Provided by: libpcre2-dev_10.42-1_amd64 
NAME
PCRE2 - Perl-compatible regular expressions (revised API)
PCRE2 PERFORMANCE
Two aspects of performance are discussed below: memory usage and processing time. The way
you express your pattern as a regular expression can affect both of them.
COMPILED PATTERN MEMORY USAGE
Patterns are compiled by PCRE2 into a reasonably efficient interpretive code, so that most
simple patterns do not use much memory for storing the compiled version. However, there is
one case where the memory usage of a compiled pattern can be unexpectedly large. If a
parenthesized group has a quantifier with a minimum greater than 1 and/or a limited
maximum, the whole group is repeated in the compiled code. For example, the pattern
(abc|def){2,4}
is compiled as if it were
(abc|def)(abc|def)((abc|def)(abc|def)?)?
(Technical aside: It is done this way so that backtrack points within each of the
repetitions can be independently maintained.)
For regular expressions whose quantifiers use only small numbers, this is not usually a
problem. However, if the numbers are large, and particularly if such repetitions are
nested, the memory usage can become an embarrassment. For example, the very simple pattern
((ab){1,1000}c){1,3}
uses over 50KiB when compiled using the 8-bit library. When PCRE2 is compiled with its
default internal pointer size of two bytes, the size limit on a compiled pattern is 65535
code units in the 8-bit and 16-bit libraries, and this is reached with the above pattern
if the outer repetition is increased from 3 to 4. PCRE2 can be compiled to use larger
internal pointers and thus handle larger compiled patterns, but it is better to try to
rewrite your pattern to use less memory if you can.
One way of reducing the memory usage for such patterns is to make use of PCRE2's
"subroutine" facility. Re-writing the above pattern as
((ab)(?2){0,999}c)(?1){0,2}
reduces the memory requirements to around 16KiB, and indeed it remains under 20KiB even
with the outer repetition increased to 100. However, this kind of pattern is not always
exactly equivalent, because any captures within subroutine calls are lost when the
subroutine completes. If this is not a problem, this kind of rewriting will allow you to
process patterns that PCRE2 cannot otherwise handle. The matching performance of the two
different versions of the pattern are roughly the same. (This applies from release 10.30 -
things were different in earlier releases.)
STACK AND HEAP USAGE AT RUN TIME
From release 10.30, the interpretive (non-JIT) version of pcre2_match() uses very little
system stack at run time. In earlier releases recursive function calls could use a great
deal of stack, and this could cause problems, but this usage has been eliminated.
Backtracking positions are now explicitly remembered in memory frames controlled by the
code.
The size of each frame depends on the size of pointer variables and the number of
capturing parenthesized groups in the pattern being matched. On a 64-bit system the frame
size for a pattern with no captures is 128 bytes. For each capturing group the size
increases by 16 bytes.
Until release 10.41, an initial 20KiB frames vector was allocated on the system stack, but
this still caused some issues for multi-thread applications where each thread has a very
small stack. From release 10.41 backtracking memory frames are always held in heap memory.
An initial heap allocation is obtained the first time any match data block is passed to
pcre2_match(). This is remembered with the match data block and re-used if that block is
used for another match. It is freed when the match data block itself is freed.
The size of the initial block is the larger of 20KiB or ten times the pattern's frame
size, unless the heap limit is less than this, in which case the heap limit is used. If
the initial block proves to be too small during matching, it is replaced by a larger
block, subject to the heap limit. The heap limit is checked only when a new block is to be
allocated. Reducing the heap limit between calls to pcre2_match() with the same match data
block does not affect the saved block.
In contrast to pcre2_match(), pcre2_dfa_match() does use recursive function calls, but
only for processing atomic groups, lookaround assertions, and recursion within the
pattern. The original version of the code used to allocate quite large internal workspace
vectors on the stack, which caused some problems for some patterns in environments with
small stacks. From release 10.32 the code for pcre2_dfa_match() has been re-factored to
use heap memory when necessary for internal workspace when recursing, though recursive
function calls are still used.
The "match depth" parameter can be used to limit the depth of function recursion, and the
"match heap" parameter to limit heap memory in pcre2_dfa_match().
PROCESSING TIME
Certain items in regular expression patterns are processed more efficiently than others.
It is more efficient to use a character class like [aeiou] than a set of single-character
alternatives such as (a|e|i|o|u). In general, the simplest construction that provides the
required behaviour is usually the most efficient. Jeffrey Friedl's book contains a lot of
useful general discussion about optimizing regular expressions for efficient performance.
This document contains a few observations about PCRE2.
Using Unicode character properties (the \p, \P, and \X escapes) is slow, because PCRE2 has
to use a multi-stage table lookup whenever it needs a character's property. If you can
find an alternative pattern that does not use character properties, it will probably be
faster.
By default, the escape sequences \b, \d, \s, and \w, and the POSIX character classes such
as [:alpha:] do not use Unicode properties, partly for backwards compatibility, and partly
for performance reasons. However, you can set the PCRE2_UCP option or start the pattern
with (*UCP) if you want Unicode character properties to be used. This can double the
matching time for items such as \d, when matched with pcre2_match(); the performance loss
is less with a DFA matching function, and in both cases there is not much difference for
\b.
When a pattern begins with .* not in atomic parentheses, nor in parentheses that are the
subject of a backreference, and the PCRE2_DOTALL option is set, the pattern is implicitly
anchored by PCRE2, since it can match only at the start of a subject string. If the
pattern has multiple top-level branches, they must all be anchorable. The optimization can
be disabled by the PCRE2_NO_DOTSTAR_ANCHOR option, and is automatically disabled if the
pattern contains (*PRUNE) or (*SKIP).
If PCRE2_DOTALL is not set, PCRE2 cannot make this optimization, because the dot
metacharacter does not then match a newline, and if the subject string contains newlines,
the pattern may match from the character immediately following one of them instead of from
the very start. For example, the pattern
.*second
matches the subject "first\nand second" (where \n stands for a newline character), with
the match starting at the seventh character. In order to do this, PCRE2 has to retry the
match starting after every newline in the subject.
If you are using such a pattern with subject strings that do not contain newlines, the
best performance is obtained by setting PCRE2_DOTALL, or starting the pattern with ^.* or
^.*? to indicate explicit anchoring. That saves PCRE2 from having to scan along the
subject looking for a newline to restart at.
Beware of patterns that contain nested indefinite repeats. These can take a long time to
run when applied to a string that does not match. Consider the pattern fragment
^(a+)*
This can match "aaaa" in 16 different ways, and this number increases very rapidly as the
string gets longer. (The * repeat can match 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 times, and for each of those
cases other than 0 or 4, the + repeats can match different numbers of times.) When the
remainder of the pattern is such that the entire match is going to fail, PCRE2 has in
principle to try every possible variation, and this can take an extremely long time, even
for relatively short strings.
An optimization catches some of the more simple cases such as
(a+)*b
where a literal character follows. Before embarking on the standard matching procedure,
PCRE2 checks that there is a "b" later in the subject string, and if there is not, it
fails the match immediately. However, when there is no following literal this optimization
cannot be used. You can see the difference by comparing the behaviour of
(a+)*\d
with the pattern above. The former gives a failure almost instantly when applied to a
whole line of "a" characters, whereas the latter takes an appreciable time with strings
longer than about 20 characters.
In many cases, the solution to this kind of performance issue is to use an atomic group or
a possessive quantifier. This can often reduce memory requirements as well. As another
example, consider this pattern:
([^<]|<(?!inet))+
It matches from wherever it starts until it encounters "<inet" or the end of the data, and
is the kind of pattern that might be used when processing an XML file. Each iteration of
the outer parentheses matches either one character that is not "<" or a "<" that is not
followed by "inet". However, each time a parenthesis is processed, a backtracking position
is passed, so this formulation uses a memory frame for each matched character. For a long
string, a lot of memory is required. Consider now this rewritten pattern, which matches
exactly the same strings:
([^<]++|<(?!inet))+
This runs much faster, because sequences of characters that do not contain "<" are
"swallowed" in one item inside the parentheses, and a possessive quantifier is used to
stop any backtracking into the runs of non-"<" characters. This version also uses a lot
less memory because entry to a new set of parentheses happens only when a "<" character
that is not followed by "inet" is encountered (and we assume this is relatively rare).
This example shows that one way of optimizing performance when matching long subject
strings is to write repeated parenthesized subpatterns to match more than one character
whenever possible.
SETTING RESOURCE LIMITS
You can set limits on the amount of processing that takes place when matching, and on the
amount of heap memory that is used. The default values of the limits are very large, and
unlikely ever to operate. They can be changed when PCRE2 is built, and they can also be
set when pcre2_match() or pcre2_dfa_match() is called. For details of these interfaces,
see the pcre2build documentation and the section entitled "The match context" in the
pcre2api documentation.
The pcre2test test program has a modifier called "find_limits" which, if applied to a
subject line, causes it to find the smallest limits that allow a pattern to match. This is
done by repeatedly matching with different limits.
AUTHOR
Philip Hazel
Retired from University Computing Service
Cambridge, England.
REVISION
Last updated: 27 July 2022
Copyright (c) 1997-2022 University of Cambridge.