NAME

       Math::Derivative - Numeric 1st and 2nd order differentiation

SYNOPSIS

           use Math::Derivative qw(:all);

           @dydx = forwarddiff(\@x, \@y);

           @dydx = centraldiff(\@x, \@y);

           @dydx = Derivative1(\@x, \@y);     # A synonym for centraldiff()

           @d2ydx2 = Derivative2(\@x, \@y, $yd0, $ydn);

DESCRIPTION

       This Perl package exports functions that numerically approximate first and second order
       differentiation on vectors of data. The accuracy of the approximation will depend upon the
       differences between the successive values in the X array.

   FUNCTIONS
       The functions may be imported by name or by using the tag ":all".

       forwarddiff()

           @dydx = forwarddiff(\@x, \@y);

       Take the references to two arrays containing the x and y ordinates of the data, and return
       an array of approximate first derivatives at the given x ordinates, using the forward
       difference approximation.

       The last term is actually formed using a backward difference formula, there being no array
       item to subtract from at the end of the array.  If you want to use derivatives strictly
       formed from the forward difference formula, use only the values from [0 .. #y-1], e.g.:

           @dydx = (forwarddiff(\@x, \@y))[0 .. $#y-1];

       or, more simply,

           @dydx = forwarddiff(\@x, \@y);
           pop @dydx;

       centraldiff()

           @dydx = centraldiff(\@x, \@y);

       Take the references to two arrays containing the x and y ordinates of the data, and return
       an array of approximate first derivatives at the given x ordinates.

       The algorithm used three data points to calculate the derivative, except at the end
       points, where by necessity the forward difference algorithm is used instead. If you want
       to use derivatives strictly formed from the central difference formula, use only the
       values from [1 .. #y-1], e.g.:

           @dydx = (centraldiff(\@x, \@y))[1 .. $#y-1];

       Derivative2()

           @d2ydx2 = Derivative2(\@x, \@y);

       or

           @d2ydx2 = Derivative2(\@x, \@y, $yp0, $ypn);

       Take references to two arrays containing the x and y ordinates of the data and return an
       array of approximate second derivatives at the given x ordinates.

       You may optionally give values to use as the first derivatives at the start and end points
       of the data. If you don't, first derivative values will be assumed to be zero.

       Derivative1()

       A synonym for centraldiff().

REFERENCES

       <http://www.holoborodko.com/pavel/numerical-methods/numerical-derivative/central-differences/>

       <http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~sjrob/Teaching/EngComp/ecl6.pdf>

AUTHOR

       John A.R. Williams J.A.R.Williams@aston.ac.uk

       John M. Gamble jgamble@cpan.org (current maintainer)