSII file will be the dimensions of the
              objects created times the ratio unit/precision.  For  example,  if  a  circle  with
              radius  1.5  is created and we set unit to 1.0e-6 (1 um) and precision to 1.0e-9 (1
              nm), the radius of the circle will be 1.5 um and the GDSII file  will  contain  the
              dimension 1500 nm.

              Parametersoutfile (file or string) -- The file (or path) where the GDSII stream will
                       be written.  It must be opened for writing operations in binary format.

                     • cells (array-like) -- The sequence of cells or cell names to  be  included
                       in the library.  If None, all cells are used.

                     • name (string) -- Name of the GDSII library.

                     • unit (number) -- Unit size for the objects in the library (in meters).

                     • precision  (number)  -- Precision for the dimensions of the objects in the
                       library (in meters).

                     • timestamp (datetime object) -- Sets the GDSII  timestamp.   If  None,  the
                       current time is used.

                     • binary_cells  (iterable  of  bytes) -- Iterable with binary data for GDSII
                       cells (from get_binary_cells, for example).

   gdsii_hash
       gdspy.gdsii_hash(filename, engine=None)
              Calculate the a hash value for a GDSII file.

              The hash is generated based only on the contents of the cells in the GDSII library,
              ignoring any timestamp records present in the file structure.

              Parametersfilename (string) -- Full path to the GDSII file.

                     • engine  (hashlib-like  engine)  --  The  engine  that executes the hashing
                       algorithm.  It must provide the methods update and hexdigest as defined in
                       the hashlib module.  If None, the default hashlib.sha1() is used.

              Returns
                     out -- The hash corresponding to the library contents in hex format.

              Return type
                     string

   get_binary_cells
       gdspy.get_binary_cells(infile)
              Load all cells from a GDSII stream file in binary format.

              Parameters
                     infile  (file  or  string)  -- GDSII stream file (or path) to be loaded.  It
                     must be opened for reading in binary format.

              Returns
                     out -- Dictionary of binary cell representations indexed by name.

              Return type
                     dictionary

                 Notes

                        The returned cells inherit the units of the loaded  file.   If  they  are
                        used in a new library, the new library must use compatible units.

   get_gds_units
       gdspy.get_gds_units(infile)
              Return the unit and precision used in the GDS stream file.

              Parameters
                     infile (file or string) -- GDSII stream file to be queried.

              Returns
                     out -- Return (unit, precision) from the file.

              Return type
                     2-tuple

   current_library
       gdspy.current_library = <gdspy.GdsLibrary object>
              Current GdsLibrary instance for automatic creation of GDSII files.

              This  variable  can  be  freely  overwritten  by  the  user  with a new instance of
              GdsLibrary.

              Examples

              >>> gdspy.Cell('MAIN')
              >>> gdspy.current_library = GdsLibrary()  # Reset current library
              >>> gdspy.Cell('MAIN')  # A new MAIN cell is created without error

SUPPORT

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AUTHOR

       Lucas H. Gabrielli

COPYRIGHT

       2009-2023, Lucas H. Gabrielli