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NAME
Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::02_CatalystBasics - Catalyst Tutorial - Chapter 2: Catalyst
Application Development Basics
OVERVIEW
This is Chapter 2 of 10 for the Catalyst tutorial.
Tutorial Overview
1. Introduction
2. 02_Catalyst Basics
3. More Catalyst Basics
4. Basic CRUD
5. Authentication
6. Authorization
7. Debugging
8. Testing
9. Advanced CRUD
10. Appendices
DESCRIPTION
In this chapter of the tutorial, we will create a very basic Catalyst web application,
demonstrating a number of powerful capabilities, such as:
• Helper Scripts
Catalyst helper scripts that can be used to rapidly bootstrap the skeletal structure
of an application.
• MVC
Model/View/Controller (MVC) provides an architecture that facilitates a clean
"separation of control" between the different portions of your application. Given that
many other documents cover this subject in detail, MVC will not be discussed in depth
here (for an excellent introduction to MVC and general Catalyst concepts, please see
Catalyst::Manual::About). In short:
• Model
The model usually represents a data store. In most applications, the model equates
to the objects that are created from and saved to your SQL database.
• View
The view takes model objects and renders them into something for the end user to
look at. Normally this involves a template-generation tool that creates HTML for
the user's web browser, but it could easily be code that generates other forms
such as PDF documents, e-mails, spreadsheets, or even "behind the scenes" formats
such as XML and JSON.
• Controller
As suggested by its name, the controller takes user requests and routes them to
the necessary model and view.
• ORM
The use of Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) technology for database access.
Specifically, ORM provides an automated and standardized means to persist and restore
objects to/from a relational database and will automatically create our Catalyst model
for use with a database.
You can checkout the source code for this example from the catalyst subversion repository
as per the instructions in Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::01_Intro.
CREATE A CATALYST PROJECT
Catalyst provides a number of helper scripts that can be used to quickly flesh out the
basic structure of your application. All Catalyst projects begin with the catalyst.pl
helper (see Catalyst::Helper for more information on helpers). Also note that as of
Catalyst 5.7000, you will not have the helper scripts unless you install both
Catalyst::Runtime and Catalyst::Devel.
In this first chapter of the tutorial, use the Catalyst catalyst.pl script to initialize
the framework for an application called "Hello":
$ catalyst.pl Hello
created "Hello"
created "Hello/script"
created "Hello/lib"
created "Hello/root"
...
created "Hello/script/hello_create.pl"
Change to application directory and Run "perl Makefile.PL" to make sure your install is complete
$ cd Hello
Note: If you are using Strawberry Perl on Win32, drop the ".pl" from the end of the
"catalyst.pl" command and simply use "catalyst Hello".
The catalyst.pl helper script will display the names of the directories and files it
creates:
Changes # Record of application changes
lib # Lib directory for your app's Perl modules
Hello # Application main code directory
Controller # Directory for Controller modules
Model # Directory for Models
View # Directory for Views
Hello.pm # Base application module
Makefile.PL # Makefile to build application
hello.conf # Application configuration file
README # README file
root # Equiv of htdocs, dir for templates, css, javascript
favicon.ico
static # Directory for static files
images # Directory for image files used in welcome screen
script # Directory for Perl scripts
hello_cgi.pl # To run your app as a cgi (not recommended)
hello_create.pl # To create models, views, controllers
hello_fastcgi.pl # To run app as a fastcgi program
hello_server.pl # The normal development server
hello_test.pl # Test your app from the command line
t # Directory for tests
01app.t # Test scaffold
02pod.t
03podcoverage.t
Catalyst will "auto-discover" modules in the Controller, Model, and View directories. When
you use the hello_create.pl script it will create Perl module scaffolds in those
directories, plus test files in the "t" directory. The default location for templates is
in the "root" directory. The scripts in the script directory will always start with the
lowercased version of your application name. If your app is MaiTai, then the create script
would be "maitai_create.pl".
Though it's too early for any significant celebration, we already have a functioning
application. We can use the Catalyst supplied script to start up a development server and
view the default Catalyst page in your browser. All scripts in the script directory should
be run from the base directory of your application, so change to the Hello directory.
Run the following command to start up the built-in development web server (make sure you
didn't forget the ""cd Hello"" from the previous step):
Note: The "-r" argument enables reloading on code changes so you don't have to stop and
start the server when you update code. See "perldoc script/hello_server.pl" or
"script/hello_server.pl --help" for additional options you might find helpful. Most of the
rest of the tutorial will assume that you are using "-r" when you start the development
server, but feel free to manually start and stop it (use "Ctrl-C" to breakout of the dev
server) if you prefer.
$ script/hello_server.pl -r
[debug] Debug messages enabled
[debug] Statistics enabled
[debug] Loaded plugins:
.----------------------------------------------------------------------------.
| Catalyst::Plugin::ConfigLoader 0.30 |
'----------------------------------------------------------------------------'
[debug] Loaded dispatcher "Catalyst::Dispatcher"
[debug] Loaded engine "Catalyst::Engine"
[debug] Found home "/home/catalyst/Hello"
[debug] Loaded Config "/home/catalyst/Hello/hello.conf"
[debug] Loaded components:
.-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------.
| Class | Type |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| Hello::Controller::Root | instance |
'-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------'
[debug] Loaded Private actions:
.----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------.
| Private | Class | Method |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------+
| /default | Hello::Controller::Root | default |
| /end | Hello::Controller::Root | end |
| /index | Hello::Controller::Root | index |
'----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------'
[debug] Loaded Path actions:
.-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------.
| Path | Private |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| / | /index |
| / | /default |
'-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------'
[info] Hello powered by Catalyst 5.90002
HTTP::Server::PSGI: Accepting connections at http://0:3000/
Point your web browser to <http://localhost:3000> (substituting a different hostname or IP
address as appropriate) and you should be greeted by the Catalyst welcome screen (if you
get some other welcome screen or an "Index" screen, you probably forgot to specify port
3000 in your URL). Information similar to the following should be appended to the logging
output of the development server:
[info] Hello powered by Catalyst 5.90002
HTTP::Server::PSGI: Accepting connections at http://0:3000/
[info] *** Request 1 (0.067/s) [19026] [Tue Aug 30 17:24:32 2011] ***
[debug] "GET" request for "/" from "192.168.245.2"
[debug] Path is "/"
[debug] Response Code: 200; Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8; Content-Length: 5613
[info] Request took 0.040895s (24.453/s)
.------------------------------------------------------------+-----------.
| Action | Time |
+------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| /index | 0.000916s |
| /end | 0.000877s |
'------------------------------------------------------------+-----------'
Note: Press "Ctrl-C" to break out of the development server if necessary.
HELLO WORLD
The Simplest Way
The Root.pm controller is a place to put global actions that usually execute on the root
URL. Open the lib/Hello/Controller/Root.pm file in your editor. You will see the "index"
subroutine, which is responsible for displaying the welcome screen that you just saw in
your browser.
sub index :Path :Args(0) {
my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
# Hello World
$c->response->body( $c->welcome_message );
}
Later on you'll want to change that to something more reasonable, such as a "404" message
or a redirect, but for now just leave it alone.
The "$c" here refers to the Catalyst context, which is used to access the Catalyst
application. In addition to many other things, the Catalyst context provides access to
"response" and "request" objects. (See Catalyst::Runtime, Catalyst::Response, and
Catalyst::Request)
"$c->response->body" sets the HTTP response (see Catalyst::Response), while
"$c->welcome_message" is a special method that returns the welcome message that you saw in
your browser.
The "":Path :Args(0)"" after the method name are attributes which determine which URLs
will be dispatched to this method. (You might see ":Private" if you are using an older
version of Catalyst, but using that with "default" or "index" is currently deprecated. If
so, you should also probably upgrade before continuing the tutorial.)
Some MVC frameworks handle dispatching in a central place. Catalyst, by policy, prefers to
handle URL dispatching with attributes on controller methods. There is a lot of
flexibility in specifying which URLs to match. This particular method will match all
URLs, because it doesn't specify the path (nothing comes after "Path"), but will only
accept a URL without any args because of the ":Args(0)".
The default is to map URLs to controller names, and because of the way that Perl handles
namespaces through package names, it is simple to create hierarchical structures in
Catalyst. This means that you can create controllers with deeply nested actions in a clean
and logical way. For example, the URL "http://hello.com/admin/articles/create" maps to the
package "Hello::Controller::Admin::Articles", and the "create" method.
While you leave the "script/hello_server.pl -r" command running the development server in
one window (don't forget the "-r" at the end!), open another window and add the following
subroutine to your lib/Hello/Controller/Root.pm file:
sub hello :Global {
my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
$c->response->body("Hello, World!");
}
TIP: See Appendix 1 for tips on removing the leading spaces when cutting and pasting
example code from POD-based documents.
Notice in the window running the Development Server that you should get output similar to
the following:
Saw changes to the following files:
- /home/catalyst/Hello/lib/Hello/Controller/Root.pm (modify)
Attempting to restart the server
...
[debug] Loaded Private actions:
.----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------.
| Private | Class | Method |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------+
| /default | Hello::Controller::Root | default |
| /end | Hello::Controller::Root | end |
| /index | Hello::Controller::Root | index |
| /hello | Hello::Controller::Root | hello |
'----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------'
...
The development server noticed the change in "Hello::Controller::Root" and automatically
restarted itself.
Go to <http://localhost:3000/hello> to see "Hello, World!". Also notice that the newly
defined 'hello' action is listed under "Loaded Private actions" in the development server
debug output.
Hello, World! Using a View and a Template
In the Catalyst world a "View" itself is not a page of XHTML or a template designed to
present a page to a browser. Rather, it is the module that determines the type of view --
HTML, PDF, XML, etc. For the thing that generates the content of that view (such as a
Template Toolkit template file), the actual templates go under the "root" directory.
To create a TT view, run:
$ script/hello_create.pl view HTML TT
This creates the lib/Hello/View/HTML.pm module, which is a subclass of Catalyst::View::TT.
• The "view" keyword tells the create script that you are creating a view.
• The first argument "HTML" tells the script to name the View module "HTML.pm", which is
a commonly used name for TT views. You can name it anything you want, such as
"MyView.pm". If you have more than one view, be sure to set the default_view in
Hello.pm (See Catalyst::View::TT for more details on setting this).
• The final "TT" tells Catalyst the type of the view, with "TT" indicating that you want
to use a Template Toolkit view.
If you look at lib/Hello/View/HTML.pm you will find that it only contains a config
statement to set the TT extension to ".tt".
Now that the HTML.pm "View" exists, Catalyst will autodiscover it and be able to use it to
display the view templates using the "process" method that it inherits from the
Catalyst::View::TT class.
Template Toolkit is a very full-featured template facility, with excellent documentation
at <http://template-toolkit.org/>, but since this is not a TT tutorial, we'll stick to
only basic TT usage here (and explore some of the more common TT features in later
chapters of the tutorial).
Create a root/hello.tt template file (put it in the "root" under the "Hello" directory
that is the base of your application). Here is a simple sample:
<p>
This is a TT view template, called '[% template.name %]'.
</p>
[% and %] are markers for the TT parts of the template. Inside you can access Perl
variables and classes, and use TT directives. In this case, we're using a special TT
variable that defines the name of the template file (hello.tt). The rest of the template
is normal HTML.
Change the hello method in lib/Hello/Controller/Root.pm to the following:
sub hello :Global {
my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
$c->stash(template => 'hello.tt');
}
This time, instead of doing "$c->response->body()", you are setting the value of the
"template" hash key in the Catalyst "stash", an area for putting information to share with
other parts of your application. The "template" key determines which template will be
displayed at the end of the request cycle. Catalyst controllers have a default "end"
action for all methods which causes the first (or default) view to be rendered (unless
there's a "$c->response->body()" statement). So your template will be magically displayed
at the end of your method.
After saving the file, the development server should automatically restart (again, the
tutorial is written to assume that you are using the "-r" option -- manually restart it if
you aren't), and look at <http://localhost:3000/hello> in your web browser again. You
should see the template that you just created.
TIP: If you keep the server running with "-r" in a "background window," don't let that
window get totally hidden... if you have a syntax error in your code, the debug server
output will contain the error information.
Note: You will probably run into a variation of the "stash" statement above that looks
like:
$c->stash->{template} = 'hello.tt';
Although this style is still relatively common, the approach we used previous is becoming
more common because it allows you to set multiple stash variables in one line. For
example:
$c->stash(template => 'hello.tt', foo => 'bar',
another_thing => 1);
You can also set multiple stash values with a hashref:
$c->stash({template => 'hello.tt', foo => 'bar',
another_thing => 1});
Any of these formats work, but the "$c->stash(name => value);" style is growing in
popularity -- you may wish to use it all the time (even when you are only setting a single
value).
CREATE A SIMPLE CONTROLLER AND AN ACTION
Create a controller named "Site" by executing the create script:
$ script/hello_create.pl controller Site
This will create a lib/Hello/Controller/Site.pm file (and a test file). If you bring
Site.pm up in your editor, you can see that there's not much there to see.
In lib/Hello/Controller/Site.pm, add the following method:
sub test :Local {
my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
$c->stash(username => 'John',
template => 'site/test.tt');
}
Notice the "Local" attribute on the "test" method. This will cause the "test" action (now
that we have assigned an "action type" to the method it appears as a "controller action"
to Catalyst) to be executed on the "controller/method" URL, or, in this case, "site/test".
We will see additional information on controller actions throughout the rest of the
tutorial, but if you are curious take a look at "Actions" in Catalyst::Manual::Intro.
It's not actually necessary to set the template value as we do here. By default TT will
attempt to render a template that follows the naming pattern "controller/method.tt", and
we're following that pattern here. However, in other situations you will need to specify
the template (such as if you've "forwarded" to the method, or if it doesn't follow the
default naming convention).
We've also put the variable "username" into the stash, for use in the template.
Make a subdirectory "site" in the "root" directory.
$ mkdir root/site
Create a new template file in that directory named root/site/test.tt and include a line
like:
<p>Hello, [% username %]!</p>
Once the server automatically restarts, notice in the server output that "/site/test" is
listed in the Loaded Path actions. Go to <http://localhost:3000/site/test> in your
browser and you should see your test.tt file displayed, including the name "John" that you
set in the controller.
You can jump to the next chapter of the tutorial here: More Catalyst Basics
AUTHORS
Gerda Shank, "gerda.shank@gmail.com" Kennedy Clark, "hkclark@gmail.com"
Feel free to contact the author for any errors or suggestions, but the best way to report
issues is via the CPAN RT Bug system at
<https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=Catalyst-Manual>.
Copyright 2006-2011, Kennedy Clark, under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike
License Version 3.0 (<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/>).
perl v5.36.0 202Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::02_CatalystBasics(3pm)