Provided by: manpages-dev_6.03-1_all bug

NAME

       futex - fast user-space locking

LIBRARY

       Standard C library (libc, -lc)

SYNOPSIS

       #include <linux/futex.h>      /* Definition of FUTEX_* constants */
       #include <sys/syscall.h>      /* Definition of SYS_* constants */
       #include <unistd.h>

       long syscall(SYS_futex, uint32_t *uaddr, int futex_op, uint32_t val,
                    const struct timespec *timeout,   /* or: uint32_t val2 */
                    uint32_t *uaddr2, uint32_t val3);

       Note: glibc provides no wrapper for futex(), necessitating the use of syscall(2).

DESCRIPTION

       The  futex()  system  call provides a method for waiting until a certain condition becomes
       true.  It is typically used as a  blocking  construct  in  the  context  of  shared-memory
       synchronization.   When  using futexes, the majority of the synchronization operations are
       performed in user space.  A user-space program employs the futex() system call  only  when
       it  is  likely that the program has to block for a longer time until the condition becomes
       true.  Other futex() operations can be used to wake any processes or threads waiting for a
       particular condition.

       A  futex  is a 32-bit value—referred to below as a futex word—whose address is supplied to
       the futex() system call.  (Futexes are 32 bits in size on all platforms, including  64-bit
       systems.)   All  futex  operations  are governed by this value.  In order to share a futex
       between processes, the futex is placed in a region of shared memory,  created  using  (for
       example)  mmap(2) or shmat(2).  (Thus, the futex word may have different virtual addresses
       in different processes, but these addresses all refer to the  same  location  in  physical
       memory.)  In a multithreaded program, it is sufficient to place the futex word in a global
       variable shared by all threads.

       When executing a futex operation that requests to block a thread, the  kernel  will  block
       only  if  the  futex  word  has  the value that the calling thread supplied (as one of the
       arguments of the futex() call) as the expected value of the futex word.   The  loading  of
       the  futex  word's  value,  the  comparison of that value with the expected value, and the
       actual blocking will happen atomically  and  will  be  totally  ordered  with  respect  to
       concurrent  operations performed by other threads on the same futex word.  Thus, the futex
       word is used to connect the synchronization in  user  space  with  the  implementation  of
       blocking  by  the  kernel.   Analogously  to an atomic compare-and-exchange operation that
       potentially changes shared memory, blocking via a futex  is  an  atomic  compare-and-block
       operation.

       One  use  of  futexes is for implementing locks.  The state of the lock (i.e., acquired or
       not acquired) can be represented as an atomically accessed flag in shared memory.  In  the
       uncontended  case,  a thread can access or modify the lock state with atomic instructions,
       for example atomically changing it from not acquired to acquired using an atomic  compare-
       and-exchange instruction.  (Such instructions are performed entirely in user mode, and the
       kernel maintains no information about the lock state.)  On the other hand, a thread may be
       unable  to  acquire  a lock because it is already acquired by another thread.  It then may
       pass the lock's flag as a futex word and the value representing the acquired state as  the
       expected value to a futex() wait operation.  This futex() operation will block if and only
       if the lock is still acquired (i.e., the  value  in  the  futex  word  still  matches  the
       "acquired state").  When releasing the lock, a thread has to first reset the lock state to
       not acquired and then execute a futex operation that wakes threads  blocked  on  the  lock
       flag  used  as a futex word (this can be further optimized to avoid unnecessary wake-ups).
       See futex(7) for more detail on how to use futexes.

       Besides the basic wait and wake-up futex functionality, there are further futex operations
       aimed at supporting more complex use cases.

       Note  that  no  explicit  initialization  or  destruction is necessary to use futexes; the
       kernel maintains a futex (i.e., the kernel-internal implementation  artifact)  only  while
       operations  such as FUTEX_WAIT, described below, are being performed on a particular futex
       word.

   Arguments
       The uaddr argument points to the futex word.  On  all  platforms,  futexes  are  four-byte
       integers  that  must  be aligned on a four-byte boundary.  The operation to perform on the
       futex is specified in the futex_op argument; val is a  value  whose  meaning  and  purpose
       depends on futex_op.

       The  remaining  arguments (timeout, uaddr2, and val3) are required only for certain of the
       futex operations described below.  Where one of these arguments is  not  required,  it  is
       ignored.

       For several blocking operations, the timeout argument is a pointer to a timespec structure
       that specifies a timeout for the operation.  However,  notwithstanding the prototype shown
       above,  for some operations, the least significant four bytes of this argument are instead
       used as an integer whose meaning is determined by the operation.   For  these  operations,
       the  kernel  casts  the timeout value first to unsigned long, then to uint32_t, and in the
       remainder of this page, this argument is referred to as  val2  when  interpreted  in  this
       fashion.

       Where  it  is  required,  the  uaddr2 argument is a pointer to a second futex word that is
       employed by the operation.

       The interpretation of the final integer argument, val3, depends on the operation.

   Futex operations
       The futex_op argument consists of two parts: a command that specifies the operation to  be
       performed,  bitwise  ORed  with  zero  or  more  options  that modify the behaviour of the
       operation.  The options that may be included in futex_op are as follows:

       FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG (since Linux 2.6.22)
              This option bit can be employed with all futex operations.   It  tells  the  kernel
              that  the futex is process-private and not shared with another process (i.e., it is
              being used for synchronization only between threads of  the  same  process).   This
              allows the kernel to make some additional performance optimizations.

              As  a  convenience,  <linux/futex.h>  defines  a  set  of constants with the suffix
              _PRIVATE that are equivalents of all of the operations listed below, but  with  the
              FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG    ORed    into   the   constant   value.    Thus,   there   are
              FUTEX_WAIT_PRIVATE, FUTEX_WAKE_PRIVATE, and so on.

       FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME (since Linux 2.6.28)
              This   option   bit   can   be   employed   only   with   the    FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET,
              FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI,  (since  Linux  4.5)  FUTEX_WAIT,  and  (since  Linux  5.14)
              FUTEX_LOCK_PI2 operations.

              If this option is set, the kernel measures the timeout against  the  CLOCK_REALTIME
              clock.

              If   this  option  is  not  set,  the  kernel  measures  the  timeout  against  the
              CLOCK_MONOTONIC clock.

       The operation specified in futex_op is one of the following:

       FUTEX_WAIT (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This operation tests that the value at the futex word pointed  to  by  the  address
              uaddr  still  contains the expected value val, and if so, then sleeps waiting for a
              FUTEX_WAKE operation on the futex word.  The load of the value of the futex word is
              an  atomic memory access (i.e., using atomic machine instructions of the respective
              architecture).  This load, the comparison with the expected value, and starting  to
              sleep  are  performed  atomically  and  totally ordered with respect to other futex
              operations on the same futex word.  If the thread starts to sleep, it is considered
              a  waiter on this futex word.  If the futex value does not match val, then the call
              fails immediately with the error EAGAIN.

              The purpose of the comparison with the expected value is to prevent lost  wake-ups.
              If  another  thread  changed  the  value of the futex word after the calling thread
              decided to block based on the prior value, and  if  the  other  thread  executed  a
              FUTEX_WAKE  operation  (or  similar wake-up) after the value change and before this
              FUTEX_WAIT operation, then the calling thread will observe  the  value  change  and
              will not start to sleep.

              If  the timeout is not NULL, the structure it points to specifies a timeout for the
              wait.  (This interval will be rounded up to the system clock  granularity,  and  is
              guaranteed  not  to expire early.)  The timeout is by default measured according to
              the CLOCK_MONOTONIC clock, but, since Linux 4.5, the CLOCK_REALTIME  clock  can  be
              selected  by  specifying FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME in futex_op.  If timeout is NULL, the
              call blocks indefinitely.

              Note: for FUTEX_WAIT, timeout is interpreted as a  relative  value.   This  differs
              from other futex operations, where timeout is interpreted as an absolute value.  To
              obtain  the  equivalent  of   FUTEX_WAIT   with   an   absolute   timeout,   employ
              FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET with val3 specified as FUTEX_BITSET_MATCH_ANY.

              The arguments uaddr2 and val3 are ignored.

       FUTEX_WAKE (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This  operation  wakes  at  most  val of the waiters that are waiting (e.g., inside
              FUTEX_WAIT) on the futex  word  at  the  address  uaddr.   Most  commonly,  val  is
              specified  as  either 1 (wake up a single waiter) or INT_MAX (wake up all waiters).
              No guarantee is provided about which waiters are awoken  (e.g.,  a  waiter  with  a
              higher scheduling priority is not guaranteed to be awoken in preference to a waiter
              with a lower priority).

              The arguments timeout, uaddr2, and val3 are ignored.

       FUTEX_FD (from Linux 2.6.0 up to and including Linux 2.6.25)
              This operation creates a file descriptor that  is  associated  with  the  futex  at
              uaddr.  The caller must close the returned file descriptor after use.  When another
              process or thread performs a FUTEX_WAKE on the  futex  word,  the  file  descriptor
              indicates as being readable with select(2), poll(2), and epoll(7)

              The  file  descriptor  can  be used to obtain asynchronous notifications: if val is
              nonzero, then, when another process or thread executes  a  FUTEX_WAKE,  the  caller
              will receive the signal number that was passed in val.

              The arguments timeout, uaddr2, and val3 are ignored.

              Because it was inherently racy, FUTEX_FD has been removed from Linux 2.6.26 onward.

       FUTEX_REQUEUE (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This operation performs the same task as FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE (see below), except that
              no check is made using the value in val3.  (The argument val3 is ignored.)

       FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE (since Linux 2.6.7)
              This operation first checks whether the location uaddr  still  contains  the  value
              val3.  If not, the operation fails with the error EAGAIN.  Otherwise, the operation
              wakes up a maximum of val waiters that are waiting on the futex at uaddr.  If there
              are  more  than  val  waiters, then the remaining waiters are removed from the wait
              queue of the source futex at uaddr and added to the wait queue of the target  futex
              at  uaddr2.   The  val2  argument specifies an upper limit on the number of waiters
              that are requeued to the futex at uaddr2.

              The load from uaddr  is  an  atomic  memory  access  (i.e.,  using  atomic  machine
              instructions of the respective architecture).  This load, the comparison with val3,
              and the requeueing of any waiters are performed atomically and totally ordered with
              respect to other operations on the same futex word.

              Typical  values  to specify for val are 0 or 1.  (Specifying INT_MAX is not useful,
              because it would make the FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE operation  equivalent  to  FUTEX_WAKE.)
              The  limit  value specified via val2 is typically either 1 or INT_MAX.  (Specifying
              the argument as 0 is not  useful,  because  it  would  make  the  FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE
              operation equivalent to FUTEX_WAIT.)

              The  FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE  operation  was  added  as  a  replacement  for  the earlier
              FUTEX_REQUEUE.  The difference is that the check of the value at uaddr can be  used
              to  ensure that requeueing happens only under certain conditions, which allows race
              conditions to be avoided in certain use cases.

              Both FUTEX_REQUEUE and FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE can be used  to  avoid  "thundering  herd"
              wake-ups  that  could occur when using FUTEX_WAKE in cases where all of the waiters
              that are woken need to acquire another futex.   Consider  the  following  scenario,
              where  multiple  waiter  threads are waiting on B, a wait queue implemented using a
              futex:

                  lock(A)
                  while (!check_value(V)) {
                      unlock(A);
                      block_on(B);
                      lock(A);
                  };
                  unlock(A);

              If a waker thread used FUTEX_WAKE, then all waiters waiting on B would be woken up,
              and  they  would  all try to acquire lock A.  However, waking all of the threads in
              this manner would be  pointless  because  all  except  one  of  the  threads  would
              immediately block on lock A again.  By contrast, a requeue operation wakes just one
              waiter and moves the other waiters to lock A, and when the woken waiter  unlocks  A
              then the next waiter can proceed.

       FUTEX_WAKE_OP (since Linux 2.6.14)
              This  operation  was added to support some user-space use cases where more than one
              futex must be  handled  at  the  same  time.   The  most  notable  example  is  the
              implementation of pthread_cond_signal(3), which requires operations on two futexes,
              the one used to implement the mutex and the one used in the implementation  of  the
              wait queue associated with the condition variable.  FUTEX_WAKE_OP allows such cases
              to be  implemented  without  leading  to  high  rates  of  contention  and  context
              switching.

              The   FUTEX_WAKE_OP  operation  is  equivalent  to  executing  the  following  code
              atomically and totally ordered with respect to other futex operations on any of the
              two supplied futex words:

                  uint32_t oldval = *(uint32_t *) uaddr2;
                  *(uint32_t *) uaddr2 = oldval op oparg;
                  futex(uaddr, FUTEX_WAKE, val, 0, 0, 0);
                  if (oldval cmp cmparg)
                      futex(uaddr2, FUTEX_WAKE, val2, 0, 0, 0);

              In other words, FUTEX_WAKE_OP does the following:

              •  saves  the  original value of the futex word at uaddr2 and performs an operation
                 to modify the value of the futex at uaddr2; this is an atomic  read-modify-write
                 memory  access  (i.e.,  using  atomic  machine  instructions  of  the respective
                 architecture)

              •  wakes up a maximum of val waiters on the futex for the futex word at uaddr; and

              •  dependent on the results of a test of the original value of the  futex  word  at
                 uaddr2,  wakes  up  a maximum of val2 waiters on the futex for the futex word at
                 uaddr2.

              The operation and comparison that are to be performed are encoded in  the  bits  of
              the argument val3.  Pictorially, the encoding is:

                  +---+---+-----------+-----------+
                  |op |cmp|   oparg   |  cmparg   |
                  +---+---+-----------+-----------+
                    4   4       12          12    <== # of bits

              Expressed in code, the encoding is:

                  #define FUTEX_OP(op, oparg, cmp, cmparg) \
                                  (((op & 0xf) << 28) | \
                                  ((cmp & 0xf) << 24) | \
                                  ((oparg & 0xfff) << 12) | \
                                  (cmparg & 0xfff))

              In  the  above,  op  and cmp are each one of the codes listed below.  The oparg and
              cmparg components are literal numeric values, except as noted below.

              The op component has one of the following values:

                  FUTEX_OP_SET        0  /* uaddr2 = oparg; */
                  FUTEX_OP_ADD        1  /* uaddr2 += oparg; */
                  FUTEX_OP_OR         2  /* uaddr2 |= oparg; */
                  FUTEX_OP_ANDN       3  /* uaddr2 &= ~oparg; */
                  FUTEX_OP_XOR        4  /* uaddr2 ^= oparg; */

              In addition, bitwise ORing the following value into op causes (1 <<  oparg)  to  be
              used as the operand:

                  FUTEX_OP_ARG_SHIFT  8  /* Use (1 << oparg) as operand */

              The cmp field is one of the following:

                  FUTEX_OP_CMP_EQ     0  /* if (oldval == cmparg) wake */
                  FUTEX_OP_CMP_NE     1  /* if (oldval != cmparg) wake */
                  FUTEX_OP_CMP_LT     2  /* if (oldval < cmparg) wake */
                  FUTEX_OP_CMP_LE     3  /* if (oldval <= cmparg) wake */
                  FUTEX_OP_CMP_GT     4  /* if (oldval > cmparg) wake */
                  FUTEX_OP_CMP_GE     5  /* if (oldval >= cmparg) wake */

              The  return value of FUTEX_WAKE_OP is the sum of the number of waiters woken on the
              futex uaddr plus the number of waiters woken on the futex uaddr2.

       FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET (since Linux 2.6.25)
              This operation is like FUTEX_WAIT except that val3 is used to provide a 32-bit  bit
              mask  to  the  kernel.   This  bit  mask, in which at least one bit must be set, is
              stored in the  kernel-internal  state  of  the  waiter.   See  the  description  of
              FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET for further details.

              If  timeout  is  not NULL, the structure it points to specifies an absolute timeout
              for the wait operation.  If timeout is NULL, the operation can block indefinitely.

              The uaddr2 argument is ignored.

       FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET (since Linux 2.6.25)
              This operation is the same as FUTEX_WAKE except that the val3 argument is  used  to
              provide  a 32-bit bit mask to the kernel.  This bit mask, in which at least one bit
              must be set, is used to select which waiters should be woken up.  The selection  is
              done  by a bitwise AND of the "wake" bit mask (i.e., the value in val3) and the bit
              mask which is stored in the kernel-internal state of the  waiter  (the  "wait"  bit
              mask that is set using FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET).  All of the waiters for which the result
              of the AND is nonzero are woken up; the remaining waiters are left sleeping.

              The effect of FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET and FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET is to allow  selective  wake-
              ups among multiple waiters that are blocked on the same futex.  However, note that,
              depending on the use case, employing this bit-mask multiplexing feature on a  futex
              can  be  less  efficient than simply using multiple futexes, because employing bit-
              mask multiplexing requires the kernel to check all waiters on  a  futex,  including
              those  that  are  not  interested  in  being  woken  up (i.e., they do not have the
              relevant bit set in their "wait" bit mask).

              The constant FUTEX_BITSET_MATCH_ANY, which corresponds to all 32 bits  set  in  the
              bit   mask,   can   be   used  as  the  val3  argument  for  FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET  and
              FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET.  Other than differences in the handling of the timeout argument,
              the  FUTEX_WAIT operation is equivalent to FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET with val3 specified as
              FUTEX_BITSET_MATCH_ANY; that is, allow a wake-up  by  any  waker.   The  FUTEX_WAKE
              operation   is   equivalent   to   FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET   with   val3   specified   as
              FUTEX_BITSET_MATCH_ANY; that is, wake up any waiter(s).

              The uaddr2 and timeout arguments are ignored.

   Priority-inheritance futexes
       Linux supports priority-inheritance (PI) futexes in  order  to  handle  priority-inversion
       problems  that  can  be  encountered  with  normal futex locks.  Priority inversion is the
       problem that occurs when a high-priority task is blocked waiting to acquire a lock held by
       a low-priority task, while tasks at an intermediate priority continuously preempt the low-
       priority task from the CPU.  Consequently, the low-priority task makes no progress  toward
       releasing the lock, and the high-priority task remains blocked.

       Priority inheritance is a mechanism for dealing with the priority-inversion problem.  With
       this mechanism, when a high-priority task becomes blocked by a lock held by a low-priority
       task,  the  priority  of  the low-priority task is temporarily raised to that of the high-
       priority task, so that it is not preempted by any intermediate level tasks, and  can  thus
       make  progress  toward  releasing the lock.  To be effective, priority inheritance must be
       transitive, meaning that if a high-priority task blocks on a lock held by a lower-priority
       task  that  is itself blocked by a lock held by another intermediate-priority task (and so
       on, for chains of arbitrary length), then both of those tasks (or more generally,  all  of
       the  tasks  in  a  lock  chain)  have  their priorities raised to be the same as the high-
       priority task.

       From a user-space  perspective,  what  makes  a  futex  PI-aware  is  a  policy  agreement
       (described  below)  between  user  space and the kernel about the value of the futex word,
       coupled with the use of the PI-futex operations described below.  (Unlike the other  futex
       operations described above, the PI-futex operations are designed for the implementation of
       very specific IPC mechanisms.)

       The PI-futex operations described below differ from the other  futex  operations  in  that
       they impose policy on the use of the value of the futex word:

       •  If the lock is not acquired, the futex word's value shall be 0.

       •  If  the  lock  is  acquired,  the  futex  word's value shall be the thread ID (TID; see
          gettid(2)) of the owning thread.

       •  If the lock is  owned  and  there  are  threads  contending  for  the  lock,  then  the
          FUTEX_WAITERS  bit  shall  be set in the futex word's value; in other words, this value
          is:

              FUTEX_WAITERS | TID

          (Note that is invalid for a PI futex word to have no owner and FUTEX_WAITERS set.)

       With this policy in place, a user-space application can  acquire  an  unacquired  lock  or
       release  a  lock using atomic instructions executed in user mode (e.g., a compare-and-swap
       operation such as cmpxchg on the x86 architecture).  Acquiring a lock simply  consists  of
       using compare-and-swap to atomically set the futex word's value to the caller's TID if its
       previous value was 0.  Releasing a lock requires using compare-and-swap to set  the  futex
       word's value to 0 if the previous value was the expected TID.

       If  a  futex  is  already  acquired  (i.e.,  has a nonzero value), waiters must employ the
       FUTEX_LOCK_PI or FUTEX_LOCK_PI2 operations to acquire the  lock.   If  other  threads  are
       waiting  for the lock, then the FUTEX_WAITERS bit is set in the futex value; in this case,
       the lock owner must employ the FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI operation to release the lock.

       In the cases where callers are forced into the kernel (i.e., required to perform a futex()
       call), they then deal directly with a so-called RT-mutex, a kernel locking mechanism which
       implements the required priority-inheritance semantics.  After the RT-mutex  is  acquired,
       the futex value is updated accordingly, before the calling thread returns to user space.

       It  is  important  to  note  that  the  kernel will update the futex word's value prior to
       returning to user space.  (This prevents the possibility of the futex word's value  ending
       up  in  an invalid state, such as having an owner but the value being 0, or having waiters
       but not having the FUTEX_WAITERS bit set.)

       If a futex has an associated RT-mutex in the kernel (i.e., there are blocked waiters)  and
       the  owner of the futex/RT-mutex dies unexpectedly, then the kernel cleans up the RT-mutex
       and hands it over to the next waiter.  This in turn requires that the user-space value  is
       updated   accordingly.    To   indicate  that  this  is  required,  the  kernel  sets  the
       FUTEX_OWNER_DIED bit in the futex word along with the thread ID of the  new  owner.   User
       space  can  detect this situation via the presence of the FUTEX_OWNER_DIED bit and is then
       responsible for cleaning up the stale state left over by the dead owner.

       PI futexes are operated on by specifying one of the values listed below in futex_op.  Note
       that  the  PI  futex  operations must be used as paired operations and are subject to some
       additional requirements:

       •  FUTEX_LOCK_PI,  FUTEX_LOCK_PI2,  and  FUTEX_TRYLOCK_PI   pair   with   FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI.
          FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI  must be called only on a futex owned by the calling thread, as defined
          by the value policy, otherwise the error EPERM results.

       •  FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI pairs with FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI.  This must be performed  from  a
          non-PI  futex  to a distinct PI futex (or the error EINVAL results).  Additionally, val
          (the number of waiters to be woken) must be 1 (or the error EINVAL results).

       The PI futex operations are as follows:

       FUTEX_LOCK_PI (since Linux 2.6.18)
              This operation is used after an attempt to acquire the lock via an atomic user-mode
              instruction failed because the futex word has a nonzero value—specifically, because
              it contained the (PID-namespace-specific) TID of the lock owner.

              The operation checks the value of the futex word at  the  address  uaddr.   If  the
              value is 0, then the kernel tries to atomically set the futex value to the caller's
              TID.  If the futex  word's  value  is  nonzero,  the  kernel  atomically  sets  the
              FUTEX_WAITERS bit, which signals the futex owner that it cannot unlock the futex in
              user space atomically by setting the futex value to 0.  After that, the kernel:

              (1)  Tries to find the thread which is associated with the owner TID.

              (2)  Creates or reuses kernel state on behalf of the owner.  (If this is the  first
                   waiter, there is no kernel state for this futex, so kernel state is created by
                   locking the RT-mutex and the futex owner is made the owner  of  the  RT-mutex.
                   If there are existing waiters, then the existing state is reused.)

              (3)  Attaches the waiter to the futex (i.e., the waiter is enqueued on the RT-mutex
                   waiter list).

              If more than one waiter exists, the enqueueing  of  the  waiter  is  in  descending
              priority  order.   (For information on priority ordering, see the discussion of the
              SCHED_DEADLINE, SCHED_FIFO, and SCHED_RR scheduling  policies  in  sched(7).)   The
              owner  inherits either the waiter's CPU bandwidth (if the waiter is scheduled under
              the SCHED_DEADLINE policy) or the waiter's priority (if  the  waiter  is  scheduled
              under  the SCHED_RR or SCHED_FIFO policy).  This inheritance follows the lock chain
              in the case of nested locking and performs deadlock detection.

              The timeout argument provides a timeout for the lock attempt.  If  timeout  is  not
              NULL,  the  structure  it points to specifies an absolute timeout, measured against
              the  CLOCK_REALTIME  clock.   If  timeout  is  NULL,  the  operation   will   block
              indefinitely.

              The uaddr2, val, and val3 arguments are ignored.

       FUTEX_LOCK_PI2 (since Linux 5.14)
              This  operation  is  the same as FUTEX_LOCK_PI, except that the clock against which
              timeout is measured is selectable.  By default, the (absolute) timeout specified in
              timeout   is   measured   against   the   CLOCK_MONOTONIC   clock,   but   if   the
              FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME flag is specified in futex_op, then the  timeout  is  measured
              against the CLOCK_REALTIME clock.

       FUTEX_TRYLOCK_PI (since Linux 2.6.18)
              This operation tries to acquire the lock at uaddr.  It is invoked when a user-space
              atomic acquire did not succeed because the futex word was not 0.

              Because  the  kernel  has  access  to  more  state  information  than  user  space,
              acquisition of the lock might succeed if performed by the kernel in cases where the
              futex word (i.e., the state information accessible  to  use-space)  contains  stale
              state  (FUTEX_WAITERS  and/or FUTEX_OWNER_DIED).  This can happen when the owner of
              the futex died.  User space cannot handle this condition in a race-free manner, but
              the kernel can fix this up and acquire the futex.

              The uaddr2, val, timeout, and val3 arguments are ignored.

       FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI (since Linux 2.6.18)
              This  operation  wakes  the top priority waiter that is waiting in FUTEX_LOCK_PI or
              FUTEX_LOCK_PI2 on the futex address provided by the uaddr argument.

              This is called when the user-space value at uaddr cannot be changed atomically from
              a TID (of the owner) to 0.

              The uaddr2, val, timeout, and val3 arguments are ignored.

       FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI (since Linux 2.6.31)
              This  operation  is  a  PI-aware variant of FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE.  It requeues waiters
              that are blocked via FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI on uaddr  from  a  non-PI  source  futex
              (uaddr) to a PI target futex (uaddr2).

              As  with  FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE,  this operation wakes up a maximum of val waiters that
              are waiting on the futex at  uaddr.   However,  for  FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI,  val  is
              required  to  be  1  (since  the  main  point  is to avoid a thundering herd).  The
              remaining waiters are removed from the wait queue of the source futex at uaddr  and
              added to the wait queue of the target futex at uaddr2.

              The val2 and val3 arguments serve the same purposes as for FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE.

       FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI (since Linux 2.6.31)
              Wait   on   a   non-PI   futex   at  uaddr  and  potentially  be  requeued  (via  a
              FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI operation in another task) onto a PI  futex  at  uaddr2.   The
              wait operation on uaddr is the same as for FUTEX_WAIT.

              The waiter can be removed from the wait on uaddr without requeueing on uaddr2 via a
              FUTEX_WAKE operation in another task.   In  this  case,  the  FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI
              operation fails with the error EAGAIN.

              If  timeout  is  not NULL, the structure it points to specifies an absolute timeout
              for the wait operation.  If timeout is NULL, the operation can block indefinitely.

              The val3 argument is ignored.

              The FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI and FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI were added to support  a  fairly
              specific  use  case: support for priority-inheritance-aware POSIX threads condition
              variables.  The idea is that these operations should always be paired, in order  to
              ensure   that   user   space   and  the  kernel  remain  in  sync.   Thus,  in  the
              FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI  operation,  the  user-space  application  pre-specifies  the
              target of the requeue that takes place in the FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI operation.

RETURN VALUE

       In  the  event  of  an  error  (and assuming that futex() was invoked via syscall(2)), all
       operations return -1 and set errno to indicate the error.

       The return value on success depends on the operation, as described in the following list:

       FUTEX_WAIT
              Returns 0 if the caller was woken up.  Note that a wake-up can also  be  caused  by
              common futex usage patterns in unrelated code that happened to have previously used
              the futex word's memory location  (e.g.,  typical  futex-based  implementations  of
              Pthreads  mutexes can cause this under some conditions).  Therefore, callers should
              always conservatively assume that a return value of 0 can mean a spurious  wake-up,
              and  use  the  futex  word's value (i.e., the user-space synchronization scheme) to
              decide whether to continue to block or not.

       FUTEX_WAKE
              Returns the number of waiters that were woken up.

       FUTEX_FD
              Returns the new file descriptor associated with the futex.

       FUTEX_REQUEUE
              Returns the number of waiters that were woken up.

       FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE
              Returns the total number of waiters that were woken up or requeued to the futex for
              the  futex  word at uaddr2.  If this value is greater than val, then the difference
              is the number of waiters requeued to the futex for the futex word at uaddr2.

       FUTEX_WAKE_OP
              Returns the total number of waiters that were woken up.  This is  the  sum  of  the
              woken waiters on the two futexes for the futex words at uaddr and uaddr2.

       FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET
              Returns  0  if  the  caller was woken up.  See FUTEX_WAIT for how to interpret this
              correctly in practice.

       FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET
              Returns the number of waiters that were woken up.

       FUTEX_LOCK_PI
              Returns 0 if the futex was successfully locked.

       FUTEX_LOCK_PI2
              Returns 0 if the futex was successfully locked.

       FUTEX_TRYLOCK_PI
              Returns 0 if the futex was successfully locked.

       FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI
              Returns 0 if the futex was successfully unlocked.

       FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI
              Returns the total number of waiters that were woken up or requeued to the futex for
              the  futex  word  at uaddr2.  If this value is greater than val, then difference is
              the number of waiters requeued to the futex for the futex word at uaddr2.

       FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI
              Returns 0 if the caller was successfully requeued to the futex for the  futex  word
              at uaddr2.

ERRORS

       EACCES No read access to the memory of a futex word.

       EAGAIN (FUTEX_WAIT,  FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET,  FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI)  The  value  pointed to by
              uaddr was not equal to the expected value val at the time of the call.

              Note: on Linux, the symbolic names EAGAIN and EWOULDBLOCK (both of which appear  in
              different parts of the kernel futex code) have the same value.

       EAGAIN (FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE,  FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI)  The  value  pointed  to by uaddr is not
              equal to the expected value val3.

       EAGAIN (FUTEX_LOCK_PI, FUTEX_LOCK_PI2, FUTEX_TRYLOCK_PI, FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI)  The  futex
              owner  thread  ID of uaddr (for FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI: uaddr2) is about to exit, but
              has not yet handled the internal state cleanup.  Try again.

       EDEADLK
              (FUTEX_LOCK_PI, FUTEX_LOCK_PI2, FUTEX_TRYLOCK_PI, FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI)  The  futex
              word at uaddr is already locked by the caller.

       EDEADLK
              (FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI) While requeueing a waiter to the PI futex for the futex word
              at uaddr2, the kernel detected a deadlock.

       EFAULT A required pointer argument (i.e., uaddr, uaddr2, or timeout) did not  point  to  a
              valid user-space address.

       EINTR  A  FUTEX_WAIT  or  FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET  operation  was  interrupted  by a signal (see
              signal(7)).  Before Linux 2.6.22, this error could also be returned for a  spurious
              wakeup; since Linux 2.6.22, this no longer happens.

       EINVAL The  operation in futex_op is one of those that employs a timeout, but the supplied
              timeout argument was invalid (tv_sec was less than zero, or tv_nsec  was  not  less
              than 1,000,000,000).

       EINVAL The  operation  specified in futex_op employs one or both of the pointers uaddr and
              uaddr2, but one of these does not point to a valid object—that is, the  address  is
              not four-byte-aligned.

       EINVAL (FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET, FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET) The bit mask supplied in val3 is zero.

       EINVAL (FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI) uaddr equals uaddr2 (i.e., an attempt was made to requeue to
              the same futex).

       EINVAL (FUTEX_FD) The signal number supplied in val is invalid.

       EINVAL (FUTEX_WAKE, FUTEX_WAKE_OP,  FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET,  FUTEX_REQUEUE,  FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE)
              The  kernel detected an inconsistency between the user-space state at uaddr and the
              kernel state—that is,  it  detected  a  waiter  which  waits  in  FUTEX_LOCK_PI  or
              FUTEX_LOCK_PI2 on uaddr.

       EINVAL (FUTEX_LOCK_PI,   FUTEX_LOCK_PI2,  FUTEX_TRYLOCK_PI,  FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI)  The  kernel
              detected an inconsistency between the user-space state  at  uaddr  and  the  kernel
              state.  This indicates either state corruption or that the kernel found a waiter on
              uaddr which is waiting via FUTEX_WAIT or FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET.

       EINVAL (FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI) The kernel detected an inconsistency between the  user-space
              state  at  uaddr2 and the kernel state; that is, the kernel detected a waiter which
              waits via FUTEX_WAIT or FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET on uaddr2.

       EINVAL (FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI) The kernel detected an inconsistency between the  user-space
              state  at  uaddr  and the kernel state; that is, the kernel detected a waiter which
              waits via FUTEX_WAIT or FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET on uaddr.

       EINVAL (FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI) The kernel detected an inconsistency between the  user-space
              state  at  uaddr  and the kernel state; that is, the kernel detected a waiter which
              waits   on   uaddr   via    FUTEX_LOCK_PI    or    FUTEX_LOCK_PI2    (instead    of
              FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI).

       EINVAL (FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI)  An  attempt  was  made to requeue a waiter to a futex other
              than that specified by the matching FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI call for that waiter.

       EINVAL (FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI) The val argument is not 1.

       EINVAL Invalid argument.

       ENFILE (FUTEX_FD) The system-wide limit on  the  total  number  of  open  files  has  been
              reached.

       ENOMEM (FUTEX_LOCK_PI,  FUTEX_LOCK_PI2, FUTEX_TRYLOCK_PI, FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI) The kernel
              could not allocate memory to hold state information.

       ENOSYS Invalid operation specified in futex_op.

       ENOSYS The FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME option was specified in  futex_op,  but  the  accompanying
              operation  was  neither  FUTEX_WAIT,  FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET, FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI, nor
              FUTEX_LOCK_PI2.

       ENOSYS (FUTEX_LOCK_PI,      FUTEX_LOCK_PI2,       FUTEX_TRYLOCK_PI,       FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI,
              FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI,  FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI)  A run-time check determined that the
              operation is not available.  The PI-futex operations are  not  implemented  on  all
              architectures and are not supported on some CPU variants.

       EPERM  (FUTEX_LOCK_PI,  FUTEX_LOCK_PI2, FUTEX_TRYLOCK_PI, FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI) The caller
              is not allowed to attach itself to the futex at  uaddr  (for  FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI:
              the futex at uaddr2).  (This may be caused by a state corruption in user space.)

       EPERM  (FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI) The caller does not own the lock represented by the futex word.

       ESRCH  (FUTEX_LOCK_PI,  FUTEX_LOCK_PI2, FUTEX_TRYLOCK_PI, FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI) The thread
              ID in the futex word at uaddr does not exist.

       ESRCH  (FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI) The thread ID in the futex word at uaddr2 does not exist.

       ETIMEDOUT
              The operation in futex_op employed  the  timeout  specified  in  timeout,  and  the
              timeout expired before the operation completed.

VERSIONS

       Futexes were first made available in a stable kernel release with Linux 2.6.0.

       Initial futex support was merged in Linux 2.5.7 but with different semantics from what was
       described above.  A four-argument system call with the semantics described  in  this  page
       was  introduced  in Linux 2.5.40.  A fifth argument was added in Linux 2.5.70, and a sixth
       argument was added in Linux 2.6.7.

STANDARDS

       This system call is Linux-specific.

NOTES

       Several higher-level programming abstractions are implemented via futexes, including POSIX
       semaphores  and  various  POSIX  threads  synchronization  mechanisms  (mutexes, condition
       variables, read-write locks, and barriers).

EXAMPLES

       The program below demonstrates use of futexes in a program where a parent  process  and  a
       child  process  use  a  pair  of  futexes  located  inside  a  shared anonymous mapping to
       synchronize access to a shared resource: the  terminal.   The  two  processes  each  write
       nloops  (a  command-line  argument that defaults to 5 if omitted) messages to the terminal
       and employ a  synchronization  protocol  that  ensures  that  they  alternate  in  writing
       messages.  Upon running this program we see output such as the following:

           $ ./futex_demo
           Parent (18534) 0
           Child  (18535) 0
           Parent (18534) 1
           Child  (18535) 1
           Parent (18534) 2
           Child  (18535) 2
           Parent (18534) 3
           Child  (18535) 3
           Parent (18534) 4
           Child  (18535) 4

   Program source

       /* futex_demo.c

          Usage: futex_demo [nloops]
                           (Default: 5)

          Demonstrate the use of futexes in a program where parent and child
          use a pair of futexes located inside a shared anonymous mapping to
          synchronize access to a shared resource: the terminal. The two
          processes each write 'num-loops' messages to the terminal and employ
          a synchronization protocol that ensures that they alternate in
          writing messages.
       */
       #define _GNU_SOURCE
       #include <err.h>
       #include <errno.h>
       #include <linux/futex.h>
       #include <stdatomic.h>
       #include <stdint.h>
       #include <stdio.h>
       #include <stdlib.h>
       #include <sys/mman.h>
       #include <sys/syscall.h>
       #include <sys/time.h>
       #include <sys/wait.h>
       #include <unistd.h>

       static uint32_t *futex1, *futex2, *iaddr;

       static int
       futex(uint32_t *uaddr, int futex_op, uint32_t val,
             const struct timespec *timeout, uint32_t *uaddr2, uint32_t val3)
       {
           return syscall(SYS_futex, uaddr, futex_op, val,
                          timeout, uaddr2, val3);
       }

       /* Acquire the futex pointed to by 'futexp': wait for its value to
          become 1, and then set the value to 0. */

       static void
       fwait(uint32_t *futexp)
       {
           long            s;
           const uint32_t  one = 1;

           /* atomic_compare_exchange_strong(ptr, oldval, newval)
              atomically performs the equivalent of:

                  if (*ptr == *oldval)
                      *ptr = newval;

              It returns true if the test yielded true and *ptr was updated. */

           while (1) {

               /* Is the futex available? */
               if (atomic_compare_exchange_strong(futexp, &one, 0))
                   break;      /* Yes */

               /* Futex is not available; wait. */

               s = futex(futexp, FUTEX_WAIT, 0, NULL, NULL, 0);
               if (s == -1 && errno != EAGAIN)
                   err(EXIT_FAILURE, "futex-FUTEX_WAIT");
           }
       }

       /* Release the futex pointed to by 'futexp': if the futex currently
          has the value 0, set its value to 1 and then wake any futex waiters,
          so that if the peer is blocked in fwait(), it can proceed. */

       static void
       fpost(uint32_t *futexp)
       {
           long            s;
           const uint32_t  zero = 0;

           /* atomic_compare_exchange_strong() was described
              in comments above. */

           if (atomic_compare_exchange_strong(futexp, &zero, 1)) {
               s = futex(futexp, FUTEX_WAKE, 1, NULL, NULL, 0);
               if (s  == -1)
                   err(EXIT_FAILURE, "futex-FUTEX_WAKE");
           }
       }

       int
       main(int argc, char *argv[])
       {
           pid_t         childPid;
           unsigned int  nloops;

           setbuf(stdout, NULL);

           nloops = (argc > 1) ? atoi(argv[1]) : 5;

           /* Create a shared anonymous mapping that will hold the futexes.
              Since the futexes are being shared between processes, we
              subsequently use the "shared" futex operations (i.e., not the
              ones suffixed "_PRIVATE"). */

           iaddr = mmap(NULL, sizeof(*iaddr) * 2, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
                        MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_SHARED, -1, 0);
           if (iaddr == MAP_FAILED)
               err(EXIT_FAILURE, "mmap");

           futex1 = &iaddr[0];
           futex2 = &iaddr[1];

           *futex1 = 0;        /* State: unavailable */
           *futex2 = 1;        /* State: available */

           /* Create a child process that inherits the shared anonymous
              mapping. */

           childPid = fork();
           if (childPid == -1)
               err(EXIT_FAILURE, "fork");

           if (childPid == 0) {        /* Child */
               for (unsigned int j = 0; j < nloops; j++) {
                   fwait(futex1);
                   printf("Child  (%jd) %u\n", (intmax_t) getpid(), j);
                   fpost(futex2);
               }

               exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
           }

           /* Parent falls through to here. */

           for (unsigned int j = 0; j < nloops; j++) {
               fwait(futex2);
               printf("Parent (%jd) %u\n", (intmax_t) getpid(), j);
               fpost(futex1);
           }

           wait(NULL);

           exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
       }

SEE ALSO

       get_robust_list(2), restart_syscall(2), pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol(3), futex(7),
       sched(7)

       The following kernel source files:

       •  Documentation/pi-futex.txtDocumentation/futex-requeue-pi.txtDocumentation/locking/rt-mutex.txtDocumentation/locking/rt-mutex-design.txtDocumentation/robust-futex-ABI.txt

       Franke, H., Russell, R., and Kirwood, M., 2002.  Fuss, Futexes and Furwocks: Fast
       Userlevel Locking in Linux (from proceedings of the Ottawa Linux Symposium 2002),
       ⟨http://kernel.org/doc/ols/2002/ols2002-pages-479-495.pdf⟩

       Hart, D., 2009. A futex overview and update, ⟨http://lwn.net/Articles/360699/⟩

       Hart, D. and Guniguntala, D., 2009.  Requeue-PI: Making glibc Condvars PI-Aware (from
       proceedings of the 2009 Real-Time Linux Workshop),
       ⟨http://lwn.net/images/conf/rtlws11/papers/proc/p10.pdf⟩

       Drepper, U., 2011. Futexes Are Tricky, ⟨http://www.akkadia.org/drepper/futex.pdf⟩

       Futex example library, futex-*.tar.bz2 at
       ⟨https://mirrors.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/rusty/⟩