Provided by: libmath-planepath-perl_129-1_all 
NAME
Math::PlanePath::GosperIslands -- concentric Gosper islands
SYNOPSIS
use Math::PlanePath::GosperIslands;
my $path = Math::PlanePath::GosperIslands->new;
my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);
DESCRIPTION
This path is integer versions of the Gosper island at successive levels, arranged as
concentric rings on a triangular lattice (see "Triangular Lattice" in Math::PlanePath).
Each island is the outline of a self-similar tiling of the plane by hexagons, and the
sides are self-similar expansions of line segments
35----34 8
/ \
..-36 33----32 29----28 7
\ / \
31----30 27----26 6
\
25 5
78 4
\
11-----10 77 3
/ \ /
13----12 9---- 8 76 2
/ \ \
14 3---- 2 7 ... 1
\ / \
15 4 1 24 <- Y=0
/ \ \
16 5----- 6 23 -1
\ /
17----18 21----22 -2
\ /
19----20 -3
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Hexagon Replications
The islands can be thought of as a self-similar tiling of the plane by hexagonal shapes.
The innermost hexagon N=1 to N=6 is replicated six times to make the next outline N=7 to
N=24.
*---*
/ \
*---* *---*
/ \ / \
* *---* *
\ / \ /
*---* *---*
/ \ / \
* *---* *
\ / \ /
*---* *---*
\ /
*---*
Then that shape is in turn replicated six times around itself to make the next level.
*---E
/ \
*---* *---* *---*
/ \ / \
* *---* *---*
\ / \
* * D
/ \ /
*---* * *
/ \ / \
*---* *---* *---* *
/ \ / \ /
* *---* *---* *---*
\ / \ / \
* * C---* *---*
/ \ / \
* * O * *
\ / \ /
*---* *---* * *
\ / \ / \
*---* *---* *---* *
/ \ / \ /
* *---* *---* *---*
\ / \ /
* * *---*
/ \ /
* * *
\ / \
*---* *---* *
\ / \ /
*---* *---* *---*
\ /
*---*
The shapes here and at higher level are like hexagons with wiggly sides. The sides are
symmetric, so they mate on opposite sides but the join "corner" is not on the X axis
(after the first level). For example the point marked "C" (N=7) is above the axis at
X=5,Y=1. The next replication joins at point "D" (N=25) at X=11,Y=5.
Side and Radial Lines
The sides at each level is a self-similar line segment expansion,
*---*
*---* becomes /
*---*
This expanding side shape is also the radial line or spoke from the origin out to "corner"
join points. At level 0 they're straight lines,
...----*
/ \
/ \ side
/ \
/ \
O---------*
/
/
Then at higher levels they're wiggly, such as level 1,
...--*
/ \
* *---*
\ \
* *---C
/ / /
O---* ...
Or level 2,
*---E
... / \
* *---* *---*
\ \ / \
* *---* *---*
/ \
* *---D
\ / /
*---* *---* ...
\ /
* *
/ \
* *
\ /
* *---C
/ /
O---*
The lines become ever wigglier at higher levels, and in fact become "S" shapes with the
ends spiralling around and in (and in fact middle sections likewise S and spiralling, to a
lesser extent).
The spiralling means that the X axis is crossed multiple times at higher levels. For
example in level 11 X>0,Y=0 occurs 22 times between N=965221 and N=982146. Likewise on
diagonal lines X=Y and X=-Y which are "sixths" of the initial hexagon.
The self-similar spiralling means the Y axis too is crossed multiple times at higher
levels. In level 11 again X=0,Y>0 is crossed 7 times between N=1233212 and N=1236579.
(Those N's are bigger than the X axis crossing, because the Nstart position at level 11
has rotated around some 210 degrees to just under the negative X axis.)
In general any radial straight line is crossed many times way eventually.
Level Ranges
Counting the inner hexagon as level=0, the side length and whole ring is
sidelen = 3^level
ringlen = 6 * 3^level
The starting N for each level is the total points preceding it, so
Nstart = 1 + ringlen(0) + ... + ringlen(level-1)
= 3^(level+1) - 2
For example level=2 starts at Nstart=3^3-2=25.
The way the side/radial lines expand as described above makes the Nstart position rotate
around at each level. N=7 is at X=5,Y=1 which is angle
angle = arctan(1*sqrt(3) / 5)
= 19.106.. degrees
The sqrt(3) factor as usual turns the flattened integer X,Y coordinates into proper
equilateral triangles. The further levels are then multiples of that angle. For example
N=25 at X=11,Y=5 is 2*angle, or N=79 at X=20,Y=18 at 3*angle.
The N=7 which is the first radial replication at X=5,Y=1, scaled to unit sided equilateral
triangles, has distance from the origin
d1 = hypot(5, 1*sqrt(3)) / 2
= sqrt(7)
The subsequent levels are powers of that sqrt(7),
Xstart,Ystart of the Nstart(level) position
d = hypot(Xstart,Ystart*sqrt(3))/2
= sqrt(7) ^ level
This multiple of the angle and powering of the radius means the Nstart points are on a
logarithmic spiral.
Fractal Island
The Gosper island is usually conceived as a fractal, with the initial hexagon in a fixed
position and the sides having the line segment substitution described above, for ever
finer levels of "S" spiralling wiggliness. The code here can be used for that by rotating
the Nstart position back to the X axis and scaling down to a desired unit radius.
Xstart,Ystart of the Nstart(level) position
scale factor = 0.5 / hypot(Ystart*sqrt(3), Xstart)
rotate angle = - atan2 (Ystart*sqrt(3), Xstart)
This scale and rotate puts the Nstart point at X=1,Y=0 and further points of the ring
around from that. Remember the sqrt(3) factor on Y for all points to turn the integer
coordinates into proper equilateral triangles.
Notice the line segment substitution doesn't change the area of the initial hexagon.
Effectively (and not to scale),
*
/ \
*-------* becomes * / *
\ /
*
So the area lost below is gained above (or vice versa). The result is a line of ever
greater length enclosing an unchanging area.
FUNCTIONS
See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.
"$path = Math::PlanePath::GosperIslands->new ()"
Create and return a new path object.
"($x,$y) = $path->n_to_xy ($n)"
Return the X,Y coordinates of point number $n on the path. Points begin at 1 and if
"$n < 0" then the return is an empty list.
SEE ALSO
Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::KochSnowflakes, Math::PlanePath::GosperSide
HOME PAGE
<http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html>
LICENSE
Copyright 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Kevin Ryde
Math-PlanePath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 3, or (at your option) any later version.
Math-PlanePath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Math-
PlanePath. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.