Provided by: libbio-graphics-perl_2.40-6_all 
NAME
Bio::Graphics::Panel - Generate GD images of Bio::Seq objects
SYNOPSIS
# This script parses a GenBank or EMBL file named on the command
# line and produces a PNG rendering of it. Call it like this:
# render.pl my_file.embl | display -
use strict;
use Bio::Graphics;
use Bio::SeqIO;
my $file = shift or die "provide a sequence file as the argument";
my $io = Bio::SeqIO->new(-file=>$file) or die "could not create Bio::SeqIO";
my $seq = $io->next_seq or die "could not find a sequence in the file";
my @features = $seq->all_SeqFeatures;
# sort features by their primary tags
my %sorted_features;
for my $f (@features) {
my $tag = $f->primary_tag;
push @{$sorted_features{$tag}},$f;
}
my $panel = Bio::Graphics::Panel->new(
-length => $seq->length,
-key_style => 'between',
-width => 800,
-pad_left => 10,
-pad_right => 10,
);
$panel->add_track( arrow => Bio::SeqFeature::Generic->new(-start=>1,
-end=>$seq->length),
-bump => 0,
-double=>1,
-tick => 2);
$panel->add_track(generic => Bio::SeqFeature::Generic->new(-start=>1,
-end=>$seq->length),
-glyph => 'generic',
-bgcolor => 'blue',
-label => 1,
);
# general case
my @colors = qw(cyan orange blue purple green chartreuse magenta yellow aqua);
my $idx = 0;
for my $tag (sort keys %sorted_features) {
my $features = $sorted_features{$tag};
$panel->add_track($features,
-glyph => 'generic',
-bgcolor => $colors[$idx++ % @colors],
-fgcolor => 'black',
-font2color => 'red',
-key => "${tag}s",
-bump => +1,
-height => 8,
-label => 1,
-description => 1,
);
}
print $panel->png;
$panel->finished;
exit 0;
DESCRIPTION
The Bio::Graphics::Panel class provides drawing and formatting services for any object
that implements the Bio::SeqFeatureI interface, including Ace::Sequence::Feature and
Das::Segment::Feature objects. It can be used to draw sequence annotations, physical
(contig) maps, or any other type of map in which a set of discrete ranges need to be laid
out on the number line.
The module supports a drawing style in which each type of feature occupies a discrete
"track" that spans the width of the display. Each track will have its own distinctive
"glyph", a configurable graphical representation of the feature.
The module also supports a more flexible style in which several different feature types
and their associated glyphs can occupy the same track. The choice of glyph is under run-
time control.
Semantic zooming (for instance, changing the type of glyph depending on the density of
features) is supported by a callback system for configuration variables. The module has
built-in support for Bio::Das stylesheets, and stylesheet-driven configuration can be
intermixed with semantic zooming, if desired.
You can add a key to the generated image using either of two key styles. One style places
the key captions at the top of each track. The other style generates a graphical key at
the bottom of the image.
Note that this module depends on GD. The optional SVG output depends on GD::SVG and SVG.
The installed script glyph_help.pl provides quick help on glyphs and their options.
METHODS
This section describes the class and object methods for Bio::Graphics::Panel.
Typically you will begin by creating a new Bio::Graphics::Panel object, passing it the
desired width of the image to generate and an origin and length describing the coordinate
range to display. The Bio::Graphics::Panel->new() method has many configuration variables
that allow you to control the appearance of the image.
You will then call add_track() one or more times to add sets of related features to the
picture. add_track() places a new horizontal track on the image, and is likewise highly
configurable. When you have added all the features you desire, you may call png() to
convert the image into a PNG-format image, or boxes() to return coordinate information
that can be used to create an imagemap.
CONSTRUCTORS
new() is the constructor for Bio::Graphics::Panel:
$panel = Bio::Graphics::Panel->new(@options)
The new() method creates a new panel object. The options are a set of tag/value pairs
as follows:
Option Value Default
------ ----- -------
-offset Base pair to place at extreme left none
of image, in zero-based coordinates
-length Length of sequence segment, in bp none
-start Start of range, in 1-based none
coordinates.
-stop Stop of range, in 1-based none
coordinates.
-end Same as -stop.
-segment A Bio::SeqI or Das::Segment none
object, used to derive sequence
range if not otherwise specified.
-width Desired width of image, in pixels 600
-spacing Spacing between tracks, in pixels 5
-pad_top Additional whitespace between top 0
of image and contents, in pixels
-pad_bottom Additional whitespace between top 0
of image and bottom, in pixels
-pad_left Additional whitespace between left 0
of image and contents, in pixels
-pad_right Additional whitespace between right 0
of image and bottom, in pixels
-bgcolor Background color for the panel as a white
whole
-key_color Background color for the key printed wheat
at bottom of panel (if any)
-key_spacing Spacing between key glyphs in the 10
key printed at bottom of panel
(if any)
-key_font Font to use in printed key gdMediumBoldFont
captions.
-key_style Whether to print key at bottom of none
panel ("bottom"), between each
track ("between"), to the left of
each track ("left"), to the right
of each track ("right") or
not at all ("none").
-add_category_labels false
Whether to add the "category" to
the track key. The category is
an optional argument that can
be attached to each track. If
a category is present, and this
option is true, then the category
will be added to the track label
in parentheses. For example, if
-key is "Protein matches" and
-category is "vertebrate", then
the track will be labeled
"Protein matches (vertebrate)".
-auto_pad If "left" or "right" keys are in use true
then setting auto_pad to a true value
will allow the panel to adjust its
width in order to accommodate the
length of the longest key.
-empty_tracks What to do when a track is empty. suppress
Options are to suppress the track
completely ("suppress"), to show just
the key in "between" mode ("key"),
to draw a thin grey line ("line"),
or to draw a dashed line ("dashed").
-flip flip the drawing coordinates left false
to right, so that lower coordinates
are to the right. This can be
useful for drawing (-) strand
features.
-all_callbacks Whether to invoke callbacks on false
the automatic "track" and "group"
glyphs.
-grid Whether to draw a vertical grid in false
the background. Pass a scalar true
value to have a grid drawn at
regular intervals (corresponding
to the minor ticks of the arrow
glyph). Pass an array reference
to draw the grid at the specified
positions.
-gridcolor Color of the grid lightcyan
-gridmajorcolor Color of grid major intervals cyan
-extend_grid If true, extend the grid into the pad false
top and pad_bottom regions
-background An image or callback to use for the none
background of the image. Will be
invoked I<before> drawing the grid.
-postgrid An image or callback to use for the none
background of the image. Will be
invoked I<after> drawing the grid.
-truecolor Create a truecolor (24-bit) image. false
Useful when working with the
"image" glyph.
-truetype Render text using scalable vector false
fonts rather than bitmap fonts.
-image_class To create output in scalable vector
graphics (SVG), optionally pass the image
class parameter 'GD::SVG'. Defaults to
using vanilla GD. See the corresponding
image_class() method below for details.
-link, -title, -target
These options are used when creating imagemaps
for display on the web. See L</"Creating Imagemaps">.
Typically you will pass new() an object that implements the Bio::RangeI interface,
providing a length() method, from which the panel will derive its scale.
$panel = Bio::Graphics::Panel->new(-segment => $sequence,
-width => 800);
new() will return undef in case of an error.
Note that if you use the "left" or "right" key styles, you are responsible for
allocating sufficient -pad_left or -pad_right room for the labels to appear. The
necessary width is the number of characters in the longest key times the font width
(gdMediumBoldFont by default) plus 3 pixels of internal padding. The simplest way to
calculate this is to iterate over the possible track labels, find the largest one, and
then to compute its width using the formula:
$width = gdMediumBoldFont->width * length($longest_key) +3;
In order to obtain scalable vector graphics (SVG) output, you should pass new() the
-image_class=>'GD::SVG' parameter. This will cause Bio::Graphics::Panel to load the
optional GD::SVG module. See the gd() and svg() methods below for additional
information.
You can tile an image onto the panel either before or after it draws the grid. Simply
provide the filename of the image in the -background or -postgrid options. The image
file must be of type PNG, JPEG, XBM or GIF and have a filename ending in .png, .jpg,
.jpeg, .xbm or .gif.
You can also pass a code ref for the -background or -postgrid option, in which case
the subroutine will be invoked at the appropriate time with the GD::Image object and
the Panel object as its two arguments. You can then use the panel methods to map base
pair coordinates into pixel coordinates and do some custom drawing. For example, this
code fragment will draw a gray rectangle between bases 500 and 600 to indicate a "gap"
in the sequence:
my $panel = Bio::Graphics::Panel->new(-segment=>$segment,
-grid=>1,
-width=>600,
-postgrid=> \&draw_gap);
sub gap_it {
my $gd = shift;
my $panel = shift;
my ($gap_start,$gap_end) = $panel->location2pixel(500,600);
my $top = $panel->top;
my $bottom = $panel->bottom;
my $gray = $panel->translate_color('gray');
$gd->filledRectangle($gap_start,$top,$gap_end,$bottom,$gray);
}
The -truetype argument will activate rendering of labels using antialiased vector
fonts. If it is a value of "1", then labels will be rendered using the default font
(Verdana). Pass a font name to use this font as the default:
-truetype => 'Times New Roman',
Note that you can change the font on a track-by-track basis simply by using a truetype
font name as add_track()'s -font argument.
OBJECT METHODS
$track = $panel->add_track($glyph,$features,@options)
The add_track() method adds a new track to the image.
Tracks are horizontal bands which span the entire width of the panel. Each track
contains a number of graphical elements called "glyphs", corresponding to a sequence
feature.
There are a large number of glyph types. By default, each track will be homogeneous
on a single glyph type, but you can mix several glyph types on the same track by
providing a code reference to the -glyph argument. Other options passed to
add_track() control the color and size of the glyphs, whether they are allowed to
overlap, and other formatting attributes. The height of a track is determined from
its contents and cannot be directly influenced.
The first two arguments are the glyph name and an array reference containing the list
of features to display. The order of the arguments is irrelevant, allowing either of
these idioms:
$panel->add_track(arrow => \@features);
$panel->add_track(\@features => 'arrow');
The glyph name indicates how each feature is to be rendered. A variety of glyphs are
available, and the number is growing. You may omit the glyph name entirely by
providing a -glyph argument among @options, as described below.
Currently, the following glyphs are available:
Name Description
---- -----------
anchored_arrow
a span with vertical bases |---------|. If one or
the other end of the feature is off-screen, the base
will be replaced by an arrow.
arrow An arrow; can be unidirectional or bidirectional.
It is also capable of displaying a scale with
major and minor tickmarks, and can be oriented
horizontally or vertically.
box A filled rectangle, nondirectional. Subfeatures are ignored.
cds Draws CDS features, using the phase information to
show the reading frame usage. At high magnifications
draws the protein translation.
crossbox A box with a big "X" inside it.
diamond A diamond, useful for point features like SNPs.
dna At high magnification draws the DNA sequence. At
low magnifications draws the GC content.
dot A circle, useful for point features like SNPs, stop
codons, or promoter elements.
ellipse An oval.
extending_arrow
Similar to arrow, but a dotted line indicates when the
feature extends beyond the end of the canvas.
generic A filled rectangle, nondirectional. Subfeatures are shown
as rectangles that are not connected together.
graded_segments
Similar to segments, but the intensity of the color
is proportional to the score of the feature. This
is used for showing the intensity of blast hits or
other alignment features.
group A group of related features connected by a dashed line.
This is used internally by Panel.
image A pixmap image that will be layered on top of the graphic.
heterogeneous_segments
Like segments, but you can use the source field of the feature
to change the color of each segment.
line A simple line.
pinsertion A triangle designed to look like an insertion location
(e.g. a transposon insertion).
processed_transcript multi-purpose representation of a spliced mRNA, including
positions of UTRs
primers Two inward pointing arrows connected by a line.
Used for STSs.
redgreen_box A box that changes from green->yellow->red as the score
of the feature increases from 0.0 to 1.0. Useful for
representing microarray results.
rndrect A round-cornered rectangle.
segments A set of filled rectangles connected by solid lines.
Used for interrupted features, such as gapped
alignments.
ruler_arrow An arrow with major and minor tick marks and interval
labels.
toomany Tries to show many features as a cloud. Not very successful.
track A group of related features not connected by a line.
This is used internally by Panel.
transcript Similar to segments, but the connecting line is
a "hat" shape, and the direction of transcription
is indicated by a small arrow.
transcript2 Similar to transcript, but the direction of
transcription is indicated by a terminal exon
in the shape of an arrow.
translation 1, 2 and 3-frame translations. At low magnifications,
can be configured to show start and stop codon locations.
At high magnifications, shows the multi-frame protein
translation.
triangle A triangle whose width and orientation can be altered.
xyplot Histograms and other graphs plotted against the genome.
stackedplot A column plot showing multiple data series across multiple categories.
ternary_plot Ternary (triangle) plots.
whiskerplot Box and whisker plot for statistical data
If the glyph name is omitted from add_track(), the "generic" glyph will be used by
default. To get more information about a glyph, run perldoc on
"Bio::Graphics::Glyph::glyphname", replacing "glyphname" with the name of the glyph
you are interested in.
The "box" glyph is optimized for single features with no subfeatures. If you are
drawing such a feature, using "box" will be noticeably faster than "generic."
The @options array is a list of name/value pairs that control the attributes of the
track. Some options are interpretered directly by the track. Others are passed down
to the individual glyphs (see "GLYPH OPTIONS"). The following options are track-
specific:
Option Description Default
------ ----------- -------
-tkcolor Track color white
-glyph Glyph class to use. "generic"
-color_series Dynamically choose false
bgcolor.
-stylesheet Bio::Das::Stylesheet to none
use to generate glyph
classes and options.
-tkcolor controls the background color of the track as a whole.
-glyph controls the glyph type. If present, it supersedes the glyph name given in the
first or second argument to add_track(). The value of -glyph may be a constant
string, a hash reference, or a code reference. In the case of a constant string, that
string will be used as the class name for all generated glyphs. If a hash reference
is passed, then the feature's primary_tag() will be used as the key to the hash, and
the value, if any, used to generate the glyph type. If a code reference is passed,
then this callback will be passed arguments consisting of the feature and the panel
object. The callback is expected to examine the feature and return a glyph name as
its single result.
Example:
$panel->add_track(\@exons,
-glyph => sub { my ($feature,$panel) = @_;
$feature->source_tag eq 'curated'
? 'ellipse' : 'box'; }
);
The -stylesheet argument is used to pass a Bio::Das stylesheet object to the panel.
This stylesheet will be called to determine both the glyph and the glyph options. If
both a stylesheet and direct options are provided, the latter take precedence.
The -color_series argument causes the track to ignore the -bgcolor setting and instead
to assign glyphs a series of contrasting colors. This is usually used in combination
with -bump=>'overlap' in order to create overlapping features. A true value activates
the color series. You may adjust the default color series using the -color_cycle
option, which is either a reference to an array of Bio::Graphics color values, or a
space-delimited string of color names/value.
If successful, add_track() returns an Bio::Graphics::Glyph object. You can use this
object to add additional features or to control the appearance of the track with
greater detail, or just ignore it. Tracks are added in order from the top of the
image to the bottom. To add tracks to the top of the image, use unshift_track().
Adding groups of features: It is not uncommon to add a group of features which are
logically connected, such as the 5' and 3' ends of EST reads. To group features into
sets that remain on the same horizontal position and bump together, pass the sets as
an anonymous array. For example:
$panel->add_track(segments => [[$abc_5,$abc_3],
[$xxx_5,$xxx_3],
[$yyy_5,$yyy_3]]
);
Typical usage is:
$panel->add_track( transcript => \@genes,
-fillcolor => 'green',
-fgcolor => 'black',
-bump => +1,
-height => 10,
-label => 1);
The track object is simply a specialized type of glyph. See Bio::Graphics::Glyph for a
description of the methods that it supports.
$track = unshift_track($glyph,$features,@options)
unshift_track() works like add_track(), except that the new track is added to the top
of the image rather than the bottom.
$track = $panel->insert_track($position,$glyph,$features,@options)
This works like add_track(), but the track is inserted into the indicated position.
The track will be inserted before the indicated position; thus specify a track of 0 to
insert the new track at the beginning.
$gd = $panel->gd([$gd])
The gd() method lays out the image and returns a GD::Image object containing it. You
may then call the GD::Image object's png() or jpeg() methods to get the image data.
Optionally, you may pass gd() a preexisting GD::Image object that you wish to draw on
top of. If you do so, you should call the width() and height() methods first to
ensure that the image has sufficient dimensions.
If you passed new() the -image_class=>'GD::SVG' parameter, the gd() method returns a
GD::SVG::Image object. This object overrides GD::Image methods in order to generate
SVG output. It behaves exactly as described for GD::Image objects with one exception:
it implements and svg() method instead of the png() or jpeg() methods. Currently there
is no direct access to underlying SVG calls but this is subject to change in the
future.
$png = $panel->png
The png() method returns the image as a PNG-format drawing, without the intermediate
step of returning a GD::Image object.
$svg = $panel->svg
The svg() method returns the image in an XML-ified SVG format.
$panel->finished
Bio::Graphics creates memory cycles. When you are finished with the panel, you should
call its finished() method. Otherwise you will have memory leaks. This is only an
issue if you're going to create several panels in a single program.
$image_class = $panel->image_class
The image_class() method returns the current drawing package being used, currently one
of GD or GD::SVG. This is primarily used internally to ensure that calls to GD's
exported methods are called in an object-oriented manner to avoid compile time
undefined string errors. This is usually not needed for external use.
$image_package = $panel->image_package
This accessor method, like image_class() above is provided as a convenience. It
returns the current image package in use, currently one of GD::Image or
GD::SVG::Image. This is not normally used externally.
$polygon_package = $panel->polygon_package
This accessor method, like image_package() above is provided as a convenience. It
returns the current polygon package in use, currently one of GD::Polygon or
GD::SVG::Polygon. This is not normally used externally except in the design of
glyphs.
$boxes = $panel->boxes
@boxes = $panel->boxes
The boxes() method returns a list of arrayrefs containing the coordinates of each
glyph. The method is useful for constructing an image map. In a scalar context,
boxes() returns an arrayref. In an list context, the method returns the list
directly.
Each member of the list is an arrayref of the following format:
[ $feature, $x1, $y1, $x2, $y2, $track ]
The first element is the feature object; either an Ace::Sequence::Feature, a
Das::Segment::Feature, or another Bioperl Bio::SeqFeatureI object. The coordinates
are the topleft and bottomright corners of the glyph, including any space allocated
for labels. The track is the Bio::Graphics::Glyph object corresponding to the track
that the feature is rendered inside.
$boxes = $panel->key_boxes
@boxes = $panel->key_boxes
Returns the positions of the track keys as an arrayref or a list, depending on
context. Each value in the list is an arrayref of format:
[ $key_text, $x1, $y1, $x2, $y2, $track ]
$position = $panel->track_position($track)
After calling gd() or boxes(), you can learn the resulting Y coordinate of a track by
calling track_position() with the value returned by add_track() or unshift_track().
This will return undef if called before gd() or boxes() or with an invalid track.
$rotate = $panel->rotate([$new_value])
Gets or sets the "rotate" flag. If rotate is set to true (default false), then calls
to gd(), png(), gif(), boxes(), and image_and_map() will all return an image and/or
imagemap that has been rotated to the right by 90 degrees. This is mostly useful for
drawing karyotypes with the ideogram glyph, in order to rotate the chromosomes into
the usual vertical position.
@pixel_coords = $panel->location2pixel(@feature_coords)
Public routine to map feature coordinates (in base pairs) into pixel coordinates
relative to the left-hand edge of the picture. If you define a -background callback,
the callback may wish to invoke this routine in order to translate base coordinates
into pixel coordinates.
$left = $panel->left
$right = $panel->right
$top = $panel->top
$bottom = $panel->bottom
Return the pixel coordinates of the drawing area of the panel, that is, exclusive of
the padding.
GLYPH OPTIONS
Each glyph has its own specialized subset of options, but some are shared by all glyphs:
Option Description Default
------ ----------- -------
-key Description of track for undef
display in the track label.
-category The category of the track undef
for display in the
track label.
-fgcolor Foreground color black
-bgcolor Background color turquoise
-linewidth Width of lines drawn by 1
glyph
-height Height of glyph 10
-font Glyph font gdSmallFont
-fontcolor Primary font color black
-font2color Secondary font color turquoise
-opacity Value from 0.0 (invisible) 1.0
to 1.0 (opaque) which
controls the translucency
of overlapping features.
-label Whether to draw a label false
-description Whether to draw a false
description
-bump Bump direction 0
-sort_order Specify layout sort order "default"
-feature_limit
Maximum number of features undef (unlimited)
to display
-bump_limit Maximum number of levels undef (unlimited)
to bump
-hbumppad Additional horizontal 0
padding between bumped
features
-strand_arrow Whether to indicate undef (false)
strandedness
-stranded Synonym for -strand_arrow undef (false)
-part_labels Whether to label individual undef (false)
subparts.
-part_label_merge Whether to merge undef (false)
adjacent subparts when
labeling.
-connector Type of connector to none
use to connect related
features. Options are
"solid," "hat", "dashed",
"quill" and "none".
-all_callbacks Whether to invoke undef
callbacks for autogenerated
"track" and "group" glyphs
-subpart_callbacks Whether to invoke false
callbacks for subparts of
the glyph.
-box_subparts Return boxes around feature 0
subparts rather than around the
feature itself.
-link, -title, -target
These options are used when creating imagemaps
for display on the web. See L</"Creating Imagemaps">.
-filter Select which features to
display. Must be a CODE reference.
Specifying colors: Colors can be expressed in either of two ways: as symbolic names such
as "cyan", as HTML-style #RRGGBB triples, and r,g,b comma-separated numbers. The symbolic
names are the 140 colors defined in the Netscape/Internet Explorer color cube, and can be
retrieved using the Bio::Graphics::Panel->color_names() method.
Transparent and semi-transparent colors can be specified using the following syntax:
#RRGGBBAA - red, green, blue and alpha
r,g,b,a - red, green, blue, alpha
blue:alpha - symbolic name and alpha
rgb(r,g,b) - CSS style rgb values
rgba(r,g,b,a) - CSS style rgba values
Alpha values can be specified as GD style integers ranging from 0 (opaque) to 127
(transparent), or as CSS-style floating point numbers ranging from 0.0 (transparent)
through 1.0 (opaque). As a special case, a completely transparent color can be specified
using the color named "transparent". In the rgb() and rgba() forms, red, green, blue
values can be specified as percentages, as in rgb(100%,0%,50%); otherwise, the values are
integers from 0 to 255.
In addition, the -fgcolor and -bgcolor options accept the special color names
"featureScore" and "featureRGB". In the first case, Bio::Graphics will examine each
feature in the track for a defined "score" tag (or the presence of a score() method) with
a numeric value ranging from 0-1000. It will draw a grayscale color ranging from lightest
(0) to darkest (1000). If the color is named "featureRGB", then Bio::Graphics will look
for a tag named "RGB" and will use that as the color.
Foreground color: The -fgcolor option controls the foreground color, including the edges
of boxes and the like.
Background color: The -bgcolor option controls the background used for filled boxes and
other "solid" glyphs. The foreground color controls the color of lines and strings. The
-tkcolor argument controls the background color of the entire track.
Default opacity:For truecolor images, you can apply a default opacity value to both
foreground and background colors by supplying a -opacity argument. This is specified as a
CSS-style floating point number from 0.0 to 1.0. If the color has an explicit alpha, then
the default is ignored.
Track color: The -tkcolor option used to specify the background of the entire track.
Font: The -font option controls which font will be used. If the Panel was created without
passing a true value to -truecolor, then only GD bitmapped fonts are available to you.
These include 'gdTinyFont', 'gdSmallFont', 'gdLargeFont', 'gdMediumBoldFont', and
'gdGiantFont'. If the Panel was creaed using a truevalue for -truecolor, then you can pass
the name of any truetype font installed on the server system. Any of these formats will
work:
-font => 'Times New Roman', # Times font, let the system pick size
-font => 'Times New Roman-12' # Times font, 12 points
-font => 'Times New Roman-12:Italic' # Times font, 12 points italic
-font => 'Times New Roman-12:Bold' # Times font, 12 points bold
Font color: The -fontcolor option controls the color of primary text, such as labels
Secondary Font color: The -font2color option controls the color of secondary text, such as
descriptions.
Labels: The -label argument controls whether or not the ID of the feature should be
printed next to the feature. It is accepted by all glyphs. By default, the label is
printed just above the glyph and left aligned with it.
-label can be a constant string or a code reference. Values can be any of:
-label value Description
------------ -----------
0 Don't draw a label
1 Calculate a label based on primary tag of sequence
"a string" Use "a string" as the label
code ref Invoke the code reference to compute the label
A known bug with this naming scheme is that you can't label a feature with the string "1".
To work around this, use "1 " (note the terminal space).
Descriptions: The -description argument controls whether or not a brief description of the
feature should be printed next to it. By default, the description is printed just below
the glyph and left-aligned with it. A value of 0 will suppress the description. A value
of 1 will "magically" look for tags of type "note" or "description" and draw them if
found, otherwise the source tag, if any, will be displayed. A code reference will be
invoked to calculate the description on the fly. Anything else will be treated as a
string and used verbatim.
Connectors: A glyph can contain subglyphs, recursively. The top level glyph is the track,
which contains one or more groups, which contain features, which contain subfeatures, and
so forth. By default, the "group" glyph draws dotted lines between each of its subglyphs,
the "segment" glyph draws a solid line between each of its subglyphs, and the "transcript"
and "transcript2" glyphs draw hat-shaped lines between their subglyphs. All other glyphs
do not connect their components. You can override this behavior by providing a -connector
option, to explicitly set the type of connector. Valid options are:
"hat" an upward-angling conector
"solid" a straight horizontal connector
"quill" a decorated line with small arrows indicating strandedness
(like the UCSC Genome Browser uses)
"dashed" a horizontal dashed line.
The -connector_color option controls the color of the connector, if any.
Collision control: The -bump argument controls what happens when glyphs collide. By
default, they will simply overlap (value 0). A -bump value of +1 will cause overlapping
glyphs to bump downwards until there is room for them. A -bump value of -1 will cause
overlapping glyphs to bump upwards. You may also provide a -bump value of +2 or -2 to
activate a very simple type of collision control in which each feature occupies its own
line. This is useful for showing dense, nearly-full length features such as similarity
hits. A bump of 3 or the string "fast" will turn on a faster collision-detection
algorithm that only works properly with the default "left" sort order.
Finally, a bump value of "overlap" will cause features to overlap each other and to made
partially translucent (the translucency can be controlled with the -opacity setting).
Features that are on opposite strands will bump, but those on the same strand will not.
The bump argument can also be a code reference; see below.
For convenience and backwards compatibility, if you specify a -bump of 1 and use the
default sort order, the faster algorithm will be used.
If you would like to see more horizontal whitespace between features that occupy the same
line, you can specify it with the -hbumppad option. Positive values increase the amount
of whitespace between features. Negative values decrease the whitespace.
Keys: The -key argument declares that the track is to be shown in a key appended to the
bottom of the image. The key contains a picture of a glyph and a label describing what
the glyph means. The label is specified in the argument to -key.
box_subparts: Ordinarily, when you invoke the boxes() methods to retrieve the rectangles
surrounding the glyphs (which you need to do to create clickable imagemaps, for example),
the rectangles will surround the top level features. If you wish for the rectangles to
surround subpieces of the glyph, such as the exons in a transcript, set box_subparts to a
true numeric value. The value you specify will control the number of levels of subfeatures
that the boxes will descend into. For example, if using the "gene" glyph, set
-box_subparts to 2 to create boxes for the whole gene (level 0), the mRNAs (level 1) and
the exons (level 2).
part_labels: If set to true, each subpart of a multipart feature will be labeled with a
number starting with 1 at the 5'-most part. This is useful for counting exons. You can
pass a callback to this argument; the part number and the total number of parts will be
arguments three and four. For example, to label the exons as "exon 1", "exon 2" and so on:
-part_labels => sub {
my ($feature,undef,$partno) = @_;
return 'exon '.($partno+1);
}
The -label argument must also be true.
part_labels_merge: If true, changes the behavior of -part_labels so that features that
abut each other without a gap are treated as a single feature. Useful if you want to count
the UTR and CDS segments of an exon as a single unit, and the default for transcript
glyphs.
strand_arrow: If set to true, some glyphs will indicate their strandedness, usually by
drawing an arrow. For this to work, the Bio::SeqFeature must have a strand of +1 or -1.
The glyph will ignore this directive if the underlying feature has a strand of zero or
undef.
sort_order: By default, features are drawn with a layout based only on the position of the
feature, assuring a maximal "packing" of the glyphs when bumped. In some cases, however,
it makes sense to display the glyphs sorted by score or some other comparison, e.g. such
that more "important" features are nearer the top of the display, stacked above less
important features. The -sort_order option allows a few different built-in values for
changing the default sort order (which is by "left" position): "low_score" (or
"high_score") will cause features to be sorted from lowest to highest score (or vice
versa). "left" (or "default") and "right" values will cause features to be sorted by
their position in the sequence. "longest" (or "shortest") will cause the longest (or
shortest) features to be sorted first, and "strand" will cause the features to be sorted
by strand: "+1" (forward) then "0" (unknown, or NA) then "-1" (reverse).
In all cases, the "left" position will be used to break any ties. To break ties using
another field, options may be strung together using a "|" character; e.g.
"strand|low_score|right" would cause the features to be sorted first by strand, then score
(lowest to highest), then by "right" position in the sequence.
Finally, a subroutine coderef with a $$ prototype can be provided. It will receive two
glyph as arguments and should return -1, 0 or 1 (see Perl's sort() function for more
information). For example, to sort a set of database search hits by bits (stored in the
features' "score" fields), scaled by the log of the alignment length (with "start"
position breaking any ties):
sort_order = sub ($$) {
my ($glyph1,$glyph2) = @_;
my $a = $glyph1->feature;
my $b = $glyph2->feature;
( $b->score/log($b->length)
<=>
$a->score/log($a->length) )
||
( $a->start <=> $b->start )
}
It is important to remember to use the $$ prototype as shown in the example. Otherwise
Bio::Graphics will quit with an exception. The arguments are subclasses of
Bio::Graphics::Glyph, not the features themselves. While glyphs implement some, but not
all, of the feature methods, to be safe call the two glyphs' feature() methods in order to
convert them into the actual features.
The '-always_sort' option, if true, will sort features even if bumping is turned off.
This is useful if you would like overlapping features to stack in a particular order.
Features towards the end of the list will overlay those towards the beginning of the sort
order.
-feature_limit: When this option is set to a non-zero value, calls to a track's
add_feature() method will maintain a count of features added to a track. Once the feature
count exceeds the value set in -feature_limit, additional features will displace existing
ones in a way that effects a uniform sampling of the total feature set. This is useful to
protect against excessively large tracks. The total number of features added can be
retrieved by calling the track's feature_count() method.
-bump_limit: When bumping is chosen, colliding features will ordinarily move upward or
downward without limit. When many features collide, this can lead to excessively high
images. You can limit the number of levels that features will bump by providing a numeric
bump_limit option. After the limit is hit, features will pile up on top of each other,
usually as a band at the bottom of the track.
The -filter option, which must be a CODE reference, will be invoked once for each feature
prior to rendering it. The coderef will receive the feature as its single option and
should return true if the feature is to be shown and false otherwise.
Options and Callbacks
Instead of providing a constant value to an option, you may subsitute a code reference.
This code reference will be called every time the panel needs to configure a glyph. The
callback will be called with three arguments like this:
sub callback {
my ($feature,$option_name,$part_no,$total_parts,$glyph) = @_;
# do something which results in $option_value being set
return $option_value;
}
The five arguments are $feature, a reference to the IO::SeqFeatureI object, $option_name,
the name of the option to configure, $part_no, an integer index indicating which subpart
of the feature is being drawn, $total_parts, an integer indicating the total number of
subfeatures in the feature, and finally $glyph, the Glyph object itself. The latter
fields are useful in the case of treating the first or last subfeature differently, such
as using a different color for the terminal exon of a gene. Usually you will only need to
examine the first argument. This example shows a callback examining the score() attribute
of a feature (possibly a BLAST hit) and return the color "red" for high-scoring features,
and "green" for low-scoring features:
sub callback {
my $feature = shift;
if ($feature->score > 90) {
return 'red';
else {
return 'green';
}
}
The callback should return a string indicating the desired value of the option. To tell
the panel to use the default value for this option, return the string "*default*".
The callback for -grid is slightly different because at the time this option is needed
there is no glyph defined. In this case, the callback will get two arguments: the feature
and the panel object:
-glyph => sub {
my ($feature,$panel) = @_;
return 'gene' if $panel->length < 10_000;
return 'box';
}
When you install a callback for a feature that contains subparts, the callback will be
invoked first for the top-level feature, and then for each of its subparts (recursively).
You should make sure to examine the feature's type to determine whether the option is
appropriate.
Also be aware that some options are only called for subfeatures. For example, when using
multi-segmented features, the "bgcolor" and "fgcolor" options apply to the subfeatures and
not to the whole feature; therefore the corresponding callbacks will only be invoked for
the subfeatures and not for the top-level feature. To get information that applies to the
top-level feature, use the glyph's parent_feature() method. This returns:
* the parent if called with no arguments or with an argument of (1)
* the parent's parent if called with an argument of (2)
* the parent's parent's parent if called with an argument of (3)
* etc.
The general way to take advantage of this feature is:
sub callback {
my ($feature,$option_name,$part_no,$total_parts,$glyph) = @_;
my $parent = $glyph->parent_feature();
# do something which results in $option_value being set
return $option_value;
}
or, more concisely:
sub callback {
my $feature = shift; # first argument
my $glyph = pop; # last argument
my $parent = $glyph->parent_feature();
# do something which results in $option_value being set
return $option_value;
}
Some glyphs deliberately disable recursion into subparts. The "track", "group",
"transcript", "transcript2" and "segments" glyphs selectively disable the -bump, -label
and -description options. This is to avoid, for example, a label being attached to each
exon in a transcript, or the various segments of a gapped alignment bumping each other.
You can override this behavior and force your callback to be invoked by providing
add_track() with a true -all_callbacks argument. In this case, you must be prepared to
handle configuring options for the "group" and "track" glyphs.
In particular, this means that in order to control the -bump option with a callback, you
should specify -all_callbacks=>1, and turn on bumping when the callback is in the track or
group glyphs.
The -subpart_callbacks options is similar, except that when this is set to true callbacks
are invoked for the main glyph and its subparts. This option only affects the -label and
-description options.
ACCESSORS
The following accessor methods provide access to various attributes of the panel object.
Called with no arguments, they each return the current value of the attribute. Called
with a single argument, they set the attribute and return its previous value.
Note that in most cases you must change attributes prior to invoking gd(), png() or
boxes(). These three methods all invoke an internal layout() method which places the
tracks and the glyphs within them, and then caches the result.
Accessor Name Description
------------- -----------
width() Get/set width of panel
spacing() Get/set spacing between tracks
key_spacing() Get/set spacing between keys
length() Get/set length of segment (bp)
flip() Get/set coordinate flipping
pad_top() Get/set top padding
pad_left() Get/set left padding
pad_bottom() Get/set bottom padding
pad_right() Get/set right padding
start() Get the start of the sequence (bp; read only)
end() Get the end of the sequence (bp; read only)
left() Get the left side of the drawing area (pixels; read only)
right() Get the right side of the drawing area (pixels; read only)
COLOR METHODS
The following methods are used internally, but may be useful for those implementing new
glyph types.
@names = Bio::Graphics::Panel->color_names
Return the symbolic names of the colors recognized by the panel object. In a scalar
context, returns an array reference.
($red,$green,$blue) = Bio::Graphics::Panel->color_name_to_rgb($color)
Given a symbolic color name, returns the red, green, blue components of the color. In
a scalar context, returns an array reference to the rgb triplet. Returns undef for an
invalid color name.
@rgb = $panel->rgb($index)
Given a GD color index (between 0 and 140), returns the RGB triplet corresponding to
this index. This method is only useful within a glyph's draw() routine, after the
panel has allocated a GD::Image and is populating it.
$index = $panel->translate_color($color)
Given a color, returns the GD::Image index. The color may be symbolic, such as
"turquoise", or a #RRGGBB triple, as in #F0E0A8. This method is only useful within a
glyph's draw() routine, after the panel has allocated a GD::Image and is populating
it.
$panel->set_pen($width,$color)
Changes the width and color of the GD drawing pen to the values indicated. This is
called automatically by the GlyphFactory fgcolor() method. It returns the GD value
gdBrushed, which should be used for drawing.
Creating Imagemaps
You may wish to use Bio::Graphics to create clickable imagemaps for display on the web.
The main method for achieving this is image_and_map(). Under special circumstances you
may instead wish to call either or both of create_web_image() and create_web_map().
Here is a synopsis of how to use image_and_map() in a CGI script, using CGI.pm calls to
provide the HTML scaffolding:
print h2('My Genome');
my ($url,$map,$mapname) =
$panel->image_and_map(-root => '/var/www/html',
-url => '/tmpimages',
-link => 'http://www.google.com/search?q=$name');
print img({-src=>$url,-usemap=>"#$mapname"});
print $map;
We call image_and_map() with various arguments (described below) to generate a three
element list consisting of the URL at which the image can be accessed, an HTML fragment
containing the clickable imagemap data, and the name of the map. We print out an <image>
tag that uses the URL of the map as its src attribute and the name of the map as the value
of its usemap attribute. It is important to note that we must put a "#" in front of the
name of the map in order to indicate that the map can be found in the same document as the
<image> tag. Lastly, we print out the map itself.
($url,$map,$mapname) = $panel->image_and_map(@options)
Create the image in a web-accessible directory and return its URL, its clickable
imagemap, and the name of the imagemap. The following options are recognized:
Option Description
------ -----------
-url The URL to store the image at.
-root The directory path that should be appended to the
start of -url in order to obtain a physical
directory path.
-link A string pattern or coderef that will be used to
generate the outgoing hypertext links for the imagemap.
-title A string pattern or coderef that will be used to
generate the "title" tags of each element in the imagemap
(these appear as popup hint boxes in certain browsers).
-target A string pattern or coderef that will be used to
generate the window target for each element. This can
be used to pop up a new window when the user clicks on
an element.
-mapname The name to use for the E<lt>mapE<gt> tag. If not provided,
a unique one will be autogenerated for you.
This method returns a three element list consisting of the URL at which the image has
been written to, the imagemap HTML, and the name of the map. Usually you will
incorporate this information into an HTML document like so:
my ($url,$map,$mapname) =
$panel->image_and_map(-link=>'http://www.google.com/search?q=$name');
print qq(<img src="$url" usemap="#$mapname">),"\n";
print $map,"\n";
$url = $panel->create_web_image($url,$root)
Create the image, write it into the directory indicated by concatenating $root and
$url (i.e. "$root/$url"), and return $url.
$map = $panel->create_web_map('mapname',$linkrule,$titlerule,$targetrule)
Create a clickable imagemap named "mapname" using the indicated rules to generate the
hypertext links, the element titles, and the window targets for the graphical
elements. Return the HTML for the map, including the enclosing <map> tag itself.
To use this method effectively, you will need a web server and an image directory in the
document tree that is writable by the web server user. For example, if your web server's
document root is located at /var/www/html, you might want to create a directory named
"tmpimages" for this purpose:
mkdir /var/www/html/tmpimages
chmod 1777 /var/www/html/tmpimages
The 1777 privilege will allow anyone to create files and subdirectories in this directory,
but only the owner of the file will be able to delete it.
When you call image_and_map(), you must provide it with two vital pieces of information:
the URL of the image directory and the physical location of the web server's document
tree. In our example, you would call:
$panel->image_and_map(-root => '/var/www/html',-url=>'/tmpimages');
If you are working with virtual hosts, you might wish to provide the hostname:portnumber
part of the URL. This will work just as well:
$panel->image_and_map(-root => '/var/www/html',
-url => 'http://myhost.com:8080/tmpimages');
If you do not provide the -root argument, the method will try to figure it out from the
DOCUMENT_ROOT environment variable. If you do not provide the -url argument, the method
will assume "/tmp".
During execution, the image_and_map() method will generate a unique name for the image
using the Digest::MD5 module. You can get this module on CPAN and it must be installed in
order to use image_and_map(). The imagename will be a long hexadecimal string such as
"e7457643f12d413f20843d4030c197c6.png". Its URL will be
/tmpimages/e7457643f12d413f20843d4030c197c6.png, and its physical path will be
/var/www/html/tmpimages/e7457643f12d413f20843d4030c197c6.png
In addition to providing directory information, you must also tell image_and_map() how to
create outgoing links for each graphical feature, and, optionally, how to create the
"hover title" (the popup yellow box displayed by most modern browsers), and the name of
the window or frame to link to when the user clicks on it.
There are three ways to specify the link destination:
1. By configuring one or more tracks with a -link argument.
2. By configuring the panel with a -link argument.
3. By passing a -link argument in the call to image_and_map().
The -link argument can be either a string or a coderef. If you pass a string, it will be
interpreted as a URL pattern containing runtime variables. These variables begin with a
dollar sign ($), and are replaced at run time with the information relating to the
selected annotation. Recognized variables include:
$name The feature's name (display name)
$id The feature's id (eg, PK from a database)
$class The feature's class (group class)
$method The feature's method (same as primary tag)
$source The feature's source
$ref The name of the sequence segment (chromosome, contig)
on which this feature is located
$description The feature's description (notes)
$start The start position of this feature, relative to $ref
$end The end position of this feature, relative to $ref
$length Length of this feature
$segstart The left end of $ref displayed in the detailed view
$segend The right end of $ref displayed in the detailed view
For example, to link each feature to a Google search on the feature's description, use the
argument:
-link => 'http://www.google.com/search?q=$description'
Be sure to use single quotes around the pattern, or Perl will attempt to perform variable
interpretation before image_and_map() has a chance to work on it.
You may also pass a code reference to -link, in which case the code will be called every
time a URL needs to be generated for the imagemap. The subroutine will be called with two
arguments, the feature and the Bio::Graphics::Panel object, and it should return the URL
to link to, or an empty string if a link is not desired. Here is a simple example:
-link => sub {
my ($feature,$panel) = @_;
my $type = $feature->primary_tag;
my $name = $feature->display_name;
if ($primary_tag eq 'clone') {
return "http://www.google.com/search?q=$name";
} else {
return "http://www.yahoo.com/search?p=$name";
}
The -link argument cascades. image_and_map() will first look for a -link option in the
track configuration, and if that's not found, it will look in the Panel configuration
(created during Bio::Graphics::Panel->new). If no -link configuration option is found in
either location, then image_and_map() will use the value of -link passed in its argument
list, if any.
The -title and -target options behave in a similar manner to -link. -title is used to
assign each feature "title" and "alt" attributes. The "title" attribute is used by many
browsers to create a popup hints box when the mouse hovers over the feature's glyph for a
preset length of time, while the "alt" attribute is used to create navigable menu items
for the visually impaired. As with -link, you can set the title by passing either a
substitution pattern or a code ref, and the -title option can be set in the track, the
panel, or the method call itself in that order of priority.
If not provided, image_and_map() will autogenerate its own title in the form "<method>
<display_name> <seqid>:start..end".
The -target option can be used to specify the window or frame that clicked features will
link to. By default, when the user clicks on a feature, the loaded URL will replace the
current page. You can modify this by providing -target with the name of a preexisting or
new window name in order to create effects like popup windows, multiple frames, popunders
and the like. The value of -target follows the same rules as -title and -link, including
variable substitution and the use of code refs.
NOTE: Each time you call image_and_map() it will generate a new image file. Images that
are identical to an earlier one will reuse the same name, but those that are different,
even by one pixel, will result in the generation of a new image. If you have limited disk
space, you might wish to check the images directory periodically and remove those that
have not been accessed recently. The following cron script will remove image files that
haven't been accessed in more than 20 days.
30 2 * * * find /var/www/html/tmpimages -type f -atime +20 -exec rm {} \;
BUGS
Please report them.
SEE ALSO
Bio::Graphics::Glyph, Bio::Graphics::Glyph::arrow, Bio::Graphics::Glyph::cds,
Bio::Graphics::Glyph::crossbox, Bio::Graphics::Glyph::diamond, Bio::Graphics::Glyph::dna,
Bio::Graphics::Glyph::dot, Bio::Graphics::Glyph::ellipse,
Bio::Graphics::Glyph::extending_arrow, Bio::Graphics::Glyph::generic,
Bio::Graphics::Glyph::graded_segments, Bio::Graphics::Glyph::heterogeneous_segments,
Bio::Graphics::Glyph::line, Bio::Graphics::Glyph::pinsertion,
Bio::Graphics::Glyph::primers, Bio::Graphics::Glyph::rndrect,
Bio::Graphics::Glyph::segments, Bio::Graphics::Glyph::redgreen_box,
Bio::Graphics::Glyph::ruler_arrow, Bio::Graphics::Glyph::toomany,
Bio::Graphics::Glyph::transcript, Bio::Graphics::Glyph::transcript2,
Bio::Graphics::Glyph::translation, Bio::Graphics::Glyph::triangle,
Bio::Graphics::Glyph::xyplot, Bio::Graphics::Glyph::whiskerplot, Bio::SeqI,
Bio::SeqFeatureI, Bio::Das, GD GD::SVG glyph_help.pl
AUTHOR
Lincoln Stein <lstein@cshl.org>
Copyright (c) 2001 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself. See DISCLAIMER.txt for disclaimers of warranty.