Provided by: libdata-rmap-perl_0.65-3_all 
NAME
Data::Rmap - recursive map, apply a block to a data structure
SYNOPSIS
$ perl -MData::Rmap -e 'print rmap { $_ } 1, [2,3], \\4, "\n"'
1234
$ perl -MData::Rmap=:all
rmap_all { print (ref($_) || "?") ,"\n" } \@array, \%hash, \*glob;
# OUTPUT (Note: a GLOB always has a SCALAR, hence the last two items)
# ARRAY
# HASH
# GLOB
# SCALAR
# ?
# Upper-case your leaves in-place
$array = [ "a", "b", "c" ];
$hash = { key => "a value" };
rmap { $_ = uc $_; } $array, $hash;
use Data::Dumper; $Data::Dumper::Terse=1; $Data::Dumper::Indent=0;
print Dumper($array), " ", Dumper($hash), "\n";
# OUTPUT
# ['A','B','C'] {'key' => 'A VALUE'}
# Simple array dumper.
# Uses $self->recurse method to alter traversal order
($dump) = rmap_to {
return "'$_'" unless ref($_); # scalars are quoted and returned
my $self = shift;
# use $self->recurse to grab results and wrap them
return '[ ' . join(', ', $self->recurse() ) . ' ]';
} ARRAY|VALUE, [ 1, [ 2, [ [ 3 ], 4 ] ], 5 ];
print "$dump\n";
# OUTPUT
# [ '1', [ '2', [ [ '3' ], '4' ] ], '5' ]
DESCRIPTION
rmap BLOCK LIST
Recursively evaluate a BLOCK over a list of data structures (locally setting $_ to each
element) and return the list composed of the results of such evaluations. $_ can be used
to modify the elements.
Data::Rmap currently traverses HASH, ARRAY, SCALAR and GLOB reference types and ignores
others. Depending on which rmap_* wrapper is used, the BLOCK is called for only scalar
values, arrays, hashes, references, all elements or a customizable combination.
The list of data structures is traversed pre-order in a depth-first fashion. That is, the
BLOCK is called for the container reference before is it called for it's elements
(although see "recurse" below for post-order). The values of a hash are traversed in the
usual "values" order which may affect some applications.
If the "cut" subroutine is called in the BLOCK then the traversal stops for that branch,
say if you "cut" an array then the code is never called for it's elements (or their sub-
elements). To simultaneously return values and cut, simply pass the return list to cut:
"cut('add','to','returned');"
The first parameter to the BLOCK is an object which maintains the state of the traversal.
Methods available on this object are described in "State Object" below.
EXPORTS
By default:
rmap, rmap_all, cut
Optionally:
rmap_scalar rmap_hash rmap_array rmap_code rmap_ref rmap_to
:types => [ qw(NONE VALUE HASH ARRAY SCALAR REF CODE ALL) ],
:all => ... # everything
Functions
The various names are just wrappers which select when to call the code BLOCK. rmap_all
always calls it, the others are more selective while rmap_to takes an extra parameter
permitting you to provide selection criteria. Furthermore, you can always just rmap_all
and skip nodes which are not of interest.
rmap_to { ... } $want, @data_structures;
Most general first.
Recurse the @data_structures and apply the BLOCK to elements selected by $want. The
$want parameter is the bitwise "or" of whatever types you choose (imported with
:types):
VALUE - non-reference scalar, eg. 1
HASH - hash reference
ARRAY - array reference
SCALAR - scalar reference, eg. \1
REF - higher-level reference, eg. \\1, \\{}
B<NOT> any reference type, see <Scalar::Util>'s reftype:
perl -MScalar::Util=reftype -le 'print map reftype($_), \1, \\1'
GLOB - glob reference, eg. \*x
(scalar, hash and array recursed, code too as of 0.63)
ALL - all of the above (not CODE)
CODE - code references (as of 0.63)
NONE - none of the above
So to call the block for arrays and scalar values do:
use Data::Rmap ':all'; # or qw(:types rmap_to)
rmap { ... } ARRAY|VALUE, @data_structures;
(ALL | CODE) and (ALL & !GLOB) might also be handy.
The remainder of the wrappers are given in terms of the $want for rmap_to.
rmap { ... } @list;
Recurse and call the BLOCK on non-reference scalar values. $want = VALUE
rmap_all BLOCK LIST
Recurse and call the BLOCK on everything. $want = ALL
rmap_scalar { ... } @list
Recurse and call the BLOCK on non-collection scalars. $want = VALUE|SCALAR|REF
rmap_hash
Recurse and call the BLOCK on hash refs. $want = HASH
rmap_array
Recurse and call the BLOCK on array refs. $want = ARRAY
rmap_code
Recurse and call the BLOCK on code refs. $want = CODE
rmap_ref
Recurse and call the BLOCK on all "normal" references: $want = HASH|ARRAY|SCALAR|REF
Note: rmap_ref isn't the same as rmap_to {} REF
cut(@list)
Don't traverse sub-elements and return the @list immediately. For example, if $_ is
an ARRAY reference, then the array's elements are not traversed.
If there's two paths to an element, both will need to be cut.
State Object
The first parameter to the BLOCK is an object which maintains most of the traversal state
(except current node, which is $_). You will ignore it most of the time. The "recurse"
method may be useful. Other methods should only be used in throw away tools, see TODO
Methods:
recurse
Process child nodes of $_ now and return the result.
This makes it easier to perform post-order and in-order processing of a structure.
Note that since the same "seen list" is used, the child nodes aren't reprocessed.
code
The code reference of the BLOCK itself. Possible useful in some situations.
seen
Reference to the HASH used to track where we have visited. You may want to modify it
in some situations (though I haven't yet). Beware circular references. The (current)
convention used for the key is in the source.
want
The $want state described in rmap_to.
EXAMPLES
# command-line play
$ perl -MData::Rmap -le 'print join ":", rmap { $_ } 1,2,[3..5],\\6'
1:2:3:4:5:6
# Linearly number questions on a set of pages
my $qnum = 1;
rmap_hash {
$_->{qnum} = $qnum++ if($_->{qn});
} @pages;
# Grep recursively, finding ALL objects
use Scalar::Util qw(blessed);
my @objects = rmap_ref {
blessed($_) ? $_ : ();
} $data_structure;
# Grep recursively, finding public objects (note the cut)
use Scalar::Util qw(blessed);
my @objects = rmap_ref {
blessed($_) ? cut($_) : ();
} $data_structure;
# Return a modified structure
# (result flattening means we must cheat by cloning then modifying)
use Storable qw(dclone);
use Lingua::EN::Numbers::Easy;
$words = [ 1, \2, { key => 3 } ];
$nums = dclone $words;
rmap { $_ = $N{$_} || $_ } $nums;
# Make an assertion about a structure
use Data::Dump;
rmap_ref {
blessed($_) && $_->isa('Question') && defined($_->name)
or die "Question doesn't have a name:", dump($_);
} @pages;
# Traverse a tree using localize state
$tree = [
one =>
two =>
[
three_one =>
three_two =>
[
three_three_one =>
],
three_four =>
],
four =>
[
[
five_one_one =>
],
],
];
@path = ('q');
rmap_to {
if(ref $_) {
local(@path) = (@path, 1); # ARRAY adds a new level to the path
$_[0]->recurse(); # does stuff within local(@path)'s scope
} else {
print join('.', @path), " = $_ \n"; # show the scalar's path
}
$path[-1]++; # bump last element (even when it was an aref)
} ARRAY|VALUE, $tree;
# OUTPUT
# q.1 = one
# q.2 = two
# q.3.1 = three_one
# q.3.2 = three_two
# q.3.3.1 = three_three_one
# q.3.4 = three_four
# q.4 = four
# q.5.1.1 = five_one_one
# replace CODE with "<CODE>"
$ perl -MData::Rmap=:all -E 'say join ":", rmap_code { "<CODE>" } sub{},sub{}'
<CODE>:<CODE>
# look inside code refs with PadWalker
$ perl -MData::Rmap=:all -MSub::Identify=:all -MPadWalker=:all -MSub::Name
use 5.10.0;
my $s = sub {}; sub A::a { $s };
say join ", ",
rmap_code {
sub_fullname($_), # name string
map { $_[0]->recurse } closed_over($_) # then recurse the sub innards
} \*A::a, subname b => sub { $s };
# A::a, main::__ANON__, main::b
Troubleshooting
Beware comma after block:
rmap { print }, 1..3;
^-------- bad news, you get an empty list:
rmap(sub { print $_; }), 1..3;
If you don't import a function, perl's confusion may produce:
$ perl -MData::Rmap -le 'rmap_scalar { print } 1'
Can't call method "rmap_scalar" without a package or object reference...
$ perl -MData::Rmap -le 'rmap_scalar { $_++ } 1'
Can't call method "rmap_scalar" without a package or object reference...
If there's two paths to an element, both will need to be cut.
If there's two paths to an element, one will be taken randomly when there is an
intervening hash.
Autovivification can lead to "Deep recursion" warnings if you test "exists
$_->{this}{that}" instead of "exists $_->{this} && exists $_->{this}{that}" as you may
follow a long chain of "this"s Alternatively use the "no autovivification" pragma to avoid
this problem.
TODO
put for @_ in wrapper to allow parameters in a different wrapper, solve localizing
problem.
Store custom localized data about the traversal. Seems too difficult and ugly when
compare to doing it at the call site. Should support multiple reentrancy so avoid the
symbol table.
"rmap_args { } $data_structure, @args" form to pass parameters. Could potentially help
localizing needs. (Maybe only recurse last item)
Benchmark. Use array based object and/or direct access internally.
Think about permitting different callback for different types. The prototype syntax is a
bit too flaky....
Ensure that no memory leaks are possible, leaking the closure.
SEE ALSO
map, grep, Storable's dclone, Scalar::Util's reftype and blessed
Faint traces of treemap:
http://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=60829
Update: various alternatives have appear over the years, Data::Visitor has a list.
AUTHOR
Brad Bowman <rmap@bereft.net>
LICENCE AND COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2004- Brad Bowman (<rmap@bereft.net>). All rights reserved.
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself. See perlartistic and perlgpl.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.