Provided by: pdl_2.081-1_amd64 
NAME
PDL::GSL::INTEG - PDL interface to numerical integration routines in GSL
DESCRIPTION
This is an interface to the numerical integration package present in the GNU Scientific
Library, which is an implementation of QUADPACK.
Functions are named gslinteg_{algorithm} where {algorithm} is the QUADPACK naming
convention. The available functions are:
gslinteg_qng: Non-adaptive Gauss-Kronrod integration
gslinteg_qag: Adaptive integration
gslinteg_qags: Adaptive integration with singularities
gslinteg_qagp: Adaptive integration with known singular points
gslinteg_qagi: Adaptive integration on infinite interval of the form (-\infty,\infty)
gslinteg_qagiu: Adaptive integration on infinite interval of the form (la,\infty)
gslinteg_qagil: Adaptive integration on infinite interval of the form (-\infty,lb)
gslinteg_qawc: Adaptive integration for Cauchy principal values
gslinteg_qaws: Adaptive integration for singular functions
gslinteg_qawo: Adaptive integration for oscillatory functions
gslinteg_qawf: Adaptive integration for Fourier integrals
Each algorithm computes an approximation to the integral, I, of the function f(x)w(x),
where w(x) is a weight function (for general integrands w(x)=1). The user provides
absolute and relative error bounds (epsabs,epsrel) which specify the following accuracy
requirement:
|RESULT - I| <= max(epsabs, epsrel |I|)
The routines will fail to converge if the error bounds are too stringent, but always
return the best approximation obtained up to that stage
All functions return the result, and estimate of the absolute error and an error flag
(which is zero if there were no problems). You are responsible for checking for any
errors, no warnings are issued unless the option {Warn => 'y'} is specified in which case
the reason of failure will be printed.
You can nest integrals up to 20 levels. If you find yourself in the unlikely situation
that you need more, you can change the value of 'max_nested_integrals' in the first line
of the file 'FUNC.c' and recompile.
NOMENCLATURE
Throughout this documentation we strive to use the same variables that are present in the
original GSL documentation (see See Also). Oftentimes those variables are called "a" and
"b". Since good Perl coding practices discourage the use of Perl variables $a and $b, here
we refer to Parameters "a" and "b" as $pa and $pb, respectively, and Limits (of domain or
integration) as $la and $lb.
Please check the GSL documentation for more information.
SYNOPSIS
use PDL;
use PDL::GSL::INTEG;
my $la = 1.2;
my $lb = 3.7;
my $epsrel = 0;
my $epsabs = 1e-6;
# Non adaptive integration
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr,$neval) = gslinteg_qng(\&myf,$la,$lb,$epsrel,$epsabs);
# Warnings on
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr,$neval) = gslinteg_qng(\&myf,$la,$lb,$epsrel,$epsabs,{Warn=>'y'});
# Adaptive integration with warnings on
my $limit = 1000;
my $key = 5;
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qag(\&myf,$la,$lb,$epsrel,
$epsabs,$limit,$key,{Warn=>'y'});
sub myf{
my ($x) = @_;
return exp(-$x**2);
}
#line 133 "INTEG.pm"
FUNCTIONS
qng_meat
Signature: (double a(); double b(); double epsabs();
double epsrel(); double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();
int [o] neval(); int [o] ierr(); int gslwarn(); SV* function)
info not available
qng_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output
ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.
qag_meat
Signature: (double a(); double b(); double epsabs();double epsrel(); int limit();
int key(); double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)
info not available
qag_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output
ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.
qags_meat
Signature: (double a(); double b(); double epsabs();double epsrel(); int limit();
double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)
info not available
qags_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output
ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.
qagp_meat
Signature: (double pts(l); double epsabs();double epsrel();int limit();
double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)
info not available
qagp_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output
ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.
qagi_meat
Signature: (double epsabs();double epsrel(); int limit();
double [o] result(); double [o] abserr(); int n(); int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)
info not available
qagi_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output
ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.
qagiu_meat
Signature: (double a(); double epsabs();double epsrel();int limit();
double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)
info not available
qagiu_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output
ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.
qagil_meat
Signature: (double b(); double epsabs();double epsrel();int limit();
double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)
info not available
qagil_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output
ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.
qawc_meat
Signature: (double a(); double b(); double c(); double epsabs();double epsrel();int limit();
double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)
info not available
qawc_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output
ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.
qaws_meat
Signature: (double a(); double b();double epsabs();double epsrel();int limit();
double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();
double alpha(); double beta(); int mu(); int nu();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)
info not available
qaws_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output
ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.
qawo_meat
Signature: (double a(); double b();double epsabs();double epsrel();int limit();
double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();
int sincosopt(); double omega(); double L(); int nlevels();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)
info not available
qawo_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output
ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.
qawf_meat
Signature: (double a(); double epsabs();int limit();
double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();
int sincosopt(); double omega(); int nlevels();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)
info not available
qawf_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output
ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.
gslinteg_qng - Non-adaptive Gauss-Kronrod integration
This function applies the Gauss-Kronrod 10-point, 21-point, 43-point and 87-point
integration rules in succession until an estimate of the integral of f over ($la,$lb) is
achieved within the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel. It
is meant for fast integration of smooth functions. It returns an array with the result, an
estimate of the absolute error, an error flag and the number of function evaluations
performed.
Usage:
($res,$abserr,$ierr,$neval) = gslinteg_qng($function_ref,$la,$lb,
$epsrel,$epsabs,[{Warn => $warn}]);
Example:
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr,$neval) = gslinteg_qng(\&f,0,1,0,1e-9);
# with warnings on
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr,$neval) = gslinteg_qng(\&f,0,1,0,1e-9,{Warn => 'y'});
sub f{
my ($x) = @_;
return ($x**2.6)*log(1.0/$x);
}
gslinteg_qag - Adaptive integration
This function applies an integration rule adaptively until an estimate of the integral of
f over ($la,$lb) is achieved within the desired absolute and relative error limits,
$epsabs and $epsrel. On each iteration the adaptive integration strategy bisects the
interval with the largest error estimate; the maximum number of allowed subdivisions is
given by the parameter $limit. The integration rule is determined by the value of $key,
which has to be one of (1,2,3,4,5,6) and correspond to the 15, 21, 31, 41, 51 and 61
point Gauss-Kronrod rules respectively. It returns an array with the result, an estimate
of the absolute error and an error flag.
Please check the GSL documentation for more information.
Usage:
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qag($function_ref,$la,$lb,$epsrel,
$epsabs,$limit,$key,[{Warn => $warn}]);
Example:
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qag(\&f,0,1,0,1e-10,1000,1);
# with warnings on
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qag(\&f,0,1,0,1e-10,1000,1,{Warn => 'y'});
sub f{
my ($x) = @_;
return ($x**2.6)*log(1.0/$x);
}
gslinteg_qags - Adaptive integration with singularities
This function applies the Gauss-Kronrod 21-point integration rule adaptively until an
estimate of the integral of f over ($la,$lb) is achieved within the desired absolute and
relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel. The algorithm is such that it accelerates the
convergence of the integral in the presence of discontinuities and integrable
singularities. The maximum number of allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive algorithm
must be supplied in the parameter $limit.
Please check the GSL documentation for more information.
Usage:
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qags($function_ref,$la,$lb,$epsrel,
$epsabs,$limit,[{Warn => $warn}]);
Example:
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qags(\&f,0,1,0,1e-10,1000);
# with warnings on
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qags(\&f,0,1,0,1e-10,1000,{Warn => 'y'});
sub f{
my ($x) = @_;
return ($x)*log(1.0/$x);
}
gslinteg_qagp - Adaptive integration with known singular points
This function applies the adaptive integration algorithm used by gslinteg_qags taking into
account the location of singular points until an estimate of the integral of f over
($la,$lb) is achieved within the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and
$epsrel. Singular points are supplied in the ndarray $points, whose endpoints determine
the integration range. So, for example, if the function has singular points at x_1 and
x_2 and the integral is desired from a to b (a < x_1 < x_2 < b), $points =
pdl(a,x_1,x_2,b). The maximum number of allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive
algorithm must be supplied in the parameter $limit.
Please check the GSL documentation for more information.
Usage:
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagp($function_ref,$points,$epsabs,
$epsrel,$limit,[{Warn => $warn}])
Example:
my $points = pdl(0,1,sqrt(2),3);
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagp(\&f,$points,0,1e-3,1000);
# with warnings on
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagp(\&f,$points,0,1e-3,1000,{Warn => 'y'});
sub f{
my ($x) = @_;
my $x2 = $x**2;
my $x3 = $x**3;
return $x3 * log(abs(($x2-1.0)*($x2-2.0)));
}
gslinteg_qagi - Adaptive integration on infinite interval
This function estimates the integral of the function f over the infinite interval
(-\infty,+\infty) within the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and
$epsrel. After a transformation, the algorithm of gslinteg_qags with a 15-point Gauss-
Kronrod rule is used. The maximum number of allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive
algorithm must be supplied in the parameter $limit.
Please check the GSL documentation for more information.
Usage:
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagi($function_ref,$epsabs,
$epsrel,$limit,[{Warn => $warn}]);
Example:
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagi(\&myfn,1e-7,0,1000);
# with warnings on
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagi(\&myfn,1e-7,0,1000,{Warn => 'y'});
sub myfn{
my ($x) = @_;
return exp(-$x - $x*$x) ;
}
gslinteg_qagiu - Adaptive integration on infinite interval
This function estimates the integral of the function f over the infinite interval
(la,+\infty) within the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel.
After a transformation, the algorithm of gslinteg_qags with a 15-point Gauss-Kronrod rule
is used. The maximum number of allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive algorithm must
be supplied in the parameter $limit.
Please check the GSL documentation for more information.
Usage:
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagiu($function_ref,$la,$epsabs,
$epsrel,$limit,[{Warn => $warn}]);
Example:
my $alfa = 1;
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagiu(\&f,99.9,1e-7,0,1000);
# with warnings on
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagiu(\&f,99.9,1e-7,0,1000,{Warn => 'y'});
sub f{
my ($x) = @_;
if (($x==0) && ($alfa == 1)) {return 1;}
if (($x==0) && ($alfa > 1)) {return 0;}
return ($x**($alfa-1))/((1+10*$x)**2);
}
gslinteg_qagil - Adaptive integration on infinite interval
This function estimates the integral of the function f over the infinite interval
(-\infty,lb) within the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel.
After a transformation, the algorithm of gslinteg_qags with a 15-point Gauss-Kronrod rule
is used. The maximum number of allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive algorithm must
be supplied in the parameter $limit.
Please check the GSL documentation for more information.
Usage:
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagl($function_ref,$lb,$epsabs,
$epsrel,$limit,[{Warn => $warn}]);
Example:
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagil(\&myfn,1.0,1e-7,0,1000);
# with warnings on
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagil(\&myfn,1.0,1e-7,0,1000,{Warn => 'y'});
sub myfn{
my ($x) = @_;
return exp($x);
}
gslinteg_qawc - Adaptive integration for Cauchy principal values
This function computes the Cauchy principal value of the integral of f over (la,lb), with
a singularity at c, I = \int_{la}^{lb} dx f(x)/(x - c). The integral is estimated within
the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel. The maximum number
of allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive algorithm must be supplied in the parameter
$limit.
Please check the GSL documentation for more information.
Usage:
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qawc($function_ref,$la,$lb,$c,$epsabs,$epsrel,$limit)
Example:
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qawc(\&f,-1,5,0,0,1e-3,1000);
# with warnings on
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qawc(\&f,-1,5,0,0,1e-3,1000,{Warn => 'y'});
sub f{
my ($x) = @_;
return 1.0 / (5.0 * $x * $x * $x + 6.0) ;
}
gslinteg_qaws - Adaptive integration for singular functions
The algorithm in gslinteg_qaws is designed for integrands with algebraic-logarithmic
singularities at the end-points of an integration region. Specifically, this function
computes the integral given by I = \int_{la}^{lb} dx f(x) (x-la)^alpha (lb-x)^beta log^mu
(x-la) log^nu (lb-x). The integral is estimated within the desired absolute and relative
error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel. The maximum number of allowed subdivisions done by the
adaptive algorithm must be supplied in the parameter $limit.
Please check the GSL documentation for more information.
Usage:
($res,$abserr,$ierr) =
gslinteg_qawc($function_ref,$alpha,$beta,$mu,$nu,$la,$lb,
$epsabs,$epsrel,$limit,[{Warn => $warn}]);
Example:
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qaws(\&f,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1e-7,1000);
# with warnings on
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qaws(\&f,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1e-7,1000,{Warn => 'y'});
sub f{
my ($x) = @_;
if($x==0){return 0;}
else{
my $u = log($x);
my $v = 1 + $u*$u;
return 1.0/($v*$v);
}
}
gslinteg_qawo - Adaptive integration for oscillatory functions
This function uses an adaptive algorithm to compute the integral of f over (la,lb) with
the weight function sin(omega*x) or cos(omega*x) -- which of sine or cosine is used is
determined by the parameter $opt ('cos' or 'sin'). The integral is estimated within the
desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel. The maximum number of
allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive algorithm must be supplied in the parameter
$limit.
Please check the GSL documentation for more information.
Usage:
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qawo($function_ref,$omega,$sin_or_cos,
$la,$lb,$epsabs,$epsrel,$limit,[opt])
Example:
my $PI = 3.14159265358979323846264338328;
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = PDL::GSL::INTEG::gslinteg_qawo(\&f,10*$PI,'sin',0,1,0,1e-7,1000);
# with warnings on
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = PDL::GSL::INTEG::gslinteg_qawo(\&f,10*$PI,'sin',0,1,0,1e-7,1000,{Warn => 'y'});
sub f{
my ($x) = @_;
if($x==0){return 0;}
else{ return log($x);}
}
gslinteg_qawf - Adaptive integration for Fourier integrals
This function attempts to compute a Fourier integral of the function f over the semi-
infinite interval [la,+\infty). Specifically, it attempts tp compute I =
\int_{la}^{+\infty} dx f(x)w(x), where w(x) is sin(omega*x) or cos(omega*x) -- which of
sine or cosine is used is determined by the parameter $opt ('cos' or 'sin'). The integral
is estimated within the desired absolute error limit $epsabs. The maximum number of
allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive algorithm must be supplied in the parameter
$limit.
Please check the GSL documentation for more information.
Usage:
gslinteg_qawf($function_ref,$omega,$sin_or_cos,$la,$epsabs,$limit,[opt])
Example:
my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qawf(\&f,$PI/2.0,'cos',0,1e-7,1000);
# with warnings on
($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qawf(\&f,$PI/2.0,'cos',0,1e-7,1000,{Warn => 'y'});
sub f{
my ($x) = @_;
if ($x == 0){return 0;}
return 1.0/sqrt($x)
}
BUGS
Feedback is welcome. Log bugs in the PDL bug database (the database is always linked from
<http://pdl.perl.org>).
SEE ALSO
PDL
The GSL documentation for numerical integration is online at
<https://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/doc/html/integration.html>
AUTHOR
This file copyright (C) 2003,2005 Andres Jordan <ajordan@eso.org> All rights reserved.
There is no warranty. You are allowed to redistribute this software documentation under
certain conditions. For details, see the file COPYING in the PDL distribution. If this
file is separated from the PDL distribution, the copyright notice should be included in
the file.
The GSL integration routines were written by Brian Gough. QUADPACK was written by
Piessens, Doncker-Kapenga, Uberhuber and Kahaner.