Provided by: libmath-planepath-perl_129-1_all 
NAME
Math::PlanePath::LTiling -- 2x2 self-similar of four pattern parts
SYNOPSIS
use Math::PlanePath::LTiling;
my $path = Math::PlanePath::LTiling->new;
my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);
DESCRIPTION
This is a self-similar tiling by "L" shapes. A base "L" is replicated four times with end
parts turned +90 and -90 degrees to make a larger L,
+-----+-----+
|12 | 15|
| +--+--+ |
| |14 | |
+--+ +--+--+
| | |11 |
| +--+ +--+
|13 | | |
+-----+ +-----+--+ +--+--+-----+
| 3 | | 3 | |10 | | 5|
| +--+ --> | +--+ +--+--+ +--+ |
| | | | | | 8 | 9 | | |
+--+ +--+ +--+--+ +--+ +--+--+--+--+ +--+
| | --> | | 2 | | | | 2 | | | 6 | |
| +--+ | +--+--+ | | +--+--+ | +--+--+ |
| 0 | | 0 | 1 | | 0 | 1 | 7 | 4 |
+-----+ +-----+-----+ +-----+-----+-----+-----+
The parts are numbered to the left then middle then upper. This relative numbering is
maintained when rotated at the next replication level, as for example N=4 to N=7.
The result is to visit 1 of every 3 points in the first quadrant with a subtle layout of
points and spaces making diagonal lines and little 2x2 blocks.
15 | 48 51 61 60 140 143 163
14 | 50 62 142 168
13 | 56 59 139 162
12 | 49 58 63 141 160
11 | 55 44 47 131 138
10 | 57 46 136 137
9 | 54 43 130 134
8 | 52 53 45 128 129 135
7 | 12 15 35 42 37 21
6 | 14 40 41 22
5 | 11 34 38 25
4 | 13 32 33 39 36
3 | 3 10 5 31 26
2 | 8 9 27 24
1 | 2 6 30 18
Y=0 | 0 1 7 4 28 29 19
+------------------------------------------------------------
X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
On the X=Y leading diagonal N=0,2,8,10,32,etc is the integers made from only digits 0 and
2 in base 4. Or equivalently integers which have zero bits at all even numbered
positions, binary c0d0e0f0.
Left or Upper
Option "L_fill => "left"" or "L_fill => "upper"" numbers the tiles instead at their left
end or upper end respectively.
L_fill => 'left' 8 | 52 45 43
7 | 15 42
+-----+ 6 | 12 35 40
| | 5 | 14 34 33
| +--+ 4 | 13 11 32
| 3| | 3 | 10 9 5
+--+ +--+--+ 2 | 3 8 6 31
| | 2| 1| 1 | 2 1 4
| +--+--+ | Y=0 | 0 7
| 0| | +------------------------------------
+-----+-----+ X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
L_fill => 'upper' 8 | 53 42
7 | 12 35 40
+-----+ 6 | 14 15 34 41
| 3| 5 | 13 11 32 39
| +--+ 4 | 10 33
| | 2| 3 | 3 8
+--+ +--+--+ 2 | 2 9 5
| 0| | | 1 | 0 7 6 28
| +--+--+ | Y=0 | 1 4
| | 1 | +------------------------------------
+-----+-----+ X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The effect is to disrupt the pattern a bit though the overall structure of the
replications is unchanged.
"left" is as viewed looking towards the L from above. It may have been better to call it
"right", but won't change that now.
Ends
Option "L_fill => "ends"" numbers the two endpoints within each "L", first the left then
upper. This is the inverse of the default middle shown above, ie. it visits all the
points which the middle option doesn't, and so 2 of every 3 points in the first quadrant.
+-----+
| 7|
| +--+
| 6| 5|
+--+ +--+--+
| 1| 4| 2|
| +--+--+ |
| 0| 3 |
+-----+-----+
15 | 97 102 123 120 281 286 327 337
14 | 96 101 103 122 124 121 280 285 287 326 325
13 | 99 100 113 118 125 126 283 284 279 321 324
12 | 98 112 117 119 127 282 278 277 320 323
11 | 111 115 116 89 94 263 273 276 274 266
10 | 110 109 114 88 93 95 262 261 272 275 268
9 | 105 108 106 91 92 87 257 260 258 271 269
8 | 104 107 90 86 85 256 259 270 265
7 | 25 30 71 81 84 82 74 43 40
6 | 24 29 31 70 69 80 83 76 75 42 44
5 | 27 28 23 65 68 66 79 77 72 50 45
4 | 26 22 21 64 67 78 73 52 51 47
3 | 7 17 20 18 10 63 55 53 48 34
2 | 6 5 16 19 12 11 62 61 54 49 36
1 | 1 4 2 15 13 8 57 60 58 39 37
Y=0 | 0 3 14 9 56 59 38 33
+------------------------------------------------------------
X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
All
Option "L_fill => "all"" numbers all three points of each "L", as middle, left then right.
With this the path visits all points of the first quadrant.
7 | 36 38 46 45 105 107 122 126
+-----+ 6 | 37 42 44 47 106 104 120 121
| 9 11| 5 | 41 43 33 35 98 102 103 100
| +--+ 4 | 39 40 34 32 96 97 101 99
|10| 8| 3 | 9 11 26 30 31 28 16 15
+--+ +--+--+ 2 | 10 8 24 25 29 27 19 17
| 2| 6 7| 4| 1 | 2 6 7 4 23 20 18 13
| +--+--+ | Y=0 | 0 1 5 3 21 22 14 12
| 0 1| 5 3| +--------------------------------
+-----+-----+ X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Along the X=Y leading diagonal N=0,6,24,30,96,etc are triples of the values from the
single-point case, so 3* numbers using digits 0 and 2 in base 4, which is the same as 2*
numbers using 0 and 3 in base 4.
Level Ranges
For the "middles", "left" or "upper" cases with one N per tile, and taking the initial N=0
tile as level 0, a replication level is
Nstart = 0
to
Nlevel = 4^level - 1 inclusive
Xmax = Ymax = 2 * 2^level - 1
For example level 2 which is the large tiling shown in the introduction is N=0 to
N=4^2-1=15 and extends to Xmax=Ymax=2*2^2-1=7.
For the "ends" variation there's two points per tile, or for "all" there's three, in which
case the Nlevel increases to
Nlevel_ends = 2 * 4^level - 1
Nlevel_all = 3 * 4^level - 1
FUNCTIONS
See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.
"$path = Math::PlanePath::LTiling->new ()"
"$path = Math::PlanePath::LTiling->new (L_fill => $str)"
Create and return a new path object. The "L_fill" choices are
"middle" the default
"left"
"upper"
"ends"
"all"
"($x,$y) = $path->n_to_xy ($n)"
Return the X,Y coordinates of point number $n on the path. Points begin at 0 and if
"$n < 0" then the return is an empty list.
Level Methods
"($n_lo, $n_hi) = $path->level_to_n_range($level)"
Return
0, 4**$level - 1 middle, left, upper
0, 2*4**$level - 1 ends
0, 3*4**$level - 1 all
There are 4^level L shapes in a level, each containing 1, 2 or 3 points, numbered
starting from 0.
OEIS
Entries in Sloane's Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences related to this path include
<http://oeis.org/A062880> (etc)
L_fill=middle
A062880 N on X=Y diagonal, base 4 digits 0,2 only
A048647 permutation N at transpose Y,X
base4 digits 1<->3 and 0,2 unchanged
A112539 X+Y+1 mod 2, parity inverted
L_fill=left or upper
A112539 X+Y mod 2, parity
A112539 is a parity of bits at even positions in N, ie. count 1-bits at even bit positions
(least significant is bit position 0), then add 1 and take mod 2. This works because in
the pattern sub-blocks 0 and 2 are unchanged and 1 and 3 are turned so as to be on
opposite X,Y odd/even parity, so a flip for every even position 1-bit. L_fill=middle
starts on a 0 even parity, and L_fill=left and upper start on 1 odd parity. The latter is
the form in A112539 and L_fill=middle is the bitwise 0<->1 inverse.
SEE ALSO
Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::CornerReplicate, Math::PlanePath::SquareReplicate,
Math::PlanePath::QuintetReplicate, Math::PlanePath::GosperReplicate
HOME PAGE
<http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html>
LICENSE
Copyright 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Kevin Ryde
This file is part of Math-PlanePath.
Math-PlanePath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 3, or (at your option) any later version.
Math-PlanePath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Math-
PlanePath. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.