Provided by: zsh-common_5.9-4_all bug

NAME

       zshbuiltins - zsh built-in commands

SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS

       Some  shell  builtin  commands  take options as described in individual entries; these are
       often referred to in the list below as `flags' to  avoid  confusion  with  shell  options,
       which  may also have an effect on the behaviour of builtin commands.  In this introductory
       section, `option' always has the meaning of an option to a command that should be familiar
       to most command line users.

       Typically,  options  are  single  letters  preceded by a hyphen (-).  Options that take an
       argument accept it either immediately following the option letter or  after  white  space,
       for  example  `print  -C3  {1..9}'  or  `print  -C 3 {1..9}' are equivalent.  Arguments to
       options are not the same as arguments to the command; the documentation indicates which is
       which.  Options that do not take an argument may be combined in a single word, for example
       `print -rca -- *' and `print -r -c -a -- *' are equivalent.

       Some shell builtin commands also take options that begin with `+'  instead  of  `-'.   The
       list below makes clear which commands these are.

       Options  (together  with their individual arguments, if any) must appear in a group before
       any non-option arguments; once the  first  non-option  argument  has  been  found,  option
       processing is terminated.

       All  builtin  commands other than `echo' and precommand modifiers, even those that have no
       options, can be given the argument `--' to terminate option  processing.   This  indicates
       that  the  following  words  are  non-option arguments, but is otherwise ignored.  This is
       useful in cases where arguments to  the  command  may  begin  with  `-'.   For  historical
       reasons,  most  builtin  commands  (including  `echo')  also  recognize  a single `-' in a
       separate word for this purpose; note that this  is  less  standard  and  use  of  `--'  is
       recommended.

       - simple command
              See the section `Precommand Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

       . file [ arg ... ]
              Read commands from file and execute them in the current shell environment.

              If  file  does  not contain a slash, or if PATH_DIRS is set, the shell looks in the
              components of $path to find the directory containing file.  Files  in  the  current
              directory  are  not  read  unless  `.' appears somewhere in $path.  If a file named
              `file.zwc' is found, is newer than file, and is the compiled form (created with the
              zcompile builtin) of file, then commands are read from that file instead of file.

              If  any  arguments  arg  are  given, they become the positional parameters; the old
              positional parameters are restored when the file is done executing.  However, if no
              arguments are given, the positional parameters remain those of the calling context,
              and no restoring is done.

              If file was not found the return status is 127; if file was found but  contained  a
              syntax error the return status is 126; else the return status is the exit status of
              the last command executed.

       : [ arg ... ]
              This command does nothing, although normal argument expansions is  performed  which
              may have effects on shell parameters.  A zero exit status is returned.

       alias [ {+|-}gmrsL ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              For  each  name  with  a  corresponding  value, define an alias with that value.  A
              trailing space in value causes the next word to be checked for alias expansion.  If
              the  -g flag is present, define a global alias; global aliases are expanded even if
              they do not occur in command position:

                     % perldoc --help 2>&1 | grep 'built-in functions'
                         -f   Search Perl built-in functions
                     % alias -g HG='--help 2>&1 | grep'
                     % perldoc HG 'built-in functions'
                         -f   Search Perl built-in functions

              If the -s flag is present, define a suffix alias: if the command word on a  command
              line is in the form `text.name', where text is any non-empty string, it is replaced
              by the text `value text.name'.  Note that name is treated as a literal string,  not
              a pattern.  A trailing space in value is not special in this case.  For example,

                     alias -s ps='gv --'

              will  cause  the command `*.ps' to be expanded to `gv -- *.ps'.  As alias expansion
              is carried out earlier than globbing, the `*.ps' will  then  be  expanded.   Suffix
              aliases  constitute  a  different  name  space  from other aliases (so in the above
              example it is still possible to create an alias for the command  ps)  and  the  two
              sets are never listed together.

              For  each  name with no value, print the value of name, if any.  With no arguments,
              print all currently defined aliases other than suffix aliases.  If the -m  flag  is
              given  the  arguments are taken as patterns (they should be quoted to preserve them
              from being interpreted as glob patterns), and the aliases matching  these  patterns
              are  printed.   When printing aliases and one of the -g, -r or -s flags is present,
              restrict the printing to global, regular or suffix aliases, respectively; a regular
              alias  is  one which is neither a global nor a suffix alias.   Using `+' instead of
              `-', or ending the option list with a  single  `+',  prevents  the  values  of  the
              aliases from being printed.

              If  the  -L flag is present, then print each alias in a manner suitable for putting
              in a startup script.  The exit status is nonzero if a name (with no value) is given
              for which no alias has been defined.

              For  more  on  aliases,  include  common  problems,  see  the  section  ALIASING in
              zshmisc(1).

       autoload [ {+|-}RTUXdkmrtWz ] [ -w ] [ name ... ]
              See the section `Autoloading Functions' in zshmisc(1) for full details.  The  fpath
              parameter  will  be  searched  to find the function definition when the function is
              first referenced.

              If name consists of an absolute path, the function is defined to load from the file
              given  (searching  as usual for dump files in the given location).  The name of the
              function is the basename (non-directory part) of the file.  It is normally an error
              if  the  function  is not found in the given location; however, if the option -d is
              given, searching for the function defaults to $fpath.  If a function is  loaded  by
              absolute path, any functions loaded from it that are marked for autoload without an
              absolute path have the load path of the parent function  temporarily  prepended  to
              $fpath.

              If  the  option -r or -R is given, the function is searched for immediately and the
              location is recorded internally for use when the function is executed;  a  relative
              path is expanded using the value of $PWD.  This protects against a change to $fpath
              after the call to autoload.  With -r, if the function is not found, it is  silently
              left  unresolved  until execution; with -R, an error message is printed and command
              processing aborted immediately the search  fails,  i.e.  at  the  autoload  command
              rather than at function execution..

              The  flag  -X  may  be  used  only  inside a shell function.  It causes the calling
              function to be marked for autoloading and then  immediately  loaded  and  executed,
              with  the  current  array of positional parameters as arguments.  This replaces the
              previous definition of the function.  If no function definition is found, an  error
              is  printed  and  the function remains undefined and marked for autoloading.  If an
              argument is given, it is used as a directory (i.e. it does not include the name  of
              the  function)  in which the function is to be found; this may be combined with the
              -d option to allow the function search to default to $fpath if it  is  not  in  the
              given location.

              The  flag  +X  attempts  to  load each name as an autoloaded function, but does not
              execute it.  The exit status is zero (success) if the function was  not  previously
              defined  and  a  definition  for  it was found.  This does not replace any existing
              definition of the function.  The exit status is nonzero (failure) if  the  function
              was  already  defined  or  when  no  definition  was found.  In the latter case the
              function remains undefined and marked for autoloading.  If ksh-style autoloading is
              enabled,  the function created will contain the contents of the file plus a call to
              the function itself appended to it, thus giving normal ksh autoloading behaviour on
              the  first call to the function.  If the -m flag is also given each name is treated
              as a pattern and all functions already marked for autoload that match  the  pattern
              are loaded.

              With  the  -t  flag,  turn on execution tracing; with -T, turn on execution tracing
              only for the current function, turning it off on entry to any called functions that
              do not also have tracing enabled.

              With the -U flag, alias expansion is suppressed when the function is loaded.

              With  the -w flag, the names are taken as names of files compiled with the zcompile
              builtin, and all functions defined in them are marked for autoloading.

              The flags -z and -k mark the function to be autoloaded using the zsh or ksh  style,
              as  if  the  option  KSH_AUTOLOAD  were unset or were set, respectively.  The flags
              override the setting of the option at the time the function is loaded.

              Note that the autoload command makes no attempt to ensure  the  shell  options  set
              during  the  loading or execution of the file have any particular value.  For this,
              the emulate command can be used:

                     emulate zsh -c 'autoload -Uz func'

              arranges that when func is loaded the shell is in native zsh  emulation,  and  this
              emulation is also applied when func is run.

              Some  of  the  functions of autoload are also provided by functions -u or functions
              -U, but autoload is a more comprehensive interface.

       bg [ job ... ]
       job ... &
              Put each specified job in the background, or the current job if none is specified.

       bindkey
              See the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).

       break [ n ]
              Exit from an enclosing for, while, until, select or repeat loop. If  an  arithmetic
              expression n is specified, then break n levels instead of just one.

       builtin name [ args ... ]
              Executes the builtin name, with the given args.

       bye    Same as exit.

       cap    See the section `The zsh/cap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       cd [ -qsLP ] [ arg ]
       cd [ -qsLP ] old new
       cd [ -qsLP ] {+|-}n
              Change  the  current directory.  In the first form, change the current directory to
              arg, or to the value of $HOME if arg is not specified.  If arg is  `-',  change  to
              the previous directory.

              Otherwise,  if arg begins with a slash, attempt to change to the directory given by
              arg.

              If arg does not begin with a slash, the behaviour depends on  whether  the  current
              directory  `.'  occurs  in the list of directories contained in the shell parameter
              cdpath.  If it does not, first attempt to change to the  directory  arg  under  the
              current  directory,  and  if that fails but cdpath is set and contains at least one
              element attempt to change to the directory arg under each component  of  cdpath  in
              turn  until  successful.  If `.' occurs in cdpath, then cdpath is searched strictly
              in order so that `.' is only tried at the appropriate point.

              The order of testing cdpath is modified if the option POSIX_CD is set, as described
              in the documentation for the option.

              If  no directory is found, the option CDABLE_VARS is set, and a parameter named arg
              exists whose value begins with a slash, treat its value as the directory.  In  that
              case, the parameter is added to the named directory hash table.

              The  second form of cd substitutes the string new for the string old in the name of
              the current directory, and tries to change to this new directory.

              The third form of cd extracts an entry from the directory  stack,  and  changes  to
              that  directory.  An argument of the form `+n' identifies a stack entry by counting
              from the left of the list shown by  the  dirs  command,  starting  with  zero.   An
              argument of the form `-n' counts from the right.  If the PUSHD_MINUS option is set,
              the meanings of `+' and `-' in this context are swapped.  If the POSIX_CD option is
              set, this form of cd is not recognised and will be interpreted as the first form.

              If the -q (quiet) option is specified, the hook function chpwd and the functions in
              the array chpwd_functions are not called.  This is useful for calls to cd  that  do
              not change the environment seen by an interactive user.

              If  the  -s  option is specified, cd refuses to change the current directory if the
              given pathname contains symlinks.  If the -P option is  given  or  the  CHASE_LINKS
              option  is set, symbolic links are resolved to their true values.  If the -L option
              is given symbolic links are retained in the directory (and not resolved) regardless
              of the state of the CHASE_LINKS option.

       chdir  Same as cd.

       clone  See the section `The zsh/clone Module' in zshmodules(1).

       command [ -pvV ] simple command
              The  simple  command argument is taken as an external command instead of a function
              or builtin and is executed. If the POSIX_BUILTINS option is set, builtins will also
              be  executed  but  certain  special  properties of them are suppressed. The -p flag
              causes a default path to be searched instead of that in $path. With  the  -v  flag,
              command is similar to whence and with -V, it is equivalent to whence -v.

              See also the section `Precommand Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

       comparguments
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compcall
              See the section `The zsh/compctl Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compctl
              See the section `The zsh/compctl Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compdescribe
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compfiles
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compgroups
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compquote
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       comptags
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       comptry
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compvalues
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       continue [ n ]
              Resume  the  next  iteration  of  the enclosing for, while, until, select or repeat
              loop. If an arithmetic expression n is specified, break out of n-1 loops and resume
              at the nth enclosing loop.

       declare
              Same as typeset.

       dirs [ -c ] [ arg ... ]
       dirs [ -lpv ]
              With  no  arguments,  print  the  contents of the directory stack.  Directories are
              added to this stack with the pushd  command,  and  removed  with  the  cd  or  popd
              commands.   If  arguments  are  specified,  load  them  onto  the  directory stack,
              replacing anything that was there, and push the current directory onto the stack.

              -c     clear the directory stack.

              -l     print directory names in full instead of using of using ~  expressions  (see
                     Dynamic and Static named directories in zshexpn(1)).

              -p     print directory entries one per line.

              -v     number the directories in the stack when printing.

       disable [ -afmprs ] name ...
              Temporarily  disable  the named hash table elements or patterns.  The default is to
              disable builtin commands.  This allows you to use an external command with the same
              name  as  a  builtin  command.   The  -a option causes disable to act on regular or
              global aliases.  The -s option causes disable to act on  suffix  aliases.   The  -f
              option  causes disable to act on shell functions.  The -r options causes disable to
              act on reserved words.  Without arguments all disabled hash table elements from the
              corresponding  hash table are printed.  With the -m flag the arguments are taken as
              patterns  (which  should  be  quoted  to  prevent  them  from  undergoing  filename
              expansion),  and all hash table elements from the corresponding hash table matching
              these patterns are disabled.  Disabled objects  can  be  enabled  with  the  enable
              command.

              With  the  option  -p,  name ... refer to elements of the shell's pattern syntax as
              described in the section `Filename Generation'.  Certain elements can  be  disabled
              separately, as given below.

              Note   that   patterns  not  allowed  by  the  current  settings  for  the  options
              EXTENDED_GLOB, KSH_GLOB and SH_GLOB are never enabled, regardless  of  the  setting
              here.   For  example,  if EXTENDED_GLOB is not active, the pattern ^ is ineffective
              even if `disable -p "^"' has not been issued.  The list below indicates any  option
              settings  that  restrict  the  use of the pattern.  It should be noted that setting
              SH_GLOB has a wider effect than merely disabling patterns as  certain  expressions,
              in particular those involving parentheses, are parsed differently.

              The following patterns may be disabled; all the strings need quoting on the command
              line to prevent them  from  being  interpreted  immediately  as  patterns  and  the
              patterns are shown below in single quotes as a reminder.

              '?'    The  pattern  character  ?  wherever  it  occurs, including when preceding a
                     parenthesis with KSH_GLOB.

              '*'    The pattern character * wherever it occurs, including recursive globbing and
                     when preceding a parenthesis with KSH_GLOB.

              '['    Character classes.

              '<' (NO_SH_GLOB)
                     Numeric ranges.

              '|' (NO_SH_GLOB)
                     Alternation  in grouped patterns, case statements, or KSH_GLOB parenthesised
                     expressions.

              '(' (NO_SH_GLOB)
                     Grouping using single parentheses.  Disabling this does not disable the  use
                     of  parentheses  for  KSH_GLOB  where  they  are  introduced  by  a  special
                     character, nor  for  glob  qualifiers  (use  `setopt  NO_BARE_GLOB_QUAL'  to
                     disable glob qualifiers that use parentheses only).

              '~' (EXTENDED_GLOB)
                     Exclusion in the form A~B.

              '^' (EXTENDED_GLOB)
                     Exclusion in the form A^B.

              '#' (EXTENDED_GLOB)
                     The  pattern  character  #  wherever  it  occurs,  both  for repetition of a
                     previous pattern and for indicating globbing flags.

              '?(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form ?(...).  Note this is also disabled if '?' is disabled.

              '*(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form *(...).  Note this is also disabled if '*' is disabled.

              '+(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form +(...).

              '!(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form !(...).

              '@(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form @(...).

       disown [ job ... ]
       job ... &|
       job ... &!
              Remove the specified jobs from the job table; the shell will no longer report their
              status,  and  will  not  complain if you try to exit an interactive shell with them
              running or stopped.  If no job is specified, disown the current job.

              If the jobs are currently stopped and  the  AUTO_CONTINUE  option  is  not  set,  a
              warning is printed containing information about how to make them running after they
              have been disowned.  If one of  the  latter  two  forms  is  used,  the  jobs  will
              automatically  be  made  running,  independent  of the setting of the AUTO_CONTINUE
              option.

       echo [ -neE ] [ arg ... ]
              Write each arg on the standard output, with a space separating each one.  If the -n
              flag  is  not  present,  print a newline at the end.  echo recognizes the following
              escape sequences:

              \a     bell character
              \b     backspace
              \c     suppress subsequent characters and final newline
              \e     escape
              \f     form feed
              \n     linefeed (newline)
              \r     carriage return
              \t     horizontal tab
              \v     vertical tab
              \\     backslash
              \0NNN  character code in octal
              \xNN   character code in hexadecimal
              \uNNNN unicode character code in hexadecimal
              \UNNNNNNNN
                     unicode character code in hexadecimal

              The -E flag, or the BSD_ECHO option, can be used to disable these escape sequences.
              In the latter case, -e flag can be used to enable them.

              Note  that  for  standards  compliance  a  double  dash  does  not terminate option
              processing; instead, it is printed directly.  However, a single dash does terminate
              option  processing,  so the first dash, possibly following options, is not printed,
              but everything following it is printed as an argument.  The single  dash  behaviour
              is  different  from  other  shells.   For a more portable way of printing text, see
              printf, and for a more controllable way of printing text within zsh, see print.

       echotc See the section `The zsh/termcap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       echoti See the section `The zsh/terminfo Module' in zshmodules(1).

       emulate [ -lLR ] [ {zsh|sh|ksh|csh} [ flags ... ] ]
              Without any argument print current emulation mode.

              With single argument set up zsh options to emulate the specified shell as  much  as
              possible.   csh  will  never  be fully emulated.  If the argument is not one of the
              shells listed above, zsh will be used as  a  default;  more  precisely,  the  tests
              performed  on the argument are the same as those used to determine the emulation at
              startup based on the shell name, see the section  COMPATIBILITY  in  zsh(1)  .   In
              addition  to setting shell options, the command also restores the pristine state of
              pattern enables, as if all patterns had been enabled using enable -p.

              If the emulate command occurs inside a function that has been marked for  execution
              tracing  with  functions  -t then the xtrace option will be turned on regardless of
              emulation mode or other options.  Note that code executed inside  the  function  by
              the  .,  source, or eval commands is not considered to be running directly from the
              function, hence does not provoke this behaviour.

              If the -R switch is given, all settable options are reset to  their  default  value
              corresponding   to  the  specified  emulation  mode,  except  for  certain  options
              describing the interactive environment; otherwise, only  those  options  likely  to
              cause  portability problems in scripts and functions are altered.  If the -L switch
              is given, the options LOCAL_OPTIONS, LOCAL_PATTERNS and LOCAL_TRAPS will be set  as
              well,  causing  the  effects  of  the emulate command and any setopt, disable -p or
              enable -p, and trap commands to be  local  to  the  immediately  surrounding  shell
              function,  if  any;  normally  these  options are turned off in all emulation modes
              except ksh. The -L switch is mutually exclusive with the use of -c in flags.

              If there is a single argument and the -l switch is given, the options that would be
              set  or  unset  (the  latter indicated with the prefix `no') are listed.  -l can be
              combined with -L or -R and the list will be modified in the appropriate way.   Note
              the  list  does  not depend on the current setting of options, i.e. it includes all
              options that may in principle change, not just those that would actually change.

              The flags may be  any  of  the  invocation-time  flags  described  in  the  section
              INVOCATION  in  zsh(1),  except that `-o EMACS' and `-o VI' may not be used.  Flags
              such as `+r'/`+o RESTRICTED' may be prohibited in some circumstances.

              If -c arg appears in flags, arg is  evaluated  while  the  requested  emulation  is
              temporarily  in  effect.   In  this  case  the  emulation  mode and all options are
              restored to their previous values  before  emulate  returns.   The  -R  switch  may
              precede  the  name  of  the shell to emulate; note this has a meaning distinct from
              including -R in flags.

              Use of -c  enables  `sticky'  emulation  mode  for  functions  defined  within  the
              evaluated  expression:   the  emulation  mode  is  associated  thereafter  with the
              function so that whenever the function is executed the emulation (respecting the -R
              switch,  if  present) and all options are set (and pattern disables cleared) before
              entry to the function, and the state is restored after exit.  If  the  function  is
              called  when  the  sticky emulation is already in effect, either within an `emulate
              shell -c' expression or within another function with  the  same  sticky  emulation,
              entry  and exit from the function do not cause options to be altered (except due to
              standard processing such as  the  LOCAL_OPTIONS  option).   This  also  applies  to
              functions  marked  for autoload within the sticky emulation; the appropriate set of
              options will be applied at the point the function is loaded as well as when  it  is
              run.

              For example:

                     emulate sh -c 'fni() { setopt cshnullglob; }
                     fno() { fni; }'
                     fno

              The  two  functions  fni and fno are defined with sticky sh emulation.  fno is then
              executed, causing options associated with emulations to be set to their  values  in
              sh.   fno  then  calls  fni; because fni is also marked for sticky sh emulation, no
              option changes take  place  on  entry  to  or  exit  from  it.   Hence  the  option
              cshnullglob, turned off by sh emulation, will be turned on within fni and remain on
              return to fno.  On exit from fno, the  emulation  mode  and  all  options  will  be
              restored to the state they were in before entry to the temporary emulation.

              The  documentation  above  is  typically  sufficient  for  the  intended purpose of
              executing code designed for other shells in a suitable environment.  More  detailed
              rules follow.
              1.     The sticky emulation environment provided by `emulate shell -c' is identical
                     to that provided by entry to a function marked for  sticky  emulation  as  a
                     consequence  of  being  defined in such an environment.  Hence, for example,
                     the sticky emulation is inherited by subfunctions defined  within  functions
                     with sticky emulation.
              2.     No change of options takes place on entry to or exit from functions that are
                     not marked for sticky emulation, other than those that would  normally  take
                     place, even if those functions are called within sticky emulation.
              3.     No  special  handling  is provided for functions marked for autoload nor for
                     functions present in wordcode created by the zcompile command.
              4.     The presence or absence of the -R switch to emulate corresponds to different
                     sticky  emulation  modes, so for example `emulate sh -c', `emulate -R sh -c'
                     and `emulate csh -c' are treated as three distinct sticky emulations.
              5.     Difference in shell options supplied in addition to the basic emulation also
                     mean  the  sticky  emulations are different, so for example `emulate zsh -c'
                     and `emulate zsh -o cbases -c' are treated as distinct sticky emulations.

       enable [ -afmprs ] name ...
              Enable the named hash table elements, presumably  disabled  earlier  with  disable.
              The  default  is to enable builtin commands.  The -a option causes enable to act on
              regular or global aliases.  The -s option causes enable to act on  suffix  aliases.
              The -f option causes enable to act on shell functions.  The -r option causes enable
              to act on reserved words.  Without arguments all enabled hash table  elements  from
              the corresponding hash table are printed.  With the -m flag the arguments are taken
              as patterns (should be quoted) and all hash table elements from  the  corresponding
              hash  table  matching  these patterns are enabled.  Enabled objects can be disabled
              with the disable builtin command.

              enable -p reenables patterns disabled with disable  -p.   Note  that  it  does  not
              override  globbing options; for example, `enable -p "~"' does not cause the pattern
              character ~ to be active unless the EXTENDED_GLOB option is also  set.   To  enable
              all  possible patterns (so that they may be individually disabled with disable -p),
              use `setopt EXTENDED_GLOB KSH_GLOB NO_SH_GLOB'.

       eval [ arg ... ]
              Read the arguments as input to the shell and execute the  resulting  command(s)  in
              the  current  shell  process.  The return status is the same as if the commands had
              been executed directly by the shell; if there  are  no  args  or  they  contain  no
              commands (i.e. are an empty string or whitespace) the return status is zero.

       exec [ -cl ] [ -a argv0 ] [ command [ arg ... ] ]
              Replace  the current shell with command rather than forking.  If command is a shell
              builtin command or a shell function, the shell executes  it,  and  exits  when  the
              command is complete.

              With  -c  clear  the  environment;  with  -l prepend - to the argv[0] string of the
              command executed (to simulate a login shell); with -a argv0 set the argv[0]  string
              of the command executed.  See the section `Precommand Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

              If  the  option  POSIX_BUILTINS  is  set,  command  is never interpreted as a shell
              builtin command or shell function.  This means further precommand modifiers such as
              builtin  and  noglob  are  also not interpreted within the shell.  Hence command is
              always found by searching the command path.

              If command is omitted but any redirections are  specified,  then  the  redirections
              will take effect in the current shell.

       exit [ n ]
              Exit  the  shell  with  the exit status specified by an arithmetic expression n; if
              none is specified, use the exit status from the  last  command  executed.   An  EOF
              condition will also cause the shell to exit, unless the IGNORE_EOF option is set.

              See notes at the end of the section JOBS in zshmisc(1) for some possibly unexpected
              interactions of the exit command with jobs.

       export [ name[=value] ... ]
              The specified  names  are  marked  for  automatic  export  to  the  environment  of
              subsequently  executed  commands.   Equivalent  to  typeset  -gx.   If  a parameter
              specified does not already exist, it is created in the global scope.

       false [ arg ... ]
              Do nothing and return an exit status of 1.

       fc [ -e ename ] [ -s ] [ -LI ] [ -m match ] [ old=new ... ] [ first [ last ] ]
       fc -l [ -LI ] [ -nrdfEiD ] [ -t timefmt ] [ -m match ]
             [ old=new ... ] [ first [ last ] ]
       fc -p [ -a ] [ filename [ histsize [ savehistsize ] ] ]
       fc -P
       fc -ARWI [ filename ]
              The fc command controls the interactive history mechanism.  Note that  reading  and
              writing  of history options is only performed if the shell is interactive.  Usually
              this is detected automatically, but it can be forced  by  setting  the  interactive
              option when starting the shell.

              The  first  two  forms  of this command select a range of events from first to last
              from the history list.  The arguments first and last may be specified as  a  number
              or  as  a  string.   A  negative number is used as an offset to the current history
              event number.  A string specifies the most recent event beginning  with  the  given
              string.   All  substitutions old=new, if any, are then performed on the text of the
              events.

              The range of events selected by numbers can be narrowed further  by  the  following
              flags.
              -I     restricts to only internal events (not from $HISTFILE)
              -L     restricts  to only local events (not from other shells, see SHARE_HISTORY in
                     zshoptions(1) -- note that  $HISTFILE  is  considered  local  when  read  at
                     startup)
              -m     takes  the first argument as a pattern (which should be quoted) and only the
                     history events matching this pattern are considered

              If first is not specified, it will be set to -1 (the most recent event), or to  -16
              if  the -l flag is given.  If last is not specified, it will be set to first, or to
              -1 if the -l flag is given.  However, if the current event has added entries to the
              history  with  `print -s' or `fc -R', then the default last for -l includes all new
              history entries since the current event began.

              When the -l flag is given, the resulting events  are  listed  on  standard  output.
              Otherwise  the editor program specified by -e ename is invoked on a file containing
              these history events.  If -e is not given, the value of  the  parameter  FCEDIT  is
              used;  if that is not set the value of the parameter EDITOR is used; if that is not
              set a builtin default, usually `vi' is  used.   If  ename  is  `-',  no  editor  is
              invoked.  When editing is complete, the edited command is executed.

              The  flag  `-s'  is  equivalent  to  `-e -'.  The flag -r reverses the order of the
              events and the flag -n suppresses event numbers when listing.

              Also when listing,
              -d     prints timestamps for each event
              -f     prints full time-date stamps in the US `MM/DD/YY hh:mm' format
              -E     prints full time-date stamps in the European `dd.mm.yyyy hh:mm' format
              -i     prints full time-date stamps in ISO8601 `yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm' format
              -t fmt prints time and date stamps in the given format; fmt is formatted  with  the
                     strftime  function  with  the  zsh  extensions  described for the %D{string}
                     prompt format in the section EXPANSION OF PROMPT  SEQUENCES  in  zshmisc(1).
                     The  resulting  formatted string must be no more than 256 characters or will
                     not be printed
              -D     prints elapsed times; may be combined with one of the options above

              `fc -p' pushes the current history list onto a stack and switches to a new  history
              list.   If the -a option is also specified, this history list will be automatically
              popped when the current function scope is exited, which is a much  better  solution
              than  creating  a  trap  function  to  call  `fc -P' manually.  If no arguments are
              specified, the history list is left empty, $HISTFILE  is  unset,  and  $HISTSIZE  &
              $SAVEHIST  are set to their default values.  If one argument is given, $HISTFILE is
              set to that filename, $HISTSIZE & $SAVEHIST are left  unchanged,  and  the  history
              file is read in (if it exists) to initialize the new list.  If a second argument is
              specified, $HISTSIZE & $SAVEHIST are instead set to the  single  specified  numeric
              value.   Finally,  if a third argument is specified, $SAVEHIST is set to a separate
              value from $HISTSIZE.  You are free to change these environment values for the  new
              history list however you desire in order to manipulate the new history list.

              `fc  -P' pops the history list back to an older list saved by `fc -p'.  The current
              list is saved to its $HISTFILE before it is destroyed (assuming that $HISTFILE  and
              $SAVEHIST  are  set appropriately, of course).  The values of $HISTFILE, $HISTSIZE,
              and $SAVEHIST are restored to the values they had when `fc -p'  was  called.   Note
              that  this  restoration  can  conflict with making these variables "local", so your
              best bet is to avoid local declarations for these variables in functions  that  use
              `fc -p'.  The one other guaranteed-safe combination is declaring these variables to
              be local at the top of your function and using the automatic option (-a)  with  `fc
              -p'.   Finally,  note  that it is legal to manually pop a push marked for automatic
              popping if you need to do so before the function exits.

              `fc -R' reads the history from the given file, `fc -W' writes the  history  out  to
              the  given  file,  and  `fc  -A'  appends the history out to the given file.  If no
              filename is specified, the $HISTFILE is assumed.  If the -I option is added to  -R,
              only  those  events that are not already contained within the internal history list
              are added.  If the -I option is added to -A or -W, only those events that  are  new
              since  last  incremental append/write to the history file are appended/written.  In
              any case, the created file will have no more than $SAVEHIST entries.

       fg [ job ... ]
       job ...
              Bring each specified job in turn to the foreground.  If no job is specified, resume
              the current job.

       float [ {+|-}Hghlprtux ] [ {+|-}EFLRZ [ n ] ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              Equivalent  to typeset -E, except that options irrelevant to floating point numbers
              are not permitted.

       functions [ {+|-}UkmtTuWz ] [ -x num ] [ name ... ]
       functions -c oldfn newfn
       functions -M [-s] mathfn [ min [ max [ shellfn ] ] ]
       functions -M [ -m pattern ... ]
       functions +M [ -m ] mathfn ...
              Equivalent to typeset -f, with the exception of the -c, -x, -M and -W options.  For
              functions  -u  and  functions  -U, see autoload, which provides additional options.
              For functions -t and functions -T, see typeset -f.

              The -x option indicates that any functions output will have each  leading  tab  for
              indentation,  added by the shell to show syntactic structure, expanded to the given
              number num of spaces.  num can also be 0 to suppress all indentation.

              The -W option turns on  the  option  WARN_NESTED_VAR  for  the  named  function  or
              functions  only.   The option is turned off at the start of nested functions (apart
              from anonoymous functions) unless the called function also has the -W attribute.

              The -c option causes oldfn to be copied to newfn.  The copy is efficiently  handled
              internally  by  reference  counting.   If oldfn was marked for autoload it is first
              loaded and if this fails the copy  fails.   Either  function  may  subsequently  be
              redefined  without  affecting the other.  A typical idiom is that oldfn is the name
              of a library shell  function  which  is  then  redefined  to  call  newfn,  thereby
              installing a modified version of the function.

              The -M and +M flags

              Use of the -M option may not be combined with any of the options handled by typeset
              -f.

              functions -M  mathfn  defines  mathfn  as  the  name  of  a  mathematical  function
              recognised  in  all  forms of arithmetical expressions; see the section `Arithmetic
              Evaluation'  in  zshmisc(1).   By  default  mathfn   may   take   any   number   of
              comma-separated  arguments.  If min is given, it must have exactly min args; if min
              and max are both given, it must have at least min and at most max args.  max may be
              -1 to indicate that there is no upper limit.

              By  default  the  function  is implemented by a shell function of the same name; if
              shellfn is specified it gives the name of the corresponding  shell  function  while
              mathfn remains the name used in arithmetical expressions.  The name of the function
              in $0 is mathfn (not shellfn as would usually be the  case),  provided  the  option
              FUNCTION_ARGZERO  is  in  effect.   The positional parameters in the shell function
              correspond to the arguments of the mathematical function call.

              The result of the last arithmetical expression evaluated inside the shell  function
              gives  the  result of the mathematical function.  This is not limited to arithmetic
              substitutions of the form $((...)),  but  also  includes  arithmetical  expressions
              evaluated  in  any  other way, including by the let builtin, by ((...)) statements,
              and even by the return builtin and by array subscripts.  Therefore,  care  must  be
              taken  not  to  use syntactical constructs that perform arithmetic evaluation after
              evaluating what is to be the result of the function.  For example:

                     # WRONG
                     zmath_cube() {
                       (( $1 * $1 * $1 ))
                       return 0
                     }
                     functions -M cube 1 1 zmath_cube
                     print $(( cube(3) ))

              This will print `0' because of the return.

              Commenting the return out would lead to a different problem: the ((...))  statement
              would  become  the last statement in the function, so the return status ($?) of the
              function would be non-zero (indicating failure) whenever the arithmetic  result  of
              the function would happen to be zero (numerically):

                     # WRONG
                     zmath_cube() {
                       (( $1 * $1 * $1 ))
                     }
                     functions -M cube 1 1 zmath_cube
                     print $(( cube(0) ))

              Instead, the true builtin can be used:

                     # RIGHT
                     zmath_cube() {
                       (( $1 * $1 * $1 ))
                       true
                     }
                     functions -M cube 1 1 zmath_cube
                     print $(( cube(3) ))

              If  the additional option -s is given to functions -M, the argument to the function
              is a single string: anything between the opening and matching  closing  parenthesis
              is passed to the function as a single argument, even if it includes commas or white
              space.  The minimum and maximum argument specifiers must therefore be 1  if  given.
              An  empty  argument  list  is  passed as a zero-length string.  Thus, the following
              string function takes a single argument, including the commas, and prints 11:

                     stringfn() { (( $#1 )); true }
                     functions -Ms stringfn
                     print $(( stringfn(foo,bar,rod) ))

              functions -M with no arguments lists all such user-defined functions  in  the  same
              form  as  a definition.  With the additional option -m and a list of arguments, all
              functions whose mathfn matches one of the pattern arguments are listed.

              function +M removes the list of mathematical functions; with the additional  option
              -m the arguments are treated as patterns and all functions whose mathfn matches the
              pattern are removed.  Note that the shell function implementing  the  behaviour  is
              not removed (regardless of whether its name coincides with mathfn).

       getcap See the section `The zsh/cap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       getln [ -AclneE ] name ...
              Read  the  top  value from the buffer stack and put it in the shell parameter name.
              Equivalent to read -zr.

       getopts optstring name [ arg ... ]
              Checks the args for legal options.  If the args are  omitted,  use  the  positional
              parameters.   A  valid option argument begins with a `+' or a `-'.  An argument not
              beginning with a `+' or a `-', or the argument `--', ends the options.  Note that a
              single  `-'  is  not  considered  a  valid option argument.  optstring contains the
              letters that getopts recognizes.  If a letter is followed by  a  `:',  that  option
              requires an argument.  The options can be separated from the argument by blanks.

              Each  time  it  is  invoked, getopts places the option letter it finds in the shell
              parameter name, prepended with a `+' when arg begins with a `+'.  The index of  the
              next arg is stored in OPTIND.  The option argument, if any, is stored in OPTARG.

              The  first  option to be examined may be changed by explicitly assigning to OPTIND.
              OPTIND has an initial value of 1, and is normally set to 1 upon entry  to  a  shell
              function  and  restored  upon  exit.  (The POSIX_BUILTINS option disables this, and
              also changes the way the value is calculated to match other shells.)  OPTARG is not
              reset  and  retains  its  value from the most recent call to getopts.  If either of
              OPTIND or OPTARG is explicitly unset, it remains unset, and  the  index  or  option
              argument is not stored.  The option itself is still stored in name in this case.

              A leading `:' in optstring causes getopts to store the letter of any invalid option
              in OPTARG, and to set name to `?' for an unknown option and to `:' when a  required
              argument  is  missing.   Otherwise,  getopts  sets  name to `?' and prints an error
              message when an option is invalid.  The exit status is nonzero when  there  are  no
              more options.

       hash [ -Ldfmrv ] [ name[=value] ] ...
              hash can be used to directly modify the contents of the command hash table, and the
              named directory hash table.  Normally one would modify these  tables  by  modifying
              one's PATH (for the command hash table) or by creating appropriate shell parameters
              (for the named directory hash table).  The choice of  hash  table  to  work  on  is
              determined by the -d option; without the option the command hash table is used, and
              with the option the named directory hash table is used.

              A command name starting with a / is never hashed, whether by explicit  use  of  the
              hash command or otherwise.  Such a command is always found by direct look up in the
              file system.

              Given no arguments, and neither the -r or -f options, the selected hash table  will
              be listed in full.

              The  -r  option  causes  the  selected  hash  table  to  be  emptied.   It  will be
              subsequently rebuilt in the normal fashion.  The -f option causes the selected hash
              table  to be fully rebuilt immediately.  For the command hash table this hashes all
              the absolute directories in the PATH, and for the named directory hash  table  this
              adds  all  users'  home  directories.   These  two  options cannot be used with any
              arguments.

              The -m option causes the arguments to be taken as patterns (which should be quoted)
              and  the  elements  of the hash table matching those patterns are printed.  This is
              the only way to display a limited selection of hash table elements.

              For each name with a corresponding value, put `name' in the  selected  hash  table,
              associating  it  with  the pathname `value'.  In the command hash table, this means
              that whenever `name' is used as a command argument, the shell will try  to  execute
              the  file  given  by  `value'.   In the named directory hash table, this means that
              `value' may be referred to as `~name'.

              For each name with no corresponding value, attempt to add name to the  hash  table,
              checking  what  the  appropriate value is in the normal manner for that hash table.
              If an appropriate value can't be found, then the hash table will be unchanged.

              The -v option causes hash table entries to be listed as they are added by  explicit
              specification.  If has no effect if used with -f.

              If  the  -L flag is present, then each hash table entry is printed in the form of a
              call to hash.

       history
              Same as fc -l.

       integer [ {+|-}Hghlprtux ] [ {+|-}LRZi [ n ] ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              Equivalent to typeset -i, except  that  options  irrelevant  to  integers  are  not
              permitted.

       jobs [ -dlprs ] [ job ... ]
       jobs -Z string
              Lists information about each given job, or all jobs if job is omitted.  The -l flag
              lists process IDs, and the -p flag  lists  process  groups.   If  the  -r  flag  is
              specified only running jobs will be listed and if the -s flag is given only stopped
              jobs are shown.  If the -d flag is given, the directory  from  which  the  job  was
              started (which may not be the current directory of the job) will also be shown.

              The  -Z  option  replaces the shell's argument and environment space with the given
              string, truncated if necessary to fit.  This will normally be visible in ps (ps(1))
              listings.  This feature is typically used by daemons, to indicate their state.

              Full  job  control  is  only  available  in the top-level interactive shell, not in
              commands run in the left hand side of pipelines  or  within  the  (...)  construct.
              However,  a  snapshot  of  the  job  state  at  that point is taken, so it is still
              possible to use the jobs builtin, or any parameter providing job information.  This
              gives  information  about  the state of jobs at the point the subshell was created.
              If background processes are created within the subshell, then  instead  information
              about those processes is provided.

              For example,

                     sleep 10 &    # Job in background
                     (             # Shell forks
                     jobs          # Shows information about "sleep 10 &"
                     sleep 5 &     # Process in background (no job control)
                     jobs          # Shows information about "sleep 5 &"
                     )

       kill [ -s signal_name | -n signal_number | -sig ] job ...
       kill -l [ sig ... ]
              Sends  either  SIGTERM  or  the  specified  signal  to the given jobs or processes.
              Signals are given by number or by names, with or without the `SIG' prefix.  If  the
              signal  being  sent  is  not  `KILL'  or `CONT', then the job will be sent a `CONT'
              signal if it is stopped.  The argument job can be the process ID of a  job  not  in
              the  job  list.   In  the  second form, kill -l, if sig is not specified the signal
              names are listed.  Otherwise, for each sig that is a name, the corresponding signal
              number  is  listed.   For each sig that is a signal number or a number representing
              the exit status of a process which was terminated or stopped by a signal  the  name
              of the signal is printed.

              On  some  systems, alternative signal names are allowed for a few signals.  Typical
              examples are SIGCHLD and SIGCLD or SIGPOLL and SIGIO, assuming they  correspond  to
              the same signal number.  kill -l will only list the preferred form, however kill -l
              alt will show if the alternative form corresponds to a signal number.  For example,
              under  Linux  kill  -l  IO and kill -l POLL both output 29, hence kill -IO and kill
              -POLL have the same effect.

              Many systems will allow process IDs to be negative to kill a process group or  zero
              to kill the current process group.

       let arg ...
              Evaluate  each  arg  as  an  arithmetic  expression.   See  the section `Arithmetic
              Evaluation' in zshmisc(1) for a description of arithmetic  expressions.   The  exit
              status  is 0 if the value of the last expression is nonzero, 1 if it is zero, and 2
              if an error occurred.

       limit [ -hs ] [ resource [ limit ] ] ...
              Set or display resource limits.  Unless the -s flag is  given,  the  limit  applies
              only  the  children  of  the  shell.   If  -s is given without other arguments, the
              resource limits of the current shell is set to the previously set  resource  limits
              of the children.

              If  limit  is  not specified, print the current limit placed on resource, otherwise
              set the limit to the specified value.  If the -h flag is  given,  use  hard  limits
              instead of soft limits.  If no resource is given, print all limits.

              When  looping  over  multiple  resources,  the  shell  will abort immediately if it
              detects a badly formed argument.  However, if it fails to  set  a  limit  for  some
              other reason it will continue trying to set the remaining limits.

              resource can be one of:

              addressspace
                     Maximum amount of address space used.
              aiomemorylocked
                     Maximum amount of memory locked in RAM for AIO operations.
              aiooperations
                     Maximum number of AIO operations.
              cachedthreads
                     Maximum number of cached threads.
              coredumpsize
                     Maximum size of a core dump.
              cputime
                     Maximum CPU seconds per process.
              datasize
                     Maximum data size (including stack) for each process.
              descriptors
                     Maximum value for a file descriptor.
              filesize
                     Largest single file allowed.
              kqueues
                     Maximum number of kqueues allocated.
              maxproc
                     Maximum number of processes.
              maxpthreads
                     Maximum number of threads per process.
              memorylocked
                     Maximum amount of memory locked in RAM.
              memoryuse
                     Maximum resident set size.
              msgqueue
                     Maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
              posixlocks
                     Maximum number of POSIX locks per user.
              pseudoterminals
                     Maximum number of pseudo-terminals.
              resident
                     Maximum resident set size.
              sigpending
                     Maximum number of pending signals.
              sockbufsize
                     Maximum size of all socket buffers.
              stacksize
                     Maximum stack size for each process.
              swapsize
                     Maximum amount of swap used.
              vmemorysize
                     Maximum amount of virtual memory.

              Which  of  these resource limits are available depends on the system.  resource can
              be abbreviated to any unambiguous  prefix.   It  can  also  be  an  integer,  which
              corresponds to the integer defined for the resource by the operating system.

              If  argument  corresponds  to  a  number which is out of the range of the resources
              configured into the shell, the shell will try to read or write  the  limit  anyway,
              and will report an error if this fails.  As the shell does not store such resources
              internally, an attempt to set the limit will fail unless the -s option is present.

              limit is a number, with an optional scaling factor, as follows:

              nh     hours
              nk     kilobytes (default)
              nm     megabytes or minutes
              ng     gigabytes
              [mm:]ss
                     minutes and seconds

              The limit command is not made available by default when the shell starts in a  mode
              emulating  another  shell.   It can be made available with the command `zmodload -F
              zsh/rlimits b:limit'.

       local [ {+|-}AHUahlprtux ] [ {+|-}EFLRZi [ n ] ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              Same as typeset, except that the options -g, and -f are  not  permitted.   In  this
              case  the  -x  option does not force the use of -g, i.e. exported variables will be
              local to functions.

       logout [ n ]
              Same as exit, except that it only works in a login shell.

       noglob simple command
              See the section `Precommand Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

       popd [ -q ] [ {+|-}n ]
              Remove an entry from the  directory  stack,  and  perform  a  cd  to  the  new  top
              directory.  With no argument, the current top entry is removed.  An argument of the
              form `+n' identifies a stack entry by counting from the left of the list  shown  by
              the  dirs  command, starting with zero.  An argument of the form -n counts from the
              right.  If the PUSHD_MINUS option is set, the meanings  of  `+'  and  `-'  in  this
              context are swapped.

              If the -q (quiet) option is specified, the hook function chpwd and the functions in
              the array $chpwd_functions are not called, and  the  new  directory  stack  is  not
              printed.   This is useful for calls to popd that do not change the environment seen
              by an interactive user.

       print [ -abcDilmnNoOpPrsSz ] [ -u n ] [ -f format ] [ -C cols ]
             [ -v name ] [ -xX tabstop ] [ -R [ -en ]] [ arg ... ]
              With the `-f' option the arguments are printed as described  by  printf.   With  no
              flags  or  with  the  flag `-', the arguments are printed on the standard output as
              described by echo, with the following differences: the escape sequence  `\M-x'  (or
              `\Mx')  metafies the character x (sets the highest bit), `\C-x' (or `\Cx') produces
              a control character (`\C-@' and `\C-?' give the  characters  NULL  and  delete),  a
              character  code in octal is represented by `\NNN' (instead of `\0NNN'), and `\E' is
              a synonym for `\e'.  Finally, if  not  in  an  escape  sequence,  `\'  escapes  the
              following character and is not printed.

              -a     Print arguments with the column incrementing first.  Only useful with the -c
                     and -C options.

              -b     Recognize all the escape sequences defined for the bindkey command, see  the
                     section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).

              -c     Print  the  arguments  in  columns.   Unless -a is also given, arguments are
                     printed with the row incrementing first.

              -C cols
                     Print the arguments in cols columns.  Unless -a is also given, arguments are
                     printed with the row incrementing first.

              -D     Treat   the   arguments  as  paths,  replacing  directory  prefixes  with  ~
                     expressions corresponding to directory names, as appropriate.

              -i     If given together with -o or -O, sorting is performed case-independently.

              -l     Print the arguments separated by newlines instead of spaces.  Note:  if  the
                     list  of  arguments  is empty, print -l will still output one empty line. To
                     print a possibly-empty list of arguments one per line, use print -C1, as  in
                     `print -rC1 -- "$list[@]"'.

              -m     Take  the first argument as a pattern (should be quoted), and remove it from
                     the argument list together with subsequent arguments that do not match  this
                     pattern.

              -n     Do not add a newline to the output.

              -N     Print the arguments separated and terminated by nulls. Again, print -rNC1 --
                     "$list[@]" is a canonical way to print an arbitrary list  as  null-delimited
                     records.

              -o     Print the arguments sorted in ascending order.

              -O     Print the arguments sorted in descending order.

              -p     Print the arguments to the input of the coprocess.

              -P     Perform  prompt expansion (see EXPANSION OF PROMPT SEQUENCES in zshmisc(1)).
                     In combination with `-f', prompt escape sequences  are  parsed  only  within
                     interpolated arguments, not within the format string.

              -r     Ignore the escape conventions of echo.

              -R     Emulate the BSD echo command, which does not process escape sequences unless
                     the -e flag is given.  The -n flag suppresses the  trailing  newline.   Only
                     the -e and -n flags are recognized after -R; all other arguments and options
                     are printed.

              -s     Place the results in the history list instead of  on  the  standard  output.
                     Each  argument  to  the  print  command  is  treated as a single word in the
                     history, regardless of its content.

              -S     Place the results in the history list instead of on the standard output.  In
                     this  case only a single argument is allowed; it will be split into words as
                     if it were a full shell command line.  The effect is similar to reading  the
                     line from a history file with the HIST_LEX_WORDS option active.

              -u n   Print the arguments to file descriptor n.

              -v name
                     Store the printed arguments as the value of the parameter name.

              -x tab-stop
                     Expand  leading tabs on each line of output in the printed string assuming a
                     tab stop every tab-stop characters.  This is appropriate for formatting code
                     that  may  be indented with tabs.  Note that leading tabs of any argument to
                     print, not just the first, are expanded, even if print is  using  spaces  to
                     separate  arguments (the column count is maintained across arguments but may
                     be incorrect on output owing to previous unexpanded tabs).

                     The start of the output of each print command is assumed to be aligned  with
                     a  tab  stop.   Widths  of  multibyte  characters  are handled if the option
                     MULTIBYTE is in effect.  This option is ignored if other formatting  options
                     are in effect, namely column alignment or printf style, or if output is to a
                     special location such as shell history or the command line editor.

              -X tab-stop
                     This is similar to -x, except that  all  tabs  in  the  printed  string  are
                     expanded.   This  is  appropriate if tabs in the arguments are being used to
                     produce a table format.

              -z     Push the arguments onto the editing buffer stack, separated by spaces.

              If any of `-m', `-o' or `-O' are used in combination with `-f'  and  there  are  no
              arguments (after the removal process in the case of `-m') then nothing is printed.

       printf [ -v name ] format [ arg ... ]
              Print the arguments according to the format specification. Formatting rules are the
              same as used in C. The same escape sequences as for  echo  are  recognised  in  the
              format.  All  C  conversion  specifications  ending  in  one  of csdiouxXeEfgGn are
              handled. In addition to this, `%b' can be used instead  of  `%s'  to  cause  escape
              sequences  in  the  argument  to  be  recognised  and `%q' can be used to quote the
              argument in such a way that allows it to be reused as shell input. With the numeric
              format specifiers, if the corresponding argument starts with a quote character, the
              numeric value of the following character is used as the number to print;  otherwise
              the  argument is evaluated as an arithmetic expression. See the section `Arithmetic
              Evaluation' in zshmisc(1) for a description of arithmetic expressions.  With  `%n',
              the corresponding argument is taken as an identifier which is created as an integer
              parameter.

              Normally, conversion specifications are applied to each argument in order but  they
              can explicitly specify the nth argument is to be used by replacing `%' by `%n$' and
              `*' by `*n$'.  It is recommended that you do not mix references  of  this  explicit
              style with the normal style and the handling of such mixed styles may be subject to
              future change.

              If arguments remain unused after formatting, the format string is reused until  all
              arguments  have  been  consumed.  With the print builtin, this can be suppressed by
              using the -r option. If more arguments are required by the format  than  have  been
              specified, the behaviour is as if zero or an empty string had been specified as the
              argument.

              The -v option causes the output to be stored as the value of  the  parameter  name,
              instead  of  printed.  If  name  is  an  array and the format string is reused when
              consuming arguments then one array element will be used for each use of the  format
              string.

       pushd [ -qsLP ] [ arg ]
       pushd [ -qsLP ] old new
       pushd [ -qsLP ] {+|-}n
              Change the current directory, and push the old current directory onto the directory
              stack.  In the first form, change the current directory to  arg.   If  arg  is  not
              specified,  change  to the second directory on the stack (that is, exchange the top
              two entries), or change to $HOME if the PUSHD_TO_HOME option is set or if there  is
              only  one  entry on the stack.  Otherwise, arg is interpreted as it would be by cd.
              The meaning of old and new in the second form is also the same as for cd.

              The third form of pushd changes directory  by  rotating  the  directory  list.   An
              argument of the form `+n' identifies a stack entry by counting from the left of the
              list shown by the dirs command, starting with zero.  An argument of the  form  `-n'
              counts  from  the right.  If the PUSHD_MINUS option is set, the meanings of `+' and
              `-' in this context are swapped.

              If the -q (quiet) option is specified, the hook function chpwd and the functions in
              the  array  $chpwd_functions  are  not  called,  and the new directory stack is not
              printed.  This is useful for calls to pushd that do not change the environment seen
              by an interactive user.

              If the option -q is not specified and the shell option PUSHD_SILENT is not set, the
              directory stack will be printed after a pushd is performed.

              The options -s, -L and -P have the same meanings as for the cd builtin.

       pushln [ arg ... ]
              Equivalent to print -nz.

       pwd [ -rLP ]
              Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.  If the -r or the  -P
              flag  is  specified, or the CHASE_LINKS option is set and the -L flag is not given,
              the printed path will not contain symbolic links.

       r      Same as fc -e -.

       read [ -rszpqAclneE ] [ -t [ num ] ] [ -k [ num ] ] [ -d delim ]
            [ -u n ] [ [name][?prompt] ] [ name ...  ]
              Read one line and break it into fields using the characters in $IFS as  separators,
              except  as  noted below.  The first field is assigned to the first name, the second
              field to the second name, etc., with leftover fields assigned to the last name.  If
              name is omitted then REPLY is used for scalars and reply for arrays.

              -r     Raw  mode: a `\' at the end of a line does not signify line continuation and
                     backslashes in the line don't quote the  following  character  and  are  not
                     removed.

              -s     Don't echo back characters if reading from the terminal.

              -q     Read  only  one  character  from  the  terminal  and set name to `y' if this
                     character was `y' or `Y' and to `n'  otherwise.   With  this  flag  set  the
                     return status is zero only if the character was `y' or `Y'.  This option may
                     be used with a timeout (see -t); if the read times out, or encounters end of
                     file,  status  2 is returned.  Input is read from the terminal unless one of
                     -u or -p is present.  This option may also be used within zle widgets.

              -k [ num ]
                     Read only one (or num) characters.  All are  assigned  to  the  first  name,
                     without  word splitting.  This flag is ignored when -q is present.  Input is
                     read from the terminal unless one of -u or -p is present.  This  option  may
                     also be used within zle widgets.

                     Note  that despite the mnemonic `key' this option does read full characters,
                     which may consist of multiple bytes if the option MULTIBYTE is set.

              -z     Read one entry from the editor buffer stack and assign it to the first name,
                     without  word  splitting.   Text is pushed onto the stack with `print -z' or
                     with push-line from the line editor (see zshzle(1)).  This flag  is  ignored
                     when the -k or -q flags are present.

              -e
              -E     The  input  read is printed (echoed) to the standard output.  If the -e flag
                     is used, no input is assigned to the parameters.

              -A     The first name is taken as the name of an array and all words  are  assigned
                     to it.

              -c
              -l     These flags are allowed only if called inside a function used for completion
                     (specified with the -K flag to compctl).  If the -c flag is given, the words
                     of  the current command are read. If the -l flag is given, the whole line is
                     assigned as a scalar.  If both flags are present,  -l  is  used  and  -c  is
                     ignored.

              -n     Together with -c, the number of the word the cursor is on is read.  With -l,
                     the index of the character the cursor is on is read.  Note that the  command
                     name is word number 1, not word 0, and that when the cursor is at the end of
                     the line, its character index is the length of the line plus one.

              -u n   Input is read from file descriptor n.

              -p     Input is read from the coprocess.

              -d delim
                     Input is terminated by the first character of delim instead of by newline.

              -t [ num ]
                     Test if input is available before attempting to read.  If num is present, it
                     must  begin  with a digit and will be evaluated to give a number of seconds,
                     which may be a floating point number; in this case the  read  times  out  if
                     input is not available within this time.  If num is not present, it is taken
                     to be zero, so that read returns immediately if no input is  available.   If
                     no input is available, return status 1 and do not set any variables.

                     This  option  is  not available when reading from the editor buffer with -z,
                     when called from within completion with -c or -l, with -q which  clears  the
                     input  queue  before reading, or within zle where other mechanisms should be
                     used to test for input.

                     Note that read does not attempt to alter the  input  processing  mode.   The
                     default  mode is canonical input, in which an entire line is read at a time,
                     so usually `read -t' will not read anything until an entire  line  has  been
                     typed.   However,  when reading from the terminal with -k input is processed
                     one key at a time; in this case, only availability of the first character is
                     tested, so that e.g. `read -t -k 2' can still block on the second character.
                     Use two instances of `read -t -k' if this is not what is wanted.

              If the first argument contains a `?', the remainder of  this  word  is  used  as  a
              prompt on standard error when the shell is interactive.

              The value (exit status) of read is 1 when an end-of-file is encountered, or when -c
              or -l is present and the command is not called  from  a  compctl  function,  or  as
              described for -q.  Otherwise the value is 0.

              The  behavior of some combinations of the -k, -p, -q, -u and -z flags is undefined.
              Presently -q cancels all the others, -p cancels -u, -k cancels -z, and otherwise -z
              cancels both -p and -u.

              The -c or -l flags cancel any and all of -kpquz.

       readonly
              Same as typeset -r.  With the POSIX_BUILTINS option set, same as typeset -gr.

       rehash Same as hash -r.

       return [ n ]
              Causes  a  shell  function  or `.' script to return to the invoking script with the
              return status specified by an arithmetic expression n.  For example, the  following
              prints `42':

                     () { integer foo=40; return "foo + 2" }
                     echo $?

              If n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed.

              If  return  was executed from a trap in a TRAPNAL function, the effect is different
              for zero and non-zero return status.  With zero status (or after an implicit return
              at  the  end  of  the  trap),  the  shell will return to whatever it was previously
              processing; with a non-zero status, the shell will  behave  as  interrupted  except
              that the return status of the trap is retained.  Note that the numeric value of the
              signal which caused the trap is passed as the  first  argument,  so  the  statement
              `return  "128+$1"'  will  return  the  same  status  as  if the signal had not been
              trapped.

       sched  See the section `The zsh/sched Module' in zshmodules(1).

       set [ {+|-}options | {+|-}o [ option_name ] ] ... [ {+|-}A [ name ] ]
           [ arg ... ]
              Set the options for the shell and/or set the positional parameters, or declare  and
              set  an  array.  If the -s option is given, it causes the specified arguments to be
              sorted before assigning them to the positional parameters (or to the array name  if
              -A  is  used).  With +s sort arguments in descending order.  For the meaning of the
              other flags, see zshoptions(1).  Flags may  be  specified  by  name  using  the  -o
              option.  If  no  option  name  is  supplied  with -o, the current option states are
              printed:  see the description of setopt below for more information on  the  format.
              With +o they are printed in a form that can be used as input to the shell.

              If  the -A flag is specified, name is set to an array containing the given args; if
              no name is specified, all arrays are printed together with their values.

              If +A is used and name is an array, the given arguments will  replace  the  initial
              elements  of  that  array;  if no name is specified, all arrays are printed without
              their values.

              The behaviour of arguments after -A name or +A name depends on whether  the  option
              KSH_ARRAYS  is  set.  If it is not set, all arguments following name are treated as
              values for the array, regardless of their form.   If  the  option  is  set,  normal
              option  processing  continues  at that point; only regular arguments are treated as
              values for the array.  This means that

                     set -A array -x -- foo

              sets array to `-x -- foo' if KSH_ARRAYS is not set, but sets the array to  foo  and
              turns on the option `-x' if it is set.

              If  the  -A  flag  is  not present, but there are arguments beyond the options, the
              positional parameters are set.  If the option list (if any) is terminated by  `--',
              and there are no further arguments, the positional parameters will be unset.

              If  no arguments and no `--' are given, then the names and values of all parameters
              are printed on the standard output.  If the only argument is `+', the names of  all
              parameters are printed.

              For  historical  reasons,  `set -' is treated as `set +xv' and `set - args' as `set
              +xv -- args' when in any other emulation mode than zsh's native mode.

       setcap See the section `The zsh/cap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       setopt [ {+|-}options | {+|-}o option_name ] [ -m ] [ name ... ]
              Set the options for the shell.  All options specified either with flags or by  name
              are set.

              If  no  arguments are supplied, the names of all options currently set are printed.
              The form is chosen so as to minimize the differences from the default  options  for
              the  current  emulation  (the  default  emulation being native zsh, shown as <Z> in
              zshoptions(1)).  Options that are on by default for the emulation  are  shown  with
              the  prefix  no  only  if  they  are off, while other options are shown without the
              prefix no and only if they are on.  In addition to options changed from the default
              state  by  the user, any options activated automatically by the shell (for example,
              SHIN_STDIN or INTERACTIVE) will be shown  in  the  list.   The  format  is  further
              modified by the option KSH_OPTION_PRINT, however the rationale for choosing options
              with or without the no prefix remains the same in this case.

              If the -m flag is given the arguments are taken as patterns (which should be quoted
              to protect them from filename expansion), and all options with names matching these
              patterns are set.

              Note that a bad option name does not cause execution of subsequent shell code to be
              aborted; this is behaviour is different from that of `set -o'.  This is because set
              is regarded as a special builtin by the POSIX standard, but setopt is not.

       shift [ -p ] [ n ] [ name ... ]
              The positional parameters ${n+1}  ...  are  renamed  to  $1  ...,  where  n  is  an
              arithmetic  expression  that defaults to 1.  If any names are given then the arrays
              with these names are shifted instead of the positional parameters.

              If the option -p is given arguments are  instead  removed  (popped)  from  the  end
              rather than the start of the array.

       source file [ arg ... ]
              Same  as  `.',  except  that the current directory is always searched and is always
              searched first, before directories in $path.

       stat   See the section `The zsh/stat Module' in zshmodules(1).

       suspend [ -f ]
              Suspend the execution of the shell (send it a SIGTSTP) until it receives a SIGCONT.
              Unless the -f option is given, this will refuse to suspend a login shell.

       test [ arg ... ]
       [ [ arg ... ] ]
              Like  the  system  version  of  test.   Added  for  compatibility;  use conditional
              expressions  instead  (see  the  section  `Conditional  Expressions').   The   main
              differences  between  the conditional expression syntax and the test and [ builtins
              are:  these commands are  not  handled  syntactically,  so  for  example  an  empty
              variable  expansion may cause an argument to be omitted; syntax errors cause status
              2 to be returned instead of a shell error; and arithmetic operators expect  integer
              arguments rather than arithmetic expressions.

              The  command  attempts  to  implement  POSIX  and  its  extensions  where these are
              specified.  Unfortunately  there  are  intrinsic  ambiguities  in  the  syntax;  in
              particular there is no distinction between test operators and strings that resemble
              them.  The standard attempts to resolve these for small numbers of arguments (up to
              four);  for  five  or  more arguments compatibility cannot be relied on.  Users are
              urged wherever possible to use the `[[' test  syntax  which  does  not  have  these
              ambiguities.

       times  Print  the  accumulated  user  and system times for the shell and for processes run
              from the shell.

       trap [ arg ] [ sig ... ]
              arg is a series of commands (usually quoted to protect it from immediate evaluation
              by  the  shell)  to be read and executed when the shell receives any of the signals
              specified by one or more sig args.  Each sig can be given as a number,  or  as  the
              name  of  a signal either with or without the string SIG in front (e.g. 1, HUP, and
              SIGHUP are all the same signal).

              If arg is `-', then the specified signals are reset to their defaults,  or,  if  no
              sig args are present, all traps are reset.

              If arg is an empty string, then the specified signals are ignored by the shell (and
              by the commands it invokes).

              If arg is omitted but one or more sig args are provided (i.e.  the  first  argument
              is  a  valid  signal  number  or  name),  the effect is the same as if arg had been
              specified as `-'.

              The trap command with no arguments prints a list of commands associated  with  each
              signal.

              If  sig  is  ZERR  then arg will be executed after each command with a nonzero exit
              status.  ERR is an alias for ZERR on systems that have no SIGERR  signal  (this  is
              the usual case).

              If  sig  is  DEBUG  then  arg  will  be  executed before each command if the option
              DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD is set (as it is by default), else after each  command.   Here,  a
              `command' is what is described as a `sublist' in the shell grammar, see the section
              SIMPLE COMMANDS & PIPELINES in zshmisc(1).   If  DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD  is  set  various
              additional  features are available.  First, it is possible to skip the next command
              by setting the option ERR_EXIT; see the  description  of  the  ERR_EXIT  option  in
              zshoptions(1).   Also,  the  shell  parameter  ZSH_DEBUG_CMD  is  set to the string
              corresponding to the command to be executed following the  trap.   Note  that  this
              string  is reconstructed from the internal format and may not be formatted the same
              way as the original text.  The parameter is unset after the trap is executed.

              If sig is 0 or EXIT and the trap  statement  is  executed  inside  the  body  of  a
              function, then the command arg is executed after the function completes.  The value
              of $? at the start of execution is the exit status  of  the  shell  or  the  return
              status  of the function exiting.  If sig is 0 or EXIT and the trap statement is not
              executed inside the body of a function, then the command arg is executed  when  the
              shell terminates; the trap runs before any zshexit hook functions.

              ZERR,  DEBUG,  and  EXIT traps are not executed inside other traps.  ZERR and DEBUG
              traps are kept within subshells, while other traps are reset.

              Note that traps defined with the trap builtin are  slightly  different  from  those
              defined  as `TRAPNAL () { ... }', as the latter have their own function environment
              (line numbers, local variables, etc.) while the former use the environment  of  the
              command in which they were called.  For example,

                     trap 'print $LINENO' DEBUG

              will print the line number of a command executed after it has run, while

                     TRAPDEBUG() { print $LINENO; }

              will always print the number zero.

              Alternative  signal  names  are  allowed as described under kill above.  Defining a
              trap under either name causes any trap under an alternative  name  to  be  removed.
              However, it is recommended that for consistency users stick exclusively to one name
              or another.

       true [ arg ... ]
              Do nothing and return an exit status of 0.

       ttyctl [ -fu ]
              The -f option freezes  the  tty  (i.e.  terminal  or  terminal  emulator),  and  -u
              unfreezes  it.   When  the  tty  is  frozen, no changes made to the tty settings by
              external programs will be honored by the shell, except for changes in the  size  of
              the  screen;  the  shell will simply reset the settings to their previous values as
              soon as each command exits or is suspended.  Thus, stty and similar  programs  have
              no  effect  when  the  tty  is frozen.  Freezing the tty does not cause the current
              state to be remembered: instead, it causes  future  changes  to  the  state  to  be
              blocked.

              Without options it reports whether the terminal is frozen or not.

              Note  that,  regardless  of  whether  the  tty is frozen or not, the shell needs to
              change the settings when the line editor starts, so unfreezing  the  tty  does  not
              guarantee settings made on the command line are preserved.  Strings of commands run
              between editing the command line will see a consistent tty  state.   See  also  the
              shell  variable  STTY  for  a means of initialising the tty before running external
              commands and/or freezing the tty around a single command.

       type [ -wfpamsS ] name ...
              Equivalent to whence -v.

       typeset [ {+|-}AHUaghlmrtux ] [ {+|-}EFLRZip [ n ] ]
               [ + ] [ name[=value] ... ]
       typeset -T [ {+|-}Uglrux ] [ {+|-}LRZp [ n ] ]
               [ + | SCALAR[=value] array[=(value ...)] [ sep ] ]
       typeset -f [ {+|-}TUkmtuz ] [ + ] [ name ... ]
              Set or display attributes and values for shell parameters.

              Except as noted below for control flags that change the behavior,  a  parameter  is
              created  for each name that does not already refer to one.  When inside a function,
              a new parameter is created for every name (even those that already exist),  and  is
              unset  again  when  the function completes.  See `Local Parameters' in zshparam(1).
              The same rules apply to  special  shell  parameters,  which  retain  their  special
              attributes when made local.

              For  each  name=value  assignment,  the  parameter  name  is  set to value.  If the
              assignment is omitted and name does not refer  to  an  existing  parameter,  a  new
              parameter  is  initialized  to empty string, zero, or empty array (as appropriate),
              unless the shell option TYPESET_TO_UNSET is set.  When  that  option  is  set,  the
              parameter attributes are recorded but the parameter remains unset.

              If  the shell option TYPESET_SILENT is not set, for each remaining name that refers
              to a parameter that is already set, the name and value of the parameter are printed
              in  the form of an assignment.  Nothing is printed for newly-created parameters, or
              when any attribute flags listed below are given along with  the  name.   Using  `+'
              instead of minus to introduce an attribute turns it off.

              If no name is present, the names and values of all parameters are printed.  In this
              case the attribute flags restrict the display to only those  parameters  that  have
              the  specified  attributes,  and  using  `+'  rather than `-' to introduce the flag
              suppresses printing of the values of parameters when there is no parameter name.

              All forms of the command handle scalar assignment.  Array assignment is possible if
              any  of  the  reserved  words  declare,  export, float, integer, local, readonly or
              typeset is matched when the line is parsed (N.B. not when it is executed).  In this
              case  the  arguments are parsed as assignments, except that the `+=' syntax and the
              GLOB_ASSIGN option are not supported, and scalar  values  after  =  are  not  split
              further  into words, even if expanded (regardless of the setting of the KSH_TYPESET
              option; this option is obsolete).

              Examples of the differences between command and reserved word parsing:

                     # Reserved word parsing
                     typeset svar=$(echo one word) avar=(several words)

              The above creates a scalar parameter svar and an array parameter  avar  as  if  the
              assignments had been

                     svar="one word"
                     avar=(several words)

              On the other hand:

                     # Normal builtin interface
                     builtin typeset svar=$(echo two words)

              The  builtin  keyword  causes  the  above  to use the standard builtin interface to
              typeset in which argument parsing is  performed  in  the  same  way  as  for  other
              commands.   This example creates a scalar svar containing the value two and another
              scalar parameter words with no value.  An array value in  this  case  would  either
              cause an error or be treated as an obscure set of glob qualifiers.

              Arbitrary  arguments are allowed if they take the form of assignments after command
              line expansion; however, these only perform scalar assignment:

                     var='svar=val'
                     typeset $var

              The above sets the scalar parameter svar to the value val.  Parentheses around  the
              value  within  var  would  not  cause  array  assignment as they will be treated as
              ordinary characters when $var is substituted.  Any  non-trivial  expansion  in  the
              name part of the assignment causes the argument to be treated in this fashion:

                     typeset {var1,var2,var3}=name

              The  above  syntax  is  valid,  and  has  the  expected effect of setting the three
              parameters to the same value, but the command line is parsed  as  a  set  of  three
              normal command line arguments to typeset after expansion.  Hence it is not possible
              to assign to multiple arrays by this means.

              Note that each interface to any of the commands may be  disabled  separately.   For
              example,  `disable  -r  typeset'  disables  the reserved word interface to typeset,
              exposing the builtin interface, while `disable typeset' disables the builtin.  Note
              that  disabling the reserved word interface for typeset may cause problems with the
              output of `typeset -p', which assumes the reserved word interface is  available  in
              order to restore array and associative array values.

              Unlike parameter assignment statements, typeset's exit status on an assignment that
              involves a command substitution does not reflect the exit  status  of  the  command
              substitution.   Therefore, to test for an error in a command substitution, separate
              the declaration of the parameter from its initialization:

                     # WRONG
                     typeset var1=$(exit 1) || echo "Trouble with var1"

                     # RIGHT
                     typeset var1 && var1=$(exit 1) || echo "Trouble with var1"

              To initialize a parameter param to a command  output  and  mark  it  readonly,  use
              typeset -r param or readonly param after the parameter assignment statement.

              If  no  attribute  flags are given, and either no name arguments are present or the
              flag +m is used, then each parameter name printed is preceded  by  a  list  of  the
              attributes  of  that  parameter  (array,  association,  exported,  float,  integer,
              readonly, or undefined for autoloaded parameters not yet loaded).  If  +m  is  used
              with  attribute  flags,  and  all  those  flags are introduced with +, the matching
              parameter names are printed but their values are not.

              The following control flags change the behavior of typeset:

              +      If `+' appears by itself in a separate word as the  last  option,  then  the
                     names  of  all  parameters  (functions  with -f) are printed, but the values
                     (function bodies) are not.  No name arguments may appear, and it is an error
                     for  any  other  options  to  follow  `+'.   The  effect of `+' is as if all
                     attribute flags which precede it were given with a `+' prefix.  For example,
                     `typeset  -U  +' is equivalent to `typeset +U' and displays the names of all
                     arrays having the uniqueness attribute, whereas `typeset -f -U  +'  displays
                     the names of all autoloadable functions.  If + is the only option, then type
                     information (array, readonly, etc.) is also printed for each  parameter,  in
                     the same manner as `typeset +m "*"'.

              -g     The -g (global) means that any resulting parameter will not be restricted to
                     local scope.  Note that this does not necessarily mean  that  the  parameter
                     will  be  global,  as the flag will apply to any existing parameter (even if
                     unset) from an enclosing function.  This flag does not affect the  parameter
                     after creation, hence it has no effect when listing existing parameters, nor
                     does the flag +g have any effect except in combination with -m (see below).

              -m     If the -m flag is given the  name  arguments  are  taken  as  patterns  (use
                     quoting  to prevent these from being interpreted as file patterns).  With no
                     attribute flags, all  parameters  (or  functions  with  the  -f  flag)  with
                     matching  names  are printed (the shell option TYPESET_SILENT is not used in
                     this case).

                     If the +g flag is combined with -m, a new local  parameter  is  created  for
                     every  matching  parameter  that is not already local.  Otherwise -m applies
                     all other flags or assignments to the existing parameters.

                     Except when assignments are  made  with  name=value,  using  +m  forces  the
                     matching  parameters  and  their  attributes  to  be  printed, even inside a
                     function.  Note that -m is ignored if no patterns are given, so `typeset -m'
                     displays attributes but `typeset -a +m' does not.

              -p [ n ]
                     If  the -p option is given, parameters and values are printed in the form of
                     a typeset command with an assignment, regardless of other flags and options.
                     Note that the -H flag on parameters is respected; no value will be shown for
                     these parameters.

                     -p may be followed by an optional  integer  argument.   Currently  only  the
                     value  1  is  supported.   In  this  case  arrays and associative arrays are
                     printed with newlines between indented elements for readability.

              -T [ scalar[=value] array[=(value ...)] [ sep ] ]
                     This flag has a different meaning when used with -f; see  below.   Otherwise
                     the -T option requires zero, two, or three arguments to be present.  With no
                     arguments, the list of parameters created in this fashion  is  shown.   With
                     two  or  three  arguments,  the first two are the name of a scalar and of an
                     array parameter (in that order) that will be tied together in the manner  of
                     $PATH  and  $path.   The  optional  third  argument  is  a  single-character
                     separator which will be used to join the elements of the array to  form  the
                     scalar; if absent, a colon is used, as with $PATH.  Only the first character
                     of the separator is  significant;  any  remaining  characters  are  ignored.
                     Multibyte characters are not yet supported.

                     Only one of the scalar and array parameters may be assigned an initial value
                     (the restrictions on assignment forms described above also apply).

                     Both the scalar and the array may be  manipulated  as  normal.   If  one  is
                     unset,  the  other  will  automatically  be  unset  too.  There is no way of
                     untying the variables without unsetting them, nor of converting the type  of
                     one  of  them  with  another typeset command; +T does not work, assigning an
                     array to scalar is an error, and assigning a scalar to array sets it to be a
                     single-element array.

                     Note  that  both  `typeset  -xT ...'  and `export -T ...' work, but only the
                     scalar will be marked for  export.   Setting  the  value  using  the  scalar
                     version  causes  a  split on all separators (which cannot be quoted).  It is
                     possible to apply -T to two previously tied variables but with  a  different
                     separator character, in which case the variables remain joined as before but
                     the separator is changed.

                     When an existing scalar is tied to a new array, the value of the  scalar  is
                     preserved but no attribute other than export will be preserved.

              Attribute  flags  that  transform  the  final  value  (-L, -R, -Z, -l, -u) are only
              applied to the expanded value at the point  of  a  parameter  expansion  expression
              using  `$'.   They  are not applied when a parameter is retrieved internally by the
              shell for any purpose.

              The following attribute flags may be specified:

              -A     The names refer to associative array parameters; see `Array  Parameters'  in
                     zshparam(1).

              -L [ n ]
                     Left  justify and remove leading blanks from the value when the parameter is
                     expanded.  If n is nonzero, it defines the width of  the  field.   If  n  is
                     zero,  the  width  is  determined  by  the  width  of the value of the first
                     assignment.  In the case of numeric parameters, the length of  the  complete
                     value  assigned  to  the  parameter  is used to determine the width, not the
                     value that would be output.

                     The width is the count of characters, which may be multibyte  characters  if
                     the  MULTIBYTE  option  is  in  effect.   Note  that the screen width of the
                     character is not taken into account; if this is required, use  padding  with
                     parameter expansion flags ${(ml...)...} as described in `Parameter Expansion
                     Flags' in zshexpn(1).

                     When the parameter is expanded, it is filled on the  right  with  blanks  or
                     truncated  if  necessary  to  fit  the  field.   Note truncation can lead to
                     unexpected results with numeric parameters.  Leading zeros  are  removed  if
                     the -Z flag is also set.

              -R [ n ]
                     Similar  to  -L, except that right justification is used; when the parameter
                     is expanded, the field is left filled with blanks or truncated from the end.
                     May not be combined with the -Z flag.

              -U     For  arrays (but not for associative arrays), keep only the first occurrence
                     of each duplicated value.  This may also be set for tied parameters (see -T)
                     or  colon-separated  special parameters like PATH or FIGNORE, etc.  Note the
                     flag takes effect on assignment, and the type of the variable being assigned
                     to  is  determinative;  for  variables  with  shared  values it is therefore
                     recommended to set the flag for all interfaces, e.g. `typeset -U PATH path'.

                     This flag has a different meaning when used with -f; see below.

              -Z [ n ]
                     Specially handled if set along with the -L flag.  Otherwise, similar to  -R,
                     except  that  leading  zeros  are  used for padding instead of blanks if the
                     first non-blank character is a  digit.   Numeric  parameters  are  specially
                     handled:  they  are  always eligible for padding with zeroes, and the zeroes
                     are inserted at an appropriate place in the output.

              -a     The names refer to array parameters.  An array parameter may be created this
                     way, but it may be assigned to in the typeset statement only if the reserved
                     word form of typeset is enabled (as it is  by  default).   When  displaying,
                     both normal and associative arrays are shown.

              -f     The  names refer to functions rather than parameters.  No assignments can be
                     made, and the only other valid flags are -t, -T, -k, -u,  -U  and  -z.   The
                     flag  -t  turns on execution tracing for this function; the flag -T does the
                     same, but turns off tracing for any named (not  anonymous)  function  called
                     from  the present one, unless that function also has the -t or -T flag.  The
                     -u and -U flags cause the function to be marked  for  autoloading;  -U  also
                     causes  alias  expansion  to be suppressed when the function is loaded.  See
                     the description of the `autoload' builtin for details.

                     Note that the builtin functions provides  the  same  basic  capabilities  as
                     typeset  -f  but gives access to a few extra options; autoload gives further
                     additional options for the case typeset -fu and typeset -fU.

              -h     Hide: only useful for special parameters (those marked `<S>' in the table in
                     zshparam(1)),  and  for  local  parameters  with  the same name as a special
                     parameter, though harmless  for  others.   A  special  parameter  with  this
                     attribute  will  not  retain its special effect when made local.  Thus after
                     `typeset -h PATH', a function  containing  `typeset  PATH'  will  create  an
                     ordinary   local   parameter   without   the   usual   behaviour   of  PATH.
                     Alternatively, the local parameter may itself be given this attribute; hence
                     inside  a function `typeset -h PATH' creates an ordinary local parameter and
                     the special PATH parameter is not altered in any way.  It is  also  possible
                     to create a local parameter using `typeset +h special', where the local copy
                     of special will retain its special properties regardless of  having  the  -h
                     attribute.   Global  special parameters loaded from shell modules (currently
                     those in zsh/mapfile and  zsh/parameter)  are  automatically  given  the  -h
                     attribute to avoid name clashes.

              -H     Hide  value:  specifies  that  typeset  will  not  display  the value of the
                     parameter when listing parameters; the display for such parameters is always
                     as  if  the  `+'  flag  had  been  given.   Use of the parameter is in other
                     respects normal, and the option does not apply if the parameter is specified
                     by  name,  or  by pattern with the -m option.  This is on by default for the
                     parameters in the zsh/parameter and  zsh/mapfile  modules.   Note,  however,
                     that unlike the -h flag this is also useful for non-special parameters.

              -i [ n ]
                     Use  an  internal  integer  representation.   If n is nonzero it defines the
                     output arithmetic base, otherwise it is determined by the first  assignment.
                     Bases from 2 to 36 inclusive are allowed.

              -E [ n ]
                     Use  an  internal double-precision floating point representation.  On output
                     the variable will be converted to scientific notation.  If n is  nonzero  it
                     defines the number of significant figures to display; the default is ten.

              -F [ n ]
                     Use  an  internal double-precision floating point representation.  On output
                     the variable will be converted to fixed-point decimal  notation.   If  n  is
                     nonzero  it defines the number of digits to display after the decimal point;
                     the default is ten.

              -l     Convert the result to lower case whenever the parameter  is  expanded.   The
                     value is not converted when assigned.

              -r     The  given  names  are  marked  readonly.   Note  that  if name is a special
                     parameter, the readonly attribute can be  turned  on,  but  cannot  then  be
                     turned off.

                     If  the  POSIX_BUILTINS  option  is  set,  the  readonly  attribute  is more
                     restrictive: unset variables can be marked readonly and cannot then be  set;
                     furthermore, the readonly attribute cannot be removed from any variable.

                     It is still possible to change other attributes of the variable though, some
                     of which like -U or -Z would affect the value. More generally, the  readonly
                     attribute should not be relied on as a security mechanism.

                     Note  that  in  zsh (like in pdksh but unlike most other shells) it is still
                     possible to create a local variable of the same name as this is considered a
                     different  variable  (though  this  variable,  too, can be marked readonly).
                     Special variables that have  been  made  readonly  retain  their  value  and
                     readonly attribute when made local.

              -t     Tags the named parameters.  Tags have no special meaning to the shell.  This
                     flag has a different meaning when used with -f; see above.

              -u     Convert the result to upper case whenever the parameter  is  expanded.   The
                     value  is  not  converted  when assigned.  This flag has a different meaning
                     when used with -f; see above.

              -x     Mark for automatic  export  to  the  environment  of  subsequently  executed
                     commands.   If  the option GLOBAL_EXPORT is set, this implies the option -g,
                     unless +g is also explicitly given; in other words the parameter is not made
                     local  to  the  enclosing function.  This is for compatibility with previous
                     versions of zsh.

       ulimit [ -HSa ] [ { -bcdfiklmnpqrsTtvwx | -N resource } [ limit ] ... ]
              Set or display resource limits of the shell and the processes started by the shell.
              The value of limit can be a number in the unit specified below or one of the values
              `unlimited', which removes the limit on the resource, or  `hard',  which  uses  the
              current value of the hard limit on the resource.

              By  default,  only  soft  limits  are manipulated. If the -H flag is given use hard
              limits instead of soft limits.  If the -S flag is given together with the  -H  flag
              set both hard and soft limits.

              If no options are used, the file size limit (-f) is assumed.

              If limit is omitted the current value of the specified resources are printed.  When
              more than one resource value is printed, the limit name and unit is printed  before
              each value.

              When  looping  over  multiple  resources,  the  shell  will abort immediately if it
              detects a badly formed argument.  However, if it fails to  set  a  limit  for  some
              other reason it will continue trying to set the remaining limits.

              Not  all  the  following resources are supported on all systems.  Running ulimit -a
              will show which are supported.

              -a     Lists all of the current resource limits.
              -b     Socket buffer size in bytes (N.B. not kilobytes)
              -c     512-byte blocks on the size of core dumps.
              -d     Kilobytes on the size of the data segment.
              -f     512-byte blocks on the size of files written.
              -i     The number of pending signals.
              -k     The number of kqueues allocated.
              -l     Kilobytes on the size of locked-in memory.
              -m     Kilobytes on the size of physical memory.
              -n     open file descriptors.
              -p     The number of pseudo-terminals.
              -q     Bytes in POSIX message queues.
              -r     Maximum real time priority.  On some systems where this  is  not  available,
                     such as NetBSD, this has the same effect as -T for compatibility with sh.
              -s     Kilobytes on the size of the stack.
              -T     The number of simultaneous threads available to the user.
              -t     CPU seconds to be used.
              -u     The number of processes available to the user.
              -v     Kilobytes on the size of virtual memory.  On some systems this refers to the
                     limit called `address space'.
              -w     Kilobytes on the size of swapped out memory.
              -x     The number of locks on files.

              A resource may also be specified by  integer  in  the  form  `-N  resource',  where
              resource  corresponds  to  the  integer  defined  for the resource by the operating
              system.  This may be used to set the limits for resources known to the shell  which
              do  not  correspond  to option letters.  Such limits will be shown by number in the
              output of `ulimit -a'.

              The number may alternatively be out of the range of limits compiled into the shell.
              The  shell  will try to read or write the limit anyway, and will report an error if
              this fails.

       umask [ -S ] [ mask ]
              The umask is set to mask.  mask can be either an octal number or a  symbolic  value
              as  described  in  the chmod(1) man page.  If mask is omitted, the current value is
              printed.  The -S option causes  the  mask  to  be  printed  as  a  symbolic  value.
              Otherwise,  the mask is printed as an octal number.  Note that in the symbolic form
              the permissions you specify are those which are to be allowed (not denied)  to  the
              users specified.

       unalias [ -ams ] name ...
              Removes  aliases.   This  command  works  the same as unhash -a, except that the -a
              option removes all regular or global aliases, or with -s  all  suffix  aliases:  in
              this  case no name arguments may appear.  The options -m (remove by pattern) and -s
              without -a (remove listed suffix aliases) behave as for unhash -a.  Note  that  the
              meaning of -a is different between unalias and unhash.

       unfunction
              Same as unhash -f.

       unhash [ -adfms ] name ...
              Remove  the  element named name from an internal hash table.  The default is remove
              elements from the command hash table.   The  -a  option  causes  unhash  to  remove
              regular  or  global  aliases; note when removing a global aliases that the argument
              must be quoted to prevent it  from  being  expanded  before  being  passed  to  the
              command.   The  -s  option  causes  unhash to remove suffix aliases.  The -f option
              causes unhash to remove shell functions.  The -d options causes  unhash  to  remove
              named  directories.   If  the  -m flag is given the arguments are taken as patterns
              (should be quoted) and all elements of the corresponding hash table  with  matching
              names will be removed.

       unlimit [ -hs ] resource ...
              The  resource  limit for each resource is set to the hard limit.  If the -h flag is
              given and the shell has appropriate privileges, the hard resource  limit  for  each
              resource is removed.  The resources of the shell process are only changed if the -s
              flag is given.

              The unlimit command is not made available by default when the  shell  starts  in  a
              mode  emulating another shell.  It can be made available with the command `zmodload
              -F zsh/rlimits b:unlimit'.

       unset [ -fmv ] name ...
              Each named parameter is unset.  Local parameters remain local even if  unset;  they
              appear  unset  within  scope,  but  the previous value will still reappear when the
              scope ends.

              Individual elements of associative array parameters may be unset by using subscript
              syntax on name, which should be quoted (or the entire command prefixed with noglob)
              to protect the subscript from filename generation.

              If the -m flag is specified the arguments are taken as patterns (should be  quoted)
              and  all  parameters  with matching names are unset.  Note that this cannot be used
              when unsetting associative array elements, as the subscript will be treated as part
              of the pattern.

              The  -v  flag  specifies  that  name  refers  to  parameters.  This  is the default
              behaviour.

              unset -f is equivalent to unfunction.

       unsetopt [ {+|-}options | {+|-}o option_name ] [ name ... ]
              Unset the options for the shell.  All options specified either  with  flags  or  by
              name  are  unset.  If no arguments are supplied, the names of all options currently
              unset are printed.  If the -m flag is given the arguments  are  taken  as  patterns
              (which  should be quoted to preserve them from being interpreted as glob patterns),
              and all options with names matching these patterns are unset.

       vared  See the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).

       wait [ job ... ]
              Wait for the specified jobs or processes.  If job is not given then  all  currently
              active  child processes are waited for.  Each job can be either a job specification
              or the process ID of a job in the job table.  The exit status from this command  is
              that  of  the  job  waited  for.  If job represents an unknown job or process ID, a
              warning is printed (unless the POSIX_BUILTINS option is set) and the exit status is
              127.

              It  is  possible to wait for recent processes (specified by process ID, not by job)
              that were running in the background even if the process has exited.  Typically  the
              process  ID  will be recorded by capturing the value of the variable $! immediately
              after the process has been started.  There is a limit on the number of process  IDs
              remembered  by  the  shell;  this is given by the value of the system configuration
              parameter CHILD_MAX.  When this limit is reached, older process IDs are  discarded,
              least recently started processes first.

              Note  there  is  no protection against the process ID wrapping, i.e. if the wait is
              not executed soon enough there is a chance the process waited for is the wrong one.
              A  conflict  implies  both  process  IDs have been generated by the shell, as other
              processes are not recorded, and that the user is potentially interested in both, so
              this problem is intrinsic to process IDs.

       whence [ -vcwfpamsS ] [ -x num ] name ...
              For each name, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name.

              If name is not an alias, built-in command, external command, shell function, hashed
              command, or a reserved word, the exit status shall be non-zero, and -- if  -v,  -c,
              or  -w  was  passed  --  a  message  will  be written to standard output.  (This is
              different from other shells that write that message to standard error.)

              whence is most useful when name is only the last path component of a command,  i.e.
              does  not  include a `/'; in particular, pattern matching only succeeds if just the
              non-directory component of the command is passed.

              -v     Produce a more verbose report.

              -c     Print the results in a csh-like format.  This takes precedence over -v.

              -w     For each name, print `name: word' where  word  is  one  of  alias,  builtin,
                     command,  function,  hashed, reserved or none, according as name corresponds
                     to an alias, a built-in command, an external command, a  shell  function,  a
                     command  defined  with  the  hash  builtin,  a  reserved  word,  or  is  not
                     recognised.  This takes precedence over -v and -c.

              -f     Causes the contents of  a  shell  function  to  be  displayed,  which  would
                     otherwise not happen unless the -c flag were used.

              -p     Do  a  path  search  for  name  even if it is an alias, reserved word, shell
                     function or builtin.

              -a     Do a search for  all  occurrences  of  name  throughout  the  command  path.
                     Normally only the first occurrence is printed.

              -m     The  arguments  are taken as patterns (pattern characters should be quoted),
                     and the information is displayed for each  command  matching  one  of  these
                     patterns.

              -s     If a pathname contains symlinks, print the symlink-free pathname as well.

              -S     As  -s,  but  if  the  pathname  had  to  be  resolved by following multiple
                     symlinks, the intermediate steps are printed, too.  The symlink resolved  at
                     each step might be anywhere in the path.

              -x num Expand  tabs  when outputting shell functions using the -c option.  This has
                     the same effect as the -x option to the functions builtin.

       where [ -wpmsS ] [ -x num ] name ...
              Equivalent to whence -ca.

       which [ -wpamsS ] [ -x num ] name ...
              Equivalent to whence -c.

       zcompile [ -U ] [ -z | -k ] [ -R | -M ] file [ name ... ]
       zcompile -ca [ -m ] [ -R | -M ] file [ name ... ]
       zcompile -t file [ name ... ]
              This builtin command can be used to  compile  functions  or  scripts,  storing  the
              compiled  form  in a file, and to examine files containing the compiled form.  This
              allows faster autoloading of functions and sourcing of scripts by avoiding  parsing
              of the text when the files are read.

              The first form (without the -c, -a or -t options) creates a compiled file.  If only
              the file argument is given, the output file has the name  `file.zwc'  and  will  be
              placed  in  the  same directory as the file.  The shell will load the compiled file
              instead of the normal function file  when  the  function  is  autoloaded;  see  the
              section  `Autoloading  Functions' in zshmisc(1) for a description of how autoloaded
              functions are searched.  The extension .zwc stands for `zsh word code'.

              If there is at least one name argument, all the named files are compiled  into  the
              output  file  given  as  the  first  argument.   If file does not end in .zwc, this
              extension is automatically appended.  Files containing multiple compiled  functions
              are  called  `digest'  files,  and  are  intended  to  be  used  as elements of the
              FPATH/fpath special array.

              The second form, with the -c or -a options, writes the compiled definitions for all
              the  named  functions  into  file.   For  -c, the names must be functions currently
              defined in the shell, not those marked for autoloading.  Undefined  functions  that
              are marked for autoloading may be written by using the -a option, in which case the
              fpath is searched and the contents of the definition files for those functions,  if
              found,  are compiled into file.  If both -c and -a are given, names of both defined
              functions and functions marked for autoloading may be given.  In either  case,  the
              functions  in  files  written with the -c or -a option will be autoloaded as if the
              KSH_AUTOLOAD option were unset.

              The reason for handling loaded and not-yet-loaded functions with different  options
              is  that some definition files for autoloading define multiple functions, including
              the function with the same name as the file, and, at the end, call  that  function.
              In such cases the output of `zcompile -c' does not include the additional functions
              defined in the file, and any other initialization code in the file is lost.   Using
              `zcompile -a' captures all this extra information.

              If  the -m option is combined with -c or -a, the names are used as patterns and all
              functions whose names match one of these patterns will be written. If  no  name  is
              given,  the  definitions of all functions currently defined or marked as autoloaded
              will be written.

              Note  the  second  form  cannot  be  used  for  compiling  functions  that  include
              redirections as part of the definition rather than within the body of the function;
              for example

                     fn1() { { ... } >~/logfile }

              can be compiled but

                     fn1() { ... } >~/logfile

              cannot.  It is possible to use the first form of zcompile to  compile  autoloadable
              functions that include the full function definition instead of just the body of the
              function.

              The third form, with the -t option, examines an existing  compiled  file.   Without
              further  arguments,  the  names  of the original files compiled into it are listed.
              The first line of output shows the version of the shell which compiled the file and
              how  the  file  will  be  used  (i.e.  by reading it directly or by mapping it into
              memory).  With arguments, nothing is output and the return status is set to zero if
              definitions  for  all  names  were  found in the compiled file, and non-zero if the
              definition for at least one name was not found.

              Other options:

              -U     Aliases are not expanded when compiling the named files.

              -R     When the compiled file is read, its contents are  copied  into  the  shell's
                     memory,  rather  than memory-mapped (see -M).  This happens automatically on
                     systems that do not support memory mapping.

                     When compiling scripts  instead  of  autoloadable  functions,  it  is  often
                     desirable  to  use this option; otherwise the whole file, including the code
                     to define functions which have already been  defined,  will  remain  mapped,
                     consequently wasting memory.

              -M     The  compiled file is mapped into the shell's memory when read. This is done
                     in such a way that multiple instances of the shell running on the same  host
                     will  share  this  mapped file.  If neither -R nor -M is given, the zcompile
                     builtin decides what to do based on the size of the compiled file.

              -k
              -z     These options are used when the compiled file contains functions  which  are
                     to  be autoloaded. If -z is given, the function will be autoloaded as if the
                     KSH_AUTOLOAD option is not set, even if it is set at the time  the  compiled
                     file  is  read,  while if the -k is given, the function will be loaded as if
                     KSH_AUTOLOAD is set.  These options also take precedence over any -k  or  -z
                     options  specified  to  the autoload builtin. If neither of these options is
                     given, the function will be loaded as  determined  by  the  setting  of  the
                     KSH_AUTOLOAD option at the time the compiled file is read.

                     These  options may also appear as many times as necessary between the listed
                     names to specify the loading style of all following  functions,  up  to  the
                     next -k or -z.

                     The  created  file  always contains two versions of the compiled format, one
                     for big-endian machines and one for small-endian machines.   The  upshot  of
                     this  is  that the compiled file is machine independent and if it is read or
                     mapped, only one half of the file is actually used (and mapped).

       zformat
              See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zftp   See the section `The zsh/zftp Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zle    See the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).

       zmodload [ -dL ] [ -s ] [ ... ]
       zmodload -F [ -alLme -P param ] module [ [+-]feature ... ]
       zmodload -e [ -A ] [ ... ]
       zmodload [ -a [ -bcpf [ -I ] ] ] [ -iL ] ...
       zmodload -u [ -abcdpf [ -I ] ] [ -iL ] ...
       zmodload -A [ -L ] [ modalias[=module] ... ]
       zmodload -R modalias ...
              Performs operations relating to zsh's loadable modules.  Loading of  modules  while
              the  shell  is  running  (`dynamical  loading')  is  not available on all operating
              systems, or on all installations on a particular  operating  system,  although  the
              zmodload  command  itself is always available and can be used to manipulate modules
              built into versions of the shell executable without dynamical loading.

              Without arguments the names of all currently loaded  binary  modules  are  printed.
              The  -L option causes this list to be in the form of a series of zmodload commands.
              Forms with arguments are:

              zmodload [ -is ] name ...
              zmodload -u [ -i ] name ...
                     In the simplest case, zmodload loads a binary module.  The module must be in
                     a  file  with a name consisting of the specified name followed by a standard
                     suffix, usually `.so' (`.sl' on HPUX).   If  the  module  to  be  loaded  is
                     already  loaded  the  duplicate  module  is ignored.  If zmodload detects an
                     inconsistency, such as an invalid module name or circular  dependency  list,
                     the current code block is aborted.  If it is available, the module is loaded
                     if necessary, while if it is not  available,  non-zero  status  is  silently
                     returned.  The option -i is accepted for compatibility but has no effect.

                     The  named  module  is  searched  for  in  the  same way a command is, using
                     $module_path instead of $path.  However, the path search is  performed  even
                     when the module name contains a `/', which it usually does.  There is no way
                     to prevent the path search.

                     If the module supports features (see below), zmodload tries  to  enable  all
                     features  when  loading a module.  If the module was successfully loaded but
                     not all features could be enabled, zmodload returns status 2.

                     If the option -s is given, no  error  is  printed  if  the  module  was  not
                     available  (though  other  errors  indicating  a problem with the module are
                     printed).  The return status indicates if the module was  loaded.   This  is
                     appropriate if the caller considers the module optional.

                     With  -u,  zmodload  unloads  modules.  The same name must be given that was
                     given when the module was loaded, but it is not necessary for the module  to
                     exist  in the file system.  The -i option suppresses the error if the module
                     is already unloaded (or was never loaded).

                     Each module has a boot and a cleanup  function.   The  module  will  not  be
                     loaded  if its boot function fails.  Similarly a module can only be unloaded
                     if its cleanup function runs successfully.

              zmodload -F [ -almLe -P param ] module [ [+-]feature ... ]
                     zmodload -F allows more selective control  over  the  features  provided  by
                     modules.   With no options apart from -F, the module named module is loaded,
                     if it was not already loaded, and  the  list  of  features  is  set  to  the
                     required  state.   If no features are specified, the module is loaded, if it
                     was not already loaded, but  the  state  of  features  is  unchanged.   Each
                     feature  may be preceded by a + to turn the feature on, or - to turn it off;
                     the +  is  assumed  if  neither  character  is  present.   Any  feature  not
                     explicitly  mentioned  is  left  in its current state; if the module was not
                     previously loaded this means any such features will  remain  disabled.   The
                     return  status  is  zero if all features were set, 1 if the module failed to
                     load, and 2 if some features could not be  set  (for  example,  a  parameter
                     couldn't  be added because there was a different parameter of the same name)
                     but the module was loaded.

                     The  standard  features  are  builtins,  conditions,  parameters  and   math
                     functions;  these  are indicated by the prefix `b:', `c:' (`C:' for an infix
                     condition), `p:' and `f:', respectively,  followed  by  the  name  that  the
                     corresponding  feature  would  have in the shell.  For example, `b:strftime'
                     indicates a builtin named strftime and p:EPOCHSECONDS indicates a  parameter
                     named  EPOCHSECONDS.   The module may provide other (`abstract') features of
                     its own as indicated by its documentation; these have no prefix.

                     With -l or -L, features provided by the module are listed.  With -l alone, a
                     list  of features together with their states is shown, one feature per line.
                     With -L alone, a zmodload -F command that would cause  enabled  features  of
                     the  module  to be turned on is shown.  With -lL, a zmodload -F command that
                     would cause all the features to be set to their current state is shown.   If
                     one  of  these  combinations  is  given  with  the  option -P param then the
                     parameter param is set to an array of  features,  either  features  together
                     with their state or (if -L alone is given) enabled features.

                     With  the  option  -L  the  module  name  may be omitted; then a list of all
                     enabled features for all modules providing features is printed in  the  form
                     of zmodload -F commands.  If -l is also given, the state of both enabled and
                     disabled features is output in that form.

                     A set of features may be provided together with -l or -L and a module  name;
                     in  that  case only the state of those features is considered.  Each feature
                     may be preceded by + or - but the character has no effect.   If  no  set  of
                     features is provided, all features are considered.

                     With  -e,  the  command first tests that the module is loaded; if it is not,
                     status 1 is returned.  If the module is loaded, the list of  features  given
                     as  an  argument  is  examined.   Any feature given with no prefix is simply
                     tested to see if the module provides it; any feature given with a  prefix  +
                     or  -  is tested to see if is provided and in the given state.  If the tests
                     on all features in the list succeed, status 0 is returned, else status 1.

                     With -m, each entry in the given list of features is taken as a  pattern  to
                     be  matched against the list of features provided by the module.  An initial
                     + or - must be given explicitly.  This may  not  be  combined  with  the  -a
                     option as autoloads must be specified explicitly.

                     With  -a,  the  given  list  of  features  is  marked  for autoload from the
                     specified module, which may not yet be loaded.  An  optional  +  may  appear
                     before  the  feature  name.  If the feature is prefixed with -, any existing
                     autoload is removed.  The options -l and -L may be used to  list  autoloads.
                     Autoloading  is  specific  to individual features; when the module is loaded
                     only the requested feature is enabled.  Autoload requests are  preserved  if
                     the  module  is subsequently unloaded until an explicit `zmodload -Fa module
                     -feature' is issued.  It is not an  error  to  request  an  autoload  for  a
                     feature of a module that is already loaded.

                     When  the  module  is  loaded  each autoload is checked against the features
                     actually provided by the module; if the feature is not provided the autoload
                     request  is  deleted.   A  warning message is output; if the module is being
                     loaded to provide a different feature,  and  that  autoload  is  successful,
                     there  is  no effect on the status of the current command.  If the module is
                     already loaded at the time when zmodload -Fa is run,  an  error  message  is
                     printed and status 1 returned.

                     zmodload  -Fa can be used with the -l, -L, -e and -P options for listing and
                     testing the existence of autoloadable features.  In this case -l is  ignored
                     if  -L  is specified.  zmodload -FaL with no module name lists autoloads for
                     all modules.

                     Note that only standard features as described above can be autoloaded; other
                     features require the module to be loaded before enabling.

              zmodload -d [ -L ] [ name ]
              zmodload -d name dep ...
              zmodload -ud name [ dep ... ]
                     The -d option can be used to specify module dependencies.  The modules named
                     in the second and subsequent arguments will  be  loaded  before  the  module
                     named in the first argument.

                     With -d and one argument, all dependencies for that module are listed.  With
                     -d and no arguments, all module dependencies are listed.  This listing is by
                     default  in  a Makefile-like format.  The -L option changes this format to a
                     list of zmodload -d commands.

                     If -d and -u are both used, dependencies are removed.  If only one  argument
                     is given, all dependencies for that module are removed.

              zmodload -ab [ -L ]
              zmodload -ab [ -i ] name [ builtin ... ]
              zmodload -ub [ -i ] builtin ...
                     The  -ab  option  defines  autoloaded  builtins.   It  defines the specified
                     builtins.  When any of those builtins is called, the module specified in the
                     first  argument  is  loaded  and all its features are enabled (for selective
                     control of features use `zmodload -F -a' as described above).  If  only  the
                     name is given, one builtin is defined, with the same name as the module.  -i
                     suppresses the error if the builtin is already defined  or  autoloaded,  but
                     not if another builtin of the same name is already defined.

                     With  -ab  and  no  arguments,  all autoloaded builtins are listed, with the
                     module name (if different) shown in parentheses after the builtin name.  The
                     -L option changes this format to a list of zmodload -a commands.

                     If  -b  is  used together with the -u option, it removes builtins previously
                     defined with -ab.  This is only possible if the builtin is not  yet  loaded.
                     -i  suppresses  the  error  if  the  builtin  is  already  removed (or never
                     existed).

                     Autoload requests are retained if the module is subsequently unloaded  until
                     an explicit `zmodload -ub builtin' is issued.

              zmodload -ac [ -IL ]
              zmodload -ac [ -iI ] name [ cond ... ]
              zmodload -uc [ -iI ] cond ...
                     The  -ac  option  is  used  to  define  autoloaded condition codes. The cond
                     strings give the names of the conditions defined by the module. The optional
                     -I  option  is  used  to  define  infix condition names. Without this option
                     prefix condition names are defined.

                     If given no condition names, all defined names are listed (as  a  series  of
                     zmodload commands if the -L option is given).

                     The -uc option removes definitions for autoloaded conditions.

              zmodload -ap [ -L ]
              zmodload -ap [ -i ] name [ parameter ... ]
              zmodload -up [ -i ] parameter ...
                     The  -p  option  is  like  the -b and -c options, but makes zmodload work on
                     autoloaded parameters instead.

              zmodload -af [ -L ]
              zmodload -af [ -i ] name [ function ... ]
              zmodload -uf [ -i ] function ...
                     The -f option is like the -b, -p, and -c options, but makes zmodload work on
                     autoloaded math functions instead.

              zmodload -a [ -L ]
              zmodload -a [ -i ] name [ builtin ... ]
              zmodload -ua [ -i ] builtin ...
                     Equivalent to -ab and -ub.

              zmodload -e [ -A ] [ string ... ]
                     The  -e  option without arguments lists all loaded modules; if the -A option
                     is also given, module aliases  corresponding  to  loaded  modules  are  also
                     shown.   If arguments are provided, nothing is printed; the return status is
                     set to zero if all strings given as arguments are names  of  loaded  modules
                     and  to  one if at least on string is not the name of a loaded module.  This
                     can be used to test for the availability of things implemented  by  modules.
                     In  this case, any aliases are automatically resolved and the -A flag is not
                     used.

              zmodload -A [ -L ] [ modalias[=module] ... ]
                     For each argument, if both modalias and module are given, define modalias to
                     be  an  alias  for  the  module  module.   If  the  module  modalias is ever
                     subsequently requested, either via a call to  zmodload  or  implicitly,  the
                     shell will attempt to load module instead.  If module is not given, show the
                     definition of modalias.  If no arguments are given, list all defined  module
                     aliases.   When  listing, if the -L flag was also given, list the definition
                     as a zmodload command to recreate the alias.

                     The existence of aliases for modules is completely  independent  of  whether
                     the  name  resolved  is actually loaded as a module: while the alias exists,
                     loading and unloading the module under any alias has exactly the same effect
                     as  using  the resolved name, and does not affect the connection between the
                     alias and the resolved name which can be removed either by zmodload -R or by
                     redefining the alias.  Chains of aliases (i.e. where the first resolved name
                     is itself an alias) are valid so long as these are  not  circular.   As  the
                     aliases  take  the  same  format  as  module  names,  they  may include path
                     separators:  in this case, there is no requirement for any part of the  path
                     named  to  exist  as  the  alias  will  be  resolved  first.   For  example,
                     `any/old/alias' is always a valid alias.

                     Dependencies added to aliased modules are actually  added  to  the  resolved
                     module;  these  remain  if  the  alias is removed.  It is valid to create an
                     alias whose name is one of the standard shell modules and which resolves  to
                     a  different  module.  However, if a module has dependencies, it will not be
                     possible to use the module name as an alias as the module  will  already  be
                     marked as a loadable module in its own right.

                     Apart  from  the above, aliases can be used in the zmodload command anywhere
                     module names are required.  However, aliases will not be shown in  lists  of
                     loaded modules with a bare `zmodload'.

              zmodload -R modalias ...
                     For each modalias argument that was previously defined as a module alias via
                     zmodload -A, delete the alias.  If any was not defined, an error  is  caused
                     and the remainder of the line is ignored.

              Note  that zsh makes no distinction between modules that were linked into the shell
              and modules that are loaded dynamically. In both cases this builtin command has  to
              be  used to make available the builtins and other things defined by modules (unless
              the module is autoloaded on these definitions). This is true even for systems  that
              don't support dynamic loading of modules.

       zparseopts
              See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zprof  See the section `The zsh/zprof Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zpty   See the section `The zsh/zpty Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zregexparse
              See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zsocket
              See the section `The zsh/net/socket Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zstyle See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       ztcp   See the section `The zsh/net/tcp Module' in zshmodules(1).