Provided by: liblapack-doc_3.11.0-2_all 
NAME
complex16GEsolve - complex16
SYNOPSIS
Functions
subroutine zcgesv (N, NRHS, A, LDA, IPIV, B, LDB, X, LDX, WORK, SWORK, RWORK, ITER, INFO)
ZCGESV computes the solution to system of linear equations A * X = B for GE matrices
(mixed precision with iterative refinement)
subroutine zgels (TRANS, M, N, NRHS, A, LDA, B, LDB, WORK, LWORK, INFO)
ZGELS solves overdetermined or underdetermined systems for GE matrices
subroutine zgelsd (M, N, NRHS, A, LDA, B, LDB, S, RCOND, RANK, WORK, LWORK, RWORK, IWORK,
INFO)
ZGELSD computes the minimum-norm solution to a linear least squares problem for GE
matrices
subroutine zgelss (M, N, NRHS, A, LDA, B, LDB, S, RCOND, RANK, WORK, LWORK, RWORK, INFO)
ZGELSS solves overdetermined or underdetermined systems for GE matrices
subroutine zgelst (TRANS, M, N, NRHS, A, LDA, B, LDB, WORK, LWORK, INFO)
ZGELST solves overdetermined or underdetermined systems for GE matrices using QR or
LQ factorization with compact WY representation of Q.
subroutine zgelsy (M, N, NRHS, A, LDA, B, LDB, JPVT, RCOND, RANK, WORK, LWORK, RWORK,
INFO)
ZGELSY solves overdetermined or underdetermined systems for GE matrices
subroutine zgesv (N, NRHS, A, LDA, IPIV, B, LDB, INFO)
ZGESV computes the solution to system of linear equations A * X = B for GE matrices
(simple driver)
subroutine zgesvx (FACT, TRANS, N, NRHS, A, LDA, AF, LDAF, IPIV, EQUED, R, C, B, LDB, X,
LDX, RCOND, FERR, BERR, WORK, RWORK, INFO)
ZGESVX computes the solution to system of linear equations A * X = B for GE matrices
subroutine zgesvxx (FACT, TRANS, N, NRHS, A, LDA, AF, LDAF, IPIV, EQUED, R, C, B, LDB, X,
LDX, RCOND, RPVGRW, BERR, N_ERR_BNDS, ERR_BNDS_NORM, ERR_BNDS_COMP, NPARAMS, PARAMS,
WORK, RWORK, INFO)
ZGESVXX computes the solution to system of linear equations A * X = B for GE matrices
subroutine zgetsls (TRANS, M, N, NRHS, A, LDA, B, LDB, WORK, LWORK, INFO)
ZGETSLS
Detailed Description
This is the group of complex16 solve driver functions for GE matrices
Function Documentation
subroutine zcgesv (integer N, integer NRHS, complex*16, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA,
integer, dimension( * ) IPIV, complex*16, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer LDB, complex*16,
dimension( ldx, * ) X, integer LDX, complex*16, dimension( n, * ) WORK, complex,
dimension( * ) SWORK, double precision, dimension( * ) RWORK, integer ITER, integer INFO)
ZCGESV computes the solution to system of linear equations A * X = B for GE matrices
(mixed precision with iterative refinement)
Purpose:
ZCGESV computes the solution to a complex system of linear equations
A * X = B,
where A is an N-by-N matrix and X and B are N-by-NRHS matrices.
ZCGESV first attempts to factorize the matrix in COMPLEX and use this
factorization within an iterative refinement procedure to produce a
solution with COMPLEX*16 normwise backward error quality (see below).
If the approach fails the method switches to a COMPLEX*16
factorization and solve.
The iterative refinement is not going to be a winning strategy if
the ratio COMPLEX performance over COMPLEX*16 performance is too
small. A reasonable strategy should take the number of right-hand
sides and the size of the matrix into account. This might be done
with a call to ILAENV in the future. Up to now, we always try
iterative refinement.
The iterative refinement process is stopped if
ITER > ITERMAX
or for all the RHS we have:
RNRM < SQRT(N)*XNRM*ANRM*EPS*BWDMAX
where
o ITER is the number of the current iteration in the iterative
refinement process
o RNRM is the infinity-norm of the residual
o XNRM is the infinity-norm of the solution
o ANRM is the infinity-operator-norm of the matrix A
o EPS is the machine epsilon returned by DLAMCH('Epsilon')
The value ITERMAX and BWDMAX are fixed to 30 and 1.0D+00
respectively.
Parameters
N
N is INTEGER
The number of linear equations, i.e., the order of the
matrix A. N >= 0.
NRHS
NRHS is INTEGER
The number of right hand sides, i.e., the number of columns
of the matrix B. NRHS >= 0.
A
A is COMPLEX*16 array,
dimension (LDA,N)
On entry, the N-by-N coefficient matrix A.
On exit, if iterative refinement has been successfully used
(INFO = 0 and ITER >= 0, see description below), then A is
unchanged, if double precision factorization has been used
(INFO = 0 and ITER < 0, see description below), then the
array A contains the factors L and U from the factorization
A = P*L*U; the unit diagonal elements of L are not stored.
LDA
LDA is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N).
IPIV
IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (N)
The pivot indices that define the permutation matrix P;
row i of the matrix was interchanged with row IPIV(i).
Corresponds either to the single precision factorization
(if INFO = 0 and ITER >= 0) or the double precision
factorization (if INFO = 0 and ITER < 0).
B
B is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDB,NRHS)
The N-by-NRHS right hand side matrix B.
LDB
LDB is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max(1,N).
X
X is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDX,NRHS)
If INFO = 0, the N-by-NRHS solution matrix X.
LDX
LDX is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array X. LDX >= max(1,N).
WORK
WORK is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (N,NRHS)
This array is used to hold the residual vectors.
SWORK
SWORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (N*(N+NRHS))
This array is used to use the single precision matrix and the
right-hand sides or solutions in single precision.
RWORK
RWORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
ITER
ITER is INTEGER
< 0: iterative refinement has failed, COMPLEX*16
factorization has been performed
-1 : the routine fell back to full precision for
implementation- or machine-specific reasons
-2 : narrowing the precision induced an overflow,
the routine fell back to full precision
-3 : failure of CGETRF
-31: stop the iterative refinement after the 30th
iterations
> 0: iterative refinement has been successfully used.
Returns the number of iterations
INFO
INFO is INTEGER
= 0: successful exit
< 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value
> 0: if INFO = i, U(i,i) computed in COMPLEX*16 is exactly
zero. The factorization has been completed, but the
factor U is exactly singular, so the solution
could not be computed.
Author
Univ. of Tennessee
Univ. of California Berkeley
Univ. of Colorado Denver
NAG Ltd.
subroutine zgels (character TRANS, integer M, integer N, integer NRHS, complex*16, dimension(
lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex*16, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer LDB, complex*16,
dimension( * ) WORK, integer LWORK, integer INFO)
ZGELS solves overdetermined or underdetermined systems for GE matrices
Purpose:
ZGELS solves overdetermined or underdetermined complex linear systems
involving an M-by-N matrix A, or its conjugate-transpose, using a QR
or LQ factorization of A. It is assumed that A has full rank.
The following options are provided:
1. If TRANS = 'N' and m >= n: find the least squares solution of
an overdetermined system, i.e., solve the least squares problem
minimize || B - A*X ||.
2. If TRANS = 'N' and m < n: find the minimum norm solution of
an underdetermined system A * X = B.
3. If TRANS = 'C' and m >= n: find the minimum norm solution of
an underdetermined system A**H * X = B.
4. If TRANS = 'C' and m < n: find the least squares solution of
an overdetermined system, i.e., solve the least squares problem
minimize || B - A**H * X ||.
Several right hand side vectors b and solution vectors x can be
handled in a single call; they are stored as the columns of the
M-by-NRHS right hand side matrix B and the N-by-NRHS solution
matrix X.
Parameters
TRANS
TRANS is CHARACTER*1
= 'N': the linear system involves A;
= 'C': the linear system involves A**H.
M
M is INTEGER
The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0.
N
N is INTEGER
The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0.
NRHS
NRHS is INTEGER
The number of right hand sides, i.e., the number of
columns of the matrices B and X. NRHS >= 0.
A
A is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDA,N)
On entry, the M-by-N matrix A.
if M >= N, A is overwritten by details of its QR
factorization as returned by ZGEQRF;
if M < N, A is overwritten by details of its LQ
factorization as returned by ZGELQF.
LDA
LDA is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M).
B
B is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDB,NRHS)
On entry, the matrix B of right hand side vectors, stored
columnwise; B is M-by-NRHS if TRANS = 'N', or N-by-NRHS
if TRANS = 'C'.
On exit, if INFO = 0, B is overwritten by the solution
vectors, stored columnwise:
if TRANS = 'N' and m >= n, rows 1 to n of B contain the least
squares solution vectors; the residual sum of squares for the
solution in each column is given by the sum of squares of the
modulus of elements N+1 to M in that column;
if TRANS = 'N' and m < n, rows 1 to N of B contain the
minimum norm solution vectors;
if TRANS = 'C' and m >= n, rows 1 to M of B contain the
minimum norm solution vectors;
if TRANS = 'C' and m < n, rows 1 to M of B contain the
least squares solution vectors; the residual sum of squares
for the solution in each column is given by the sum of
squares of the modulus of elements M+1 to N in that column.
LDB
LDB is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= MAX(1,M,N).
WORK
WORK is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.
LWORK
LWORK is INTEGER
The dimension of the array WORK.
LWORK >= max( 1, MN + max( MN, NRHS ) ).
For optimal performance,
LWORK >= max( 1, MN + max( MN, NRHS )*NB ).
where MN = min(M,N) and NB is the optimum block size.
If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns
this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error
message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA.
INFO
INFO is INTEGER
= 0: successful exit
< 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value
> 0: if INFO = i, the i-th diagonal element of the
triangular factor of A is zero, so that A does not have
full rank; the least squares solution could not be
computed.
Author
Univ. of Tennessee
Univ. of California Berkeley
Univ. of Colorado Denver
NAG Ltd.
subroutine zgelsd (integer M, integer N, integer NRHS, complex*16, dimension( lda, * ) A,
integer LDA, complex*16, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer LDB, double precision, dimension(
* ) S, double precision RCOND, integer RANK, complex*16, dimension( * ) WORK, integer
LWORK, double precision, dimension( * ) RWORK, integer, dimension( * ) IWORK, integer
INFO)
ZGELSD computes the minimum-norm solution to a linear least squares problem for GE
matrices
Purpose:
ZGELSD computes the minimum-norm solution to a real linear least
squares problem:
minimize 2-norm(| b - A*x |)
using the singular value decomposition (SVD) of A. A is an M-by-N
matrix which may be rank-deficient.
Several right hand side vectors b and solution vectors x can be
handled in a single call; they are stored as the columns of the
M-by-NRHS right hand side matrix B and the N-by-NRHS solution
matrix X.
The problem is solved in three steps:
(1) Reduce the coefficient matrix A to bidiagonal form with
Householder transformations, reducing the original problem
into a "bidiagonal least squares problem" (BLS)
(2) Solve the BLS using a divide and conquer approach.
(3) Apply back all the Householder transformations to solve
the original least squares problem.
The effective rank of A is determined by treating as zero those
singular values which are less than RCOND times the largest singular
value.
The divide and conquer algorithm makes very mild assumptions about
floating point arithmetic. It will work on machines with a guard
digit in add/subtract, or on those binary machines without guard
digits which subtract like the Cray X-MP, Cray Y-MP, Cray C-90, or
Cray-2. It could conceivably fail on hexadecimal or decimal machines
without guard digits, but we know of none.
Parameters
M
M is INTEGER
The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0.
N
N is INTEGER
The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0.
NRHS
NRHS is INTEGER
The number of right hand sides, i.e., the number of columns
of the matrices B and X. NRHS >= 0.
A
A is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDA,N)
On entry, the M-by-N matrix A.
On exit, A has been destroyed.
LDA
LDA is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M).
B
B is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDB,NRHS)
On entry, the M-by-NRHS right hand side matrix B.
On exit, B is overwritten by the N-by-NRHS solution matrix X.
If m >= n and RANK = n, the residual sum-of-squares for
the solution in the i-th column is given by the sum of
squares of the modulus of elements n+1:m in that column.
LDB
LDB is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max(1,M,N).
S
S is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (min(M,N))
The singular values of A in decreasing order.
The condition number of A in the 2-norm = S(1)/S(min(m,n)).
RCOND
RCOND is DOUBLE PRECISION
RCOND is used to determine the effective rank of A.
Singular values S(i) <= RCOND*S(1) are treated as zero.
If RCOND < 0, machine precision is used instead.
RANK
RANK is INTEGER
The effective rank of A, i.e., the number of singular values
which are greater than RCOND*S(1).
WORK
WORK is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.
LWORK
LWORK is INTEGER
The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK must be at least 1.
The exact minimum amount of workspace needed depends on M,
N and NRHS. As long as LWORK is at least
2*N + N*NRHS
if M is greater than or equal to N or
2*M + M*NRHS
if M is less than N, the code will execute correctly.
For good performance, LWORK should generally be larger.
If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
only calculates the optimal size of the array WORK and the
minimum sizes of the arrays RWORK and IWORK, and returns
these values as the first entries of the WORK, RWORK and
IWORK arrays, and no error message related to LWORK is issued
by XERBLA.
RWORK
RWORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MAX(1,LRWORK))
LRWORK >=
10*N + 2*N*SMLSIZ + 8*N*NLVL + 3*SMLSIZ*NRHS +
MAX( (SMLSIZ+1)**2, N*(1+NRHS) + 2*NRHS )
if M is greater than or equal to N or
10*M + 2*M*SMLSIZ + 8*M*NLVL + 3*SMLSIZ*NRHS +
MAX( (SMLSIZ+1)**2, N*(1+NRHS) + 2*NRHS )
if M is less than N, the code will execute correctly.
SMLSIZ is returned by ILAENV and is equal to the maximum
size of the subproblems at the bottom of the computation
tree (usually about 25), and
NLVL = MAX( 0, INT( LOG_2( MIN( M,N )/(SMLSIZ+1) ) ) + 1 )
On exit, if INFO = 0, RWORK(1) returns the minimum LRWORK.
IWORK
IWORK is INTEGER array, dimension (MAX(1,LIWORK))
LIWORK >= max(1, 3*MINMN*NLVL + 11*MINMN),
where MINMN = MIN( M,N ).
On exit, if INFO = 0, IWORK(1) returns the minimum LIWORK.
INFO
INFO is INTEGER
= 0: successful exit
< 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.
> 0: the algorithm for computing the SVD failed to converge;
if INFO = i, i off-diagonal elements of an intermediate
bidiagonal form did not converge to zero.
Author
Univ. of Tennessee
Univ. of California Berkeley
Univ. of Colorado Denver
NAG Ltd.
Contributors:
Ming Gu and Ren-Cang Li, Computer Science Division, University of California at
Berkeley, USA
Osni Marques, LBNL/NERSC, USA
subroutine zgelss (integer M, integer N, integer NRHS, complex*16, dimension( lda, * ) A,
integer LDA, complex*16, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer LDB, double precision, dimension(
* ) S, double precision RCOND, integer RANK, complex*16, dimension( * ) WORK, integer
LWORK, double precision, dimension( * ) RWORK, integer INFO)
ZGELSS solves overdetermined or underdetermined systems for GE matrices
Purpose:
ZGELSS computes the minimum norm solution to a complex linear
least squares problem:
Minimize 2-norm(| b - A*x |).
using the singular value decomposition (SVD) of A. A is an M-by-N
matrix which may be rank-deficient.
Several right hand side vectors b and solution vectors x can be
handled in a single call; they are stored as the columns of the
M-by-NRHS right hand side matrix B and the N-by-NRHS solution matrix
X.
The effective rank of A is determined by treating as zero those
singular values which are less than RCOND times the largest singular
value.
Parameters
M
M is INTEGER
The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0.
N
N is INTEGER
The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0.
NRHS
NRHS is INTEGER
The number of right hand sides, i.e., the number of columns
of the matrices B and X. NRHS >= 0.
A
A is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDA,N)
On entry, the M-by-N matrix A.
On exit, the first min(m,n) rows of A are overwritten with
its right singular vectors, stored rowwise.
LDA
LDA is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M).
B
B is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDB,NRHS)
On entry, the M-by-NRHS right hand side matrix B.
On exit, B is overwritten by the N-by-NRHS solution matrix X.
If m >= n and RANK = n, the residual sum-of-squares for
the solution in the i-th column is given by the sum of
squares of the modulus of elements n+1:m in that column.
LDB
LDB is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max(1,M,N).
S
S is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (min(M,N))
The singular values of A in decreasing order.
The condition number of A in the 2-norm = S(1)/S(min(m,n)).
RCOND
RCOND is DOUBLE PRECISION
RCOND is used to determine the effective rank of A.
Singular values S(i) <= RCOND*S(1) are treated as zero.
If RCOND < 0, machine precision is used instead.
RANK
RANK is INTEGER
The effective rank of A, i.e., the number of singular values
which are greater than RCOND*S(1).
WORK
WORK is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.
LWORK
LWORK is INTEGER
The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK >= 1, and also:
LWORK >= 2*min(M,N) + max(M,N,NRHS)
For good performance, LWORK should generally be larger.
If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns
this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error
message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA.
RWORK
RWORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (5*min(M,N))
INFO
INFO is INTEGER
= 0: successful exit
< 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.
> 0: the algorithm for computing the SVD failed to converge;
if INFO = i, i off-diagonal elements of an intermediate
bidiagonal form did not converge to zero.
Author
Univ. of Tennessee
Univ. of California Berkeley
Univ. of Colorado Denver
NAG Ltd.
subroutine zgelst (character TRANS, integer M, integer N, integer NRHS, complex*16, dimension(
lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex*16, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer LDB, complex*16,
dimension( * ) WORK, integer LWORK, integer INFO)
ZGELST solves overdetermined or underdetermined systems for GE matrices using QR or LQ
factorization with compact WY representation of Q.
Purpose:
ZGELST solves overdetermined or underdetermined real linear systems
involving an M-by-N matrix A, or its conjugate-transpose, using a QR
or LQ factorization of A with compact WY representation of Q.
It is assumed that A has full rank.
The following options are provided:
1. If TRANS = 'N' and m >= n: find the least squares solution of
an overdetermined system, i.e., solve the least squares problem
minimize || B - A*X ||.
2. If TRANS = 'N' and m < n: find the minimum norm solution of
an underdetermined system A * X = B.
3. If TRANS = 'C' and m >= n: find the minimum norm solution of
an underdetermined system A**T * X = B.
4. If TRANS = 'C' and m < n: find the least squares solution of
an overdetermined system, i.e., solve the least squares problem
minimize || B - A**T * X ||.
Several right hand side vectors b and solution vectors x can be
handled in a single call; they are stored as the columns of the
M-by-NRHS right hand side matrix B and the N-by-NRHS solution
matrix X.
Parameters
TRANS
TRANS is CHARACTER*1
= 'N': the linear system involves A;
= 'C': the linear system involves A**H.
M
M is INTEGER
The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0.
N
N is INTEGER
The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0.
NRHS
NRHS is INTEGER
The number of right hand sides, i.e., the number of
columns of the matrices B and X. NRHS >=0.
A
A is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDA,N)
On entry, the M-by-N matrix A.
On exit,
if M >= N, A is overwritten by details of its QR
factorization as returned by ZGEQRT;
if M < N, A is overwritten by details of its LQ
factorization as returned by ZGELQT.
LDA
LDA is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M).
B
B is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDB,NRHS)
On entry, the matrix B of right hand side vectors, stored
columnwise; B is M-by-NRHS if TRANS = 'N', or N-by-NRHS
if TRANS = 'C'.
On exit, if INFO = 0, B is overwritten by the solution
vectors, stored columnwise:
if TRANS = 'N' and m >= n, rows 1 to n of B contain the least
squares solution vectors; the residual sum of squares for the
solution in each column is given by the sum of squares of
modulus of elements N+1 to M in that column;
if TRANS = 'N' and m < n, rows 1 to N of B contain the
minimum norm solution vectors;
if TRANS = 'C' and m >= n, rows 1 to M of B contain the
minimum norm solution vectors;
if TRANS = 'C' and m < n, rows 1 to M of B contain the
least squares solution vectors; the residual sum of squares
for the solution in each column is given by the sum of
squares of the modulus of elements M+1 to N in that column.
LDB
LDB is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= MAX(1,M,N).
WORK
WORK is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.
LWORK
LWORK is INTEGER
The dimension of the array WORK.
LWORK >= max( 1, MN + max( MN, NRHS ) ).
For optimal performance,
LWORK >= max( 1, (MN + max( MN, NRHS ))*NB ).
where MN = min(M,N) and NB is the optimum block size.
If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns
this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error
message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA.
INFO
INFO is INTEGER
= 0: successful exit
< 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value
> 0: if INFO = i, the i-th diagonal element of the
triangular factor of A is zero, so that A does not have
full rank; the least squares solution could not be
computed.
Author
Univ. of Tennessee
Univ. of California Berkeley
Univ. of Colorado Denver
NAG Ltd.
Contributors:
November 2022, Igor Kozachenko,
Computer Science Division,
University of California, Berkeley
subroutine zgelsy (integer M, integer N, integer NRHS, complex*16, dimension( lda, * ) A,
integer LDA, complex*16, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer LDB, integer, dimension( * ) JPVT,
double precision RCOND, integer RANK, complex*16, dimension( * ) WORK, integer LWORK,
double precision, dimension( * ) RWORK, integer INFO)
ZGELSY solves overdetermined or underdetermined systems for GE matrices
Purpose:
ZGELSY computes the minimum-norm solution to a complex linear least
squares problem:
minimize || A * X - B ||
using a complete orthogonal factorization of A. A is an M-by-N
matrix which may be rank-deficient.
Several right hand side vectors b and solution vectors x can be
handled in a single call; they are stored as the columns of the
M-by-NRHS right hand side matrix B and the N-by-NRHS solution
matrix X.
The routine first computes a QR factorization with column pivoting:
A * P = Q * [ R11 R12 ]
[ 0 R22 ]
with R11 defined as the largest leading submatrix whose estimated
condition number is less than 1/RCOND. The order of R11, RANK,
is the effective rank of A.
Then, R22 is considered to be negligible, and R12 is annihilated
by unitary transformations from the right, arriving at the
complete orthogonal factorization:
A * P = Q * [ T11 0 ] * Z
[ 0 0 ]
The minimum-norm solution is then
X = P * Z**H [ inv(T11)*Q1**H*B ]
[ 0 ]
where Q1 consists of the first RANK columns of Q.
This routine is basically identical to the original xGELSX except
three differences:
o The permutation of matrix B (the right hand side) is faster and
more simple.
o The call to the subroutine xGEQPF has been substituted by the
the call to the subroutine xGEQP3. This subroutine is a Blas-3
version of the QR factorization with column pivoting.
o Matrix B (the right hand side) is updated with Blas-3.
Parameters
M
M is INTEGER
The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0.
N
N is INTEGER
The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0.
NRHS
NRHS is INTEGER
The number of right hand sides, i.e., the number of
columns of matrices B and X. NRHS >= 0.
A
A is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDA,N)
On entry, the M-by-N matrix A.
On exit, A has been overwritten by details of its
complete orthogonal factorization.
LDA
LDA is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M).
B
B is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDB,NRHS)
On entry, the M-by-NRHS right hand side matrix B.
On exit, the N-by-NRHS solution matrix X.
LDB
LDB is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max(1,M,N).
JPVT
JPVT is INTEGER array, dimension (N)
On entry, if JPVT(i) .ne. 0, the i-th column of A is permuted
to the front of AP, otherwise column i is a free column.
On exit, if JPVT(i) = k, then the i-th column of A*P
was the k-th column of A.
RCOND
RCOND is DOUBLE PRECISION
RCOND is used to determine the effective rank of A, which
is defined as the order of the largest leading triangular
submatrix R11 in the QR factorization with pivoting of A,
whose estimated condition number < 1/RCOND.
RANK
RANK is INTEGER
The effective rank of A, i.e., the order of the submatrix
R11. This is the same as the order of the submatrix T11
in the complete orthogonal factorization of A.
WORK
WORK is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.
LWORK
LWORK is INTEGER
The dimension of the array WORK.
The unblocked strategy requires that:
LWORK >= MN + MAX( 2*MN, N+1, MN+NRHS )
where MN = min(M,N).
The block algorithm requires that:
LWORK >= MN + MAX( 2*MN, NB*(N+1), MN+MN*NB, MN+NB*NRHS )
where NB is an upper bound on the blocksize returned
by ILAENV for the routines ZGEQP3, ZTZRZF, CTZRQF, ZUNMQR,
and ZUNMRZ.
If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns
this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error
message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA.
RWORK
RWORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (2*N)
INFO
INFO is INTEGER
= 0: successful exit
< 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value
Author
Univ. of Tennessee
Univ. of California Berkeley
Univ. of Colorado Denver
NAG Ltd.
Contributors:
A. Petitet, Computer Science Dept., Univ. of Tenn., Knoxville, USA
E. Quintana-Orti, Depto. de Informatica, Universidad Jaime I, Spain
G. Quintana-Orti, Depto. de Informatica, Universidad Jaime I, Spain
subroutine zgesv (integer N, integer NRHS, complex*16, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA,
integer, dimension( * ) IPIV, complex*16, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer LDB, integer
INFO)
ZGESV computes the solution to system of linear equations A * X = B for GE matrices
(simple driver)
Purpose:
ZGESV computes the solution to a complex system of linear equations
A * X = B,
where A is an N-by-N matrix and X and B are N-by-NRHS matrices.
The LU decomposition with partial pivoting and row interchanges is
used to factor A as
A = P * L * U,
where P is a permutation matrix, L is unit lower triangular, and U is
upper triangular. The factored form of A is then used to solve the
system of equations A * X = B.
Parameters
N
N is INTEGER
The number of linear equations, i.e., the order of the
matrix A. N >= 0.
NRHS
NRHS is INTEGER
The number of right hand sides, i.e., the number of columns
of the matrix B. NRHS >= 0.
A
A is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDA,N)
On entry, the N-by-N coefficient matrix A.
On exit, the factors L and U from the factorization
A = P*L*U; the unit diagonal elements of L are not stored.
LDA
LDA is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N).
IPIV
IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (N)
The pivot indices that define the permutation matrix P;
row i of the matrix was interchanged with row IPIV(i).
B
B is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDB,NRHS)
On entry, the N-by-NRHS matrix of right hand side matrix B.
On exit, if INFO = 0, the N-by-NRHS solution matrix X.
LDB
LDB is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max(1,N).
INFO
INFO is INTEGER
= 0: successful exit
< 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value
> 0: if INFO = i, U(i,i) is exactly zero. The factorization
has been completed, but the factor U is exactly
singular, so the solution could not be computed.
Author
Univ. of Tennessee
Univ. of California Berkeley
Univ. of Colorado Denver
NAG Ltd.
subroutine zgesvx (character FACT, character TRANS, integer N, integer NRHS, complex*16,
dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex*16, dimension( ldaf, * ) AF, integer LDAF,
integer, dimension( * ) IPIV, character EQUED, double precision, dimension( * ) R, double
precision, dimension( * ) C, complex*16, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer LDB, complex*16,
dimension( ldx, * ) X, integer LDX, double precision RCOND, double precision, dimension( *
) FERR, double precision, dimension( * ) BERR, complex*16, dimension( * ) WORK, double
precision, dimension( * ) RWORK, integer INFO)
ZGESVX computes the solution to system of linear equations A * X = B for GE matrices
Purpose:
ZGESVX uses the LU factorization to compute the solution to a complex
system of linear equations
A * X = B,
where A is an N-by-N matrix and X and B are N-by-NRHS matrices.
Error bounds on the solution and a condition estimate are also
provided.
Description:
The following steps are performed:
1. If FACT = 'E', real scaling factors are computed to equilibrate
the system:
TRANS = 'N': diag(R)*A*diag(C) *inv(diag(C))*X = diag(R)*B
TRANS = 'T': (diag(R)*A*diag(C))**T *inv(diag(R))*X = diag(C)*B
TRANS = 'C': (diag(R)*A*diag(C))**H *inv(diag(R))*X = diag(C)*B
Whether or not the system will be equilibrated depends on the
scaling of the matrix A, but if equilibration is used, A is
overwritten by diag(R)*A*diag(C) and B by diag(R)*B (if TRANS='N')
or diag(C)*B (if TRANS = 'T' or 'C').
2. If FACT = 'N' or 'E', the LU decomposition is used to factor the
matrix A (after equilibration if FACT = 'E') as
A = P * L * U,
where P is a permutation matrix, L is a unit lower triangular
matrix, and U is upper triangular.
3. If some U(i,i)=0, so that U is exactly singular, then the routine
returns with INFO = i. Otherwise, the factored form of A is used
to estimate the condition number of the matrix A. If the
reciprocal of the condition number is less than machine precision,
INFO = N+1 is returned as a warning, but the routine still goes on
to solve for X and compute error bounds as described below.
4. The system of equations is solved for X using the factored form
of A.
5. Iterative refinement is applied to improve the computed solution
matrix and calculate error bounds and backward error estimates
for it.
6. If equilibration was used, the matrix X is premultiplied by
diag(C) (if TRANS = 'N') or diag(R) (if TRANS = 'T' or 'C') so
that it solves the original system before equilibration.
Parameters
FACT
FACT is CHARACTER*1
Specifies whether or not the factored form of the matrix A is
supplied on entry, and if not, whether the matrix A should be
equilibrated before it is factored.
= 'F': On entry, AF and IPIV contain the factored form of A.
If EQUED is not 'N', the matrix A has been
equilibrated with scaling factors given by R and C.
A, AF, and IPIV are not modified.
= 'N': The matrix A will be copied to AF and factored.
= 'E': The matrix A will be equilibrated if necessary, then
copied to AF and factored.
TRANS
TRANS is CHARACTER*1
Specifies the form of the system of equations:
= 'N': A * X = B (No transpose)
= 'T': A**T * X = B (Transpose)
= 'C': A**H * X = B (Conjugate transpose)
N
N is INTEGER
The number of linear equations, i.e., the order of the
matrix A. N >= 0.
NRHS
NRHS is INTEGER
The number of right hand sides, i.e., the number of columns
of the matrices B and X. NRHS >= 0.
A
A is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDA,N)
On entry, the N-by-N matrix A. If FACT = 'F' and EQUED is
not 'N', then A must have been equilibrated by the scaling
factors in R and/or C. A is not modified if FACT = 'F' or
'N', or if FACT = 'E' and EQUED = 'N' on exit.
On exit, if EQUED .ne. 'N', A is scaled as follows:
EQUED = 'R': A := diag(R) * A
EQUED = 'C': A := A * diag(C)
EQUED = 'B': A := diag(R) * A * diag(C).
LDA
LDA is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N).
AF
AF is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDAF,N)
If FACT = 'F', then AF is an input argument and on entry
contains the factors L and U from the factorization
A = P*L*U as computed by ZGETRF. If EQUED .ne. 'N', then
AF is the factored form of the equilibrated matrix A.
If FACT = 'N', then AF is an output argument and on exit
returns the factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U
of the original matrix A.
If FACT = 'E', then AF is an output argument and on exit
returns the factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U
of the equilibrated matrix A (see the description of A for
the form of the equilibrated matrix).
LDAF
LDAF is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array AF. LDAF >= max(1,N).
IPIV
IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (N)
If FACT = 'F', then IPIV is an input argument and on entry
contains the pivot indices from the factorization A = P*L*U
as computed by ZGETRF; row i of the matrix was interchanged
with row IPIV(i).
If FACT = 'N', then IPIV is an output argument and on exit
contains the pivot indices from the factorization A = P*L*U
of the original matrix A.
If FACT = 'E', then IPIV is an output argument and on exit
contains the pivot indices from the factorization A = P*L*U
of the equilibrated matrix A.
EQUED
EQUED is CHARACTER*1
Specifies the form of equilibration that was done.
= 'N': No equilibration (always true if FACT = 'N').
= 'R': Row equilibration, i.e., A has been premultiplied by
diag(R).
= 'C': Column equilibration, i.e., A has been postmultiplied
by diag(C).
= 'B': Both row and column equilibration, i.e., A has been
replaced by diag(R) * A * diag(C).
EQUED is an input argument if FACT = 'F'; otherwise, it is an
output argument.
R
R is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
The row scale factors for A. If EQUED = 'R' or 'B', A is
multiplied on the left by diag(R); if EQUED = 'N' or 'C', R
is not accessed. R is an input argument if FACT = 'F';
otherwise, R is an output argument. If FACT = 'F' and
EQUED = 'R' or 'B', each element of R must be positive.
C
C is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
The column scale factors for A. If EQUED = 'C' or 'B', A is
multiplied on the right by diag(C); if EQUED = 'N' or 'R', C
is not accessed. C is an input argument if FACT = 'F';
otherwise, C is an output argument. If FACT = 'F' and
EQUED = 'C' or 'B', each element of C must be positive.
B
B is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDB,NRHS)
On entry, the N-by-NRHS right hand side matrix B.
On exit,
if EQUED = 'N', B is not modified;
if TRANS = 'N' and EQUED = 'R' or 'B', B is overwritten by
diag(R)*B;
if TRANS = 'T' or 'C' and EQUED = 'C' or 'B', B is
overwritten by diag(C)*B.
LDB
LDB is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max(1,N).
X
X is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDX,NRHS)
If INFO = 0 or INFO = N+1, the N-by-NRHS solution matrix X
to the original system of equations. Note that A and B are
modified on exit if EQUED .ne. 'N', and the solution to the
equilibrated system is inv(diag(C))*X if TRANS = 'N' and
EQUED = 'C' or 'B', or inv(diag(R))*X if TRANS = 'T' or 'C'
and EQUED = 'R' or 'B'.
LDX
LDX is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array X. LDX >= max(1,N).
RCOND
RCOND is DOUBLE PRECISION
The estimate of the reciprocal condition number of the matrix
A after equilibration (if done). If RCOND is less than the
machine precision (in particular, if RCOND = 0), the matrix
is singular to working precision. This condition is
indicated by a return code of INFO > 0.
FERR
FERR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (NRHS)
The estimated forward error bound for each solution vector
X(j) (the j-th column of the solution matrix X).
If XTRUE is the true solution corresponding to X(j), FERR(j)
is an estimated upper bound for the magnitude of the largest
element in (X(j) - XTRUE) divided by the magnitude of the
largest element in X(j). The estimate is as reliable as
the estimate for RCOND, and is almost always a slight
overestimate of the true error.
BERR
BERR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (NRHS)
The componentwise relative backward error of each solution
vector X(j) (i.e., the smallest relative change in
any element of A or B that makes X(j) an exact solution).
WORK
WORK is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (2*N)
RWORK
RWORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (2*N)
On exit, RWORK(1) contains the reciprocal pivot growth
factor norm(A)/norm(U). The "max absolute element" norm is
used. If RWORK(1) is much less than 1, then the stability
of the LU factorization of the (equilibrated) matrix A
could be poor. This also means that the solution X, condition
estimator RCOND, and forward error bound FERR could be
unreliable. If factorization fails with 0<INFO<=N, then
RWORK(1) contains the reciprocal pivot growth factor for the
leading INFO columns of A.
INFO
INFO is INTEGER
= 0: successful exit
< 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value
> 0: if INFO = i, and i is
<= N: U(i,i) is exactly zero. The factorization has
been completed, but the factor U is exactly
singular, so the solution and error bounds
could not be computed. RCOND = 0 is returned.
= N+1: U is nonsingular, but RCOND is less than machine
precision, meaning that the matrix is singular
to working precision. Nevertheless, the
solution and error bounds are computed because
there are a number of situations where the
computed solution can be more accurate than the
value of RCOND would suggest.
Author
Univ. of Tennessee
Univ. of California Berkeley
Univ. of Colorado Denver
NAG Ltd.
subroutine zgesvxx (character FACT, character TRANS, integer N, integer NRHS, complex*16,
dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex*16, dimension( ldaf, * ) AF, integer LDAF,
integer, dimension( * ) IPIV, character EQUED, double precision, dimension( * ) R, double
precision, dimension( * ) C, complex*16, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer LDB, complex*16,
dimension( ldx , * ) X, integer LDX, double precision RCOND, double precision RPVGRW,
double precision, dimension( * ) BERR, integer N_ERR_BNDS, double precision, dimension(
nrhs, * ) ERR_BNDS_NORM, double precision, dimension( nrhs, * ) ERR_BNDS_COMP, integer
NPARAMS, double precision, dimension( * ) PARAMS, complex*16, dimension( * ) WORK, double
precision, dimension( * ) RWORK, integer INFO)
ZGESVXX computes the solution to system of linear equations A * X = B for GE matrices
Purpose:
ZGESVXX uses the LU factorization to compute the solution to a
complex*16 system of linear equations A * X = B, where A is an
N-by-N matrix and X and B are N-by-NRHS matrices.
If requested, both normwise and maximum componentwise error bounds
are returned. ZGESVXX will return a solution with a tiny
guaranteed error (O(eps) where eps is the working machine
precision) unless the matrix is very ill-conditioned, in which
case a warning is returned. Relevant condition numbers also are
calculated and returned.
ZGESVXX accepts user-provided factorizations and equilibration
factors; see the definitions of the FACT and EQUED options.
Solving with refinement and using a factorization from a previous
ZGESVXX call will also produce a solution with either O(eps)
errors or warnings, but we cannot make that claim for general
user-provided factorizations and equilibration factors if they
differ from what ZGESVXX would itself produce.
Description:
The following steps are performed:
1. If FACT = 'E', double precision scaling factors are computed to equilibrate
the system:
TRANS = 'N': diag(R)*A*diag(C) *inv(diag(C))*X = diag(R)*B
TRANS = 'T': (diag(R)*A*diag(C))**T *inv(diag(R))*X = diag(C)*B
TRANS = 'C': (diag(R)*A*diag(C))**H *inv(diag(R))*X = diag(C)*B
Whether or not the system will be equilibrated depends on the
scaling of the matrix A, but if equilibration is used, A is
overwritten by diag(R)*A*diag(C) and B by diag(R)*B (if TRANS='N')
or diag(C)*B (if TRANS = 'T' or 'C').
2. If FACT = 'N' or 'E', the LU decomposition is used to factor
the matrix A (after equilibration if FACT = 'E') as
A = P * L * U,
where P is a permutation matrix, L is a unit lower triangular
matrix, and U is upper triangular.
3. If some U(i,i)=0, so that U is exactly singular, then the
routine returns with INFO = i. Otherwise, the factored form of A
is used to estimate the condition number of the matrix A (see
argument RCOND). If the reciprocal of the condition number is less
than machine precision, the routine still goes on to solve for X
and compute error bounds as described below.
4. The system of equations is solved for X using the factored form
of A.
5. By default (unless PARAMS(LA_LINRX_ITREF_I) is set to zero),
the routine will use iterative refinement to try to get a small
error and error bounds. Refinement calculates the residual to at
least twice the working precision.
6. If equilibration was used, the matrix X is premultiplied by
diag(C) (if TRANS = 'N') or diag(R) (if TRANS = 'T' or 'C') so
that it solves the original system before equilibration.
Some optional parameters are bundled in the PARAMS array. These
settings determine how refinement is performed, but often the
defaults are acceptable. If the defaults are acceptable, users
can pass NPARAMS = 0 which prevents the source code from accessing
the PARAMS argument.
Parameters
FACT
FACT is CHARACTER*1
Specifies whether or not the factored form of the matrix A is
supplied on entry, and if not, whether the matrix A should be
equilibrated before it is factored.
= 'F': On entry, AF and IPIV contain the factored form of A.
If EQUED is not 'N', the matrix A has been
equilibrated with scaling factors given by R and C.
A, AF, and IPIV are not modified.
= 'N': The matrix A will be copied to AF and factored.
= 'E': The matrix A will be equilibrated if necessary, then
copied to AF and factored.
TRANS
TRANS is CHARACTER*1
Specifies the form of the system of equations:
= 'N': A * X = B (No transpose)
= 'T': A**T * X = B (Transpose)
= 'C': A**H * X = B (Conjugate Transpose)
N
N is INTEGER
The number of linear equations, i.e., the order of the
matrix A. N >= 0.
NRHS
NRHS is INTEGER
The number of right hand sides, i.e., the number of columns
of the matrices B and X. NRHS >= 0.
A
A is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDA,N)
On entry, the N-by-N matrix A. If FACT = 'F' and EQUED is
not 'N', then A must have been equilibrated by the scaling
factors in R and/or C. A is not modified if FACT = 'F' or
'N', or if FACT = 'E' and EQUED = 'N' on exit.
On exit, if EQUED .ne. 'N', A is scaled as follows:
EQUED = 'R': A := diag(R) * A
EQUED = 'C': A := A * diag(C)
EQUED = 'B': A := diag(R) * A * diag(C).
LDA
LDA is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N).
AF
AF is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDAF,N)
If FACT = 'F', then AF is an input argument and on entry
contains the factors L and U from the factorization
A = P*L*U as computed by ZGETRF. If EQUED .ne. 'N', then
AF is the factored form of the equilibrated matrix A.
If FACT = 'N', then AF is an output argument and on exit
returns the factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U
of the original matrix A.
If FACT = 'E', then AF is an output argument and on exit
returns the factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U
of the equilibrated matrix A (see the description of A for
the form of the equilibrated matrix).
LDAF
LDAF is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array AF. LDAF >= max(1,N).
IPIV
IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (N)
If FACT = 'F', then IPIV is an input argument and on entry
contains the pivot indices from the factorization A = P*L*U
as computed by ZGETRF; row i of the matrix was interchanged
with row IPIV(i).
If FACT = 'N', then IPIV is an output argument and on exit
contains the pivot indices from the factorization A = P*L*U
of the original matrix A.
If FACT = 'E', then IPIV is an output argument and on exit
contains the pivot indices from the factorization A = P*L*U
of the equilibrated matrix A.
EQUED
EQUED is CHARACTER*1
Specifies the form of equilibration that was done.
= 'N': No equilibration (always true if FACT = 'N').
= 'R': Row equilibration, i.e., A has been premultiplied by
diag(R).
= 'C': Column equilibration, i.e., A has been postmultiplied
by diag(C).
= 'B': Both row and column equilibration, i.e., A has been
replaced by diag(R) * A * diag(C).
EQUED is an input argument if FACT = 'F'; otherwise, it is an
output argument.
R
R is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
The row scale factors for A. If EQUED = 'R' or 'B', A is
multiplied on the left by diag(R); if EQUED = 'N' or 'C', R
is not accessed. R is an input argument if FACT = 'F';
otherwise, R is an output argument. If FACT = 'F' and
EQUED = 'R' or 'B', each element of R must be positive.
If R is output, each element of R is a power of the radix.
If R is input, each element of R should be a power of the radix
to ensure a reliable solution and error estimates. Scaling by
powers of the radix does not cause rounding errors unless the
result underflows or overflows. Rounding errors during scaling
lead to refining with a matrix that is not equivalent to the
input matrix, producing error estimates that may not be
reliable.
C
C is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
The column scale factors for A. If EQUED = 'C' or 'B', A is
multiplied on the right by diag(C); if EQUED = 'N' or 'R', C
is not accessed. C is an input argument if FACT = 'F';
otherwise, C is an output argument. If FACT = 'F' and
EQUED = 'C' or 'B', each element of C must be positive.
If C is output, each element of C is a power of the radix.
If C is input, each element of C should be a power of the radix
to ensure a reliable solution and error estimates. Scaling by
powers of the radix does not cause rounding errors unless the
result underflows or overflows. Rounding errors during scaling
lead to refining with a matrix that is not equivalent to the
input matrix, producing error estimates that may not be
reliable.
B
B is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDB,NRHS)
On entry, the N-by-NRHS right hand side matrix B.
On exit,
if EQUED = 'N', B is not modified;
if TRANS = 'N' and EQUED = 'R' or 'B', B is overwritten by
diag(R)*B;
if TRANS = 'T' or 'C' and EQUED = 'C' or 'B', B is
overwritten by diag(C)*B.
LDB
LDB is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max(1,N).
X
X is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDX,NRHS)
If INFO = 0, the N-by-NRHS solution matrix X to the original
system of equations. Note that A and B are modified on exit
if EQUED .ne. 'N', and the solution to the equilibrated system is
inv(diag(C))*X if TRANS = 'N' and EQUED = 'C' or 'B', or
inv(diag(R))*X if TRANS = 'T' or 'C' and EQUED = 'R' or 'B'.
LDX
LDX is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array X. LDX >= max(1,N).
RCOND
RCOND is DOUBLE PRECISION
Reciprocal scaled condition number. This is an estimate of the
reciprocal Skeel condition number of the matrix A after
equilibration (if done). If this is less than the machine
precision (in particular, if it is zero), the matrix is singular
to working precision. Note that the error may still be small even
if this number is very small and the matrix appears ill-
conditioned.
RPVGRW
RPVGRW is DOUBLE PRECISION
Reciprocal pivot growth. On exit, this contains the reciprocal
pivot growth factor norm(A)/norm(U). The "max absolute element"
norm is used. If this is much less than 1, then the stability of
the LU factorization of the (equilibrated) matrix A could be poor.
This also means that the solution X, estimated condition numbers,
and error bounds could be unreliable. If factorization fails with
0<INFO<=N, then this contains the reciprocal pivot growth factor
for the leading INFO columns of A. In ZGESVX, this quantity is
returned in WORK(1).
BERR
BERR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (NRHS)
Componentwise relative backward error. This is the
componentwise relative backward error of each solution vector X(j)
(i.e., the smallest relative change in any element of A or B that
makes X(j) an exact solution).
N_ERR_BNDS
N_ERR_BNDS is INTEGER
Number of error bounds to return for each right hand side
and each type (normwise or componentwise). See ERR_BNDS_NORM and
ERR_BNDS_COMP below.
ERR_BNDS_NORM
ERR_BNDS_NORM is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (NRHS, N_ERR_BNDS)
For each right-hand side, this array contains information about
various error bounds and condition numbers corresponding to the
normwise relative error, which is defined as follows:
Normwise relative error in the ith solution vector:
max_j (abs(XTRUE(j,i) - X(j,i)))
------------------------------
max_j abs(X(j,i))
The array is indexed by the type of error information as described
below. There currently are up to three pieces of information
returned.
The first index in ERR_BNDS_NORM(i,:) corresponds to the ith
right-hand side.
The second index in ERR_BNDS_NORM(:,err) contains the following
three fields:
err = 1 "Trust/don't trust" boolean. Trust the answer if the
reciprocal condition number is less than the threshold
sqrt(n) * dlamch('Epsilon').
err = 2 "Guaranteed" error bound: The estimated forward error,
almost certainly within a factor of 10 of the true error
so long as the next entry is greater than the threshold
sqrt(n) * dlamch('Epsilon'). This error bound should only
be trusted if the previous boolean is true.
err = 3 Reciprocal condition number: Estimated normwise
reciprocal condition number. Compared with the threshold
sqrt(n) * dlamch('Epsilon') to determine if the error
estimate is "guaranteed". These reciprocal condition
numbers are 1 / (norm(Z^{-1},inf) * norm(Z,inf)) for some
appropriately scaled matrix Z.
Let Z = S*A, where S scales each row by a power of the
radix so all absolute row sums of Z are approximately 1.
See Lapack Working Note 165 for further details and extra
cautions.
ERR_BNDS_COMP
ERR_BNDS_COMP is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (NRHS, N_ERR_BNDS)
For each right-hand side, this array contains information about
various error bounds and condition numbers corresponding to the
componentwise relative error, which is defined as follows:
Componentwise relative error in the ith solution vector:
abs(XTRUE(j,i) - X(j,i))
max_j ----------------------
abs(X(j,i))
The array is indexed by the right-hand side i (on which the
componentwise relative error depends), and the type of error
information as described below. There currently are up to three
pieces of information returned for each right-hand side. If
componentwise accuracy is not requested (PARAMS(3) = 0.0), then
ERR_BNDS_COMP is not accessed. If N_ERR_BNDS < 3, then at most
the first (:,N_ERR_BNDS) entries are returned.
The first index in ERR_BNDS_COMP(i,:) corresponds to the ith
right-hand side.
The second index in ERR_BNDS_COMP(:,err) contains the following
three fields:
err = 1 "Trust/don't trust" boolean. Trust the answer if the
reciprocal condition number is less than the threshold
sqrt(n) * dlamch('Epsilon').
err = 2 "Guaranteed" error bound: The estimated forward error,
almost certainly within a factor of 10 of the true error
so long as the next entry is greater than the threshold
sqrt(n) * dlamch('Epsilon'). This error bound should only
be trusted if the previous boolean is true.
err = 3 Reciprocal condition number: Estimated componentwise
reciprocal condition number. Compared with the threshold
sqrt(n) * dlamch('Epsilon') to determine if the error
estimate is "guaranteed". These reciprocal condition
numbers are 1 / (norm(Z^{-1},inf) * norm(Z,inf)) for some
appropriately scaled matrix Z.
Let Z = S*(A*diag(x)), where x is the solution for the
current right-hand side and S scales each row of
A*diag(x) by a power of the radix so all absolute row
sums of Z are approximately 1.
See Lapack Working Note 165 for further details and extra
cautions.
NPARAMS
NPARAMS is INTEGER
Specifies the number of parameters set in PARAMS. If <= 0, the
PARAMS array is never referenced and default values are used.
PARAMS
PARAMS is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension NPARAMS
Specifies algorithm parameters. If an entry is < 0.0, then
that entry will be filled with default value used for that
parameter. Only positions up to NPARAMS are accessed; defaults
are used for higher-numbered parameters.
PARAMS(LA_LINRX_ITREF_I = 1) : Whether to perform iterative
refinement or not.
Default: 1.0D+0
= 0.0: No refinement is performed, and no error bounds are
computed.
= 1.0: Use the extra-precise refinement algorithm.
(other values are reserved for future use)
PARAMS(LA_LINRX_ITHRESH_I = 2) : Maximum number of residual
computations allowed for refinement.
Default: 10
Aggressive: Set to 100 to permit convergence using approximate
factorizations or factorizations other than LU. If
the factorization uses a technique other than
Gaussian elimination, the guarantees in
err_bnds_norm and err_bnds_comp may no longer be
trustworthy.
PARAMS(LA_LINRX_CWISE_I = 3) : Flag determining if the code
will attempt to find a solution with small componentwise
relative error in the double-precision algorithm. Positive
is true, 0.0 is false.
Default: 1.0 (attempt componentwise convergence)
WORK
WORK is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (2*N)
RWORK
RWORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (2*N)
INFO
INFO is INTEGER
= 0: Successful exit. The solution to every right-hand side is
guaranteed.
< 0: If INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value
> 0 and <= N: U(INFO,INFO) is exactly zero. The factorization
has been completed, but the factor U is exactly singular, so
the solution and error bounds could not be computed. RCOND = 0
is returned.
= N+J: The solution corresponding to the Jth right-hand side is
not guaranteed. The solutions corresponding to other right-
hand sides K with K > J may not be guaranteed as well, but
only the first such right-hand side is reported. If a small
componentwise error is not requested (PARAMS(3) = 0.0) then
the Jth right-hand side is the first with a normwise error
bound that is not guaranteed (the smallest J such
that ERR_BNDS_NORM(J,1) = 0.0). By default (PARAMS(3) = 1.0)
the Jth right-hand side is the first with either a normwise or
componentwise error bound that is not guaranteed (the smallest
J such that either ERR_BNDS_NORM(J,1) = 0.0 or
ERR_BNDS_COMP(J,1) = 0.0). See the definition of
ERR_BNDS_NORM(:,1) and ERR_BNDS_COMP(:,1). To get information
about all of the right-hand sides check ERR_BNDS_NORM or
ERR_BNDS_COMP.
Author
Univ. of Tennessee
Univ. of California Berkeley
Univ. of Colorado Denver
NAG Ltd.
subroutine zgetsls (character TRANS, integer M, integer N, integer NRHS, complex*16,
dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex*16, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer LDB,
complex*16, dimension( * ) WORK, integer LWORK, integer INFO)
ZGETSLS
Purpose:
ZGETSLS solves overdetermined or underdetermined complex linear systems
involving an M-by-N matrix A, using a tall skinny QR or short wide LQ
factorization of A. It is assumed that A has full rank.
The following options are provided:
1. If TRANS = 'N' and m >= n: find the least squares solution of
an overdetermined system, i.e., solve the least squares problem
minimize || B - A*X ||.
2. If TRANS = 'N' and m < n: find the minimum norm solution of
an underdetermined system A * X = B.
3. If TRANS = 'C' and m >= n: find the minimum norm solution of
an undetermined system A**T * X = B.
4. If TRANS = 'C' and m < n: find the least squares solution of
an overdetermined system, i.e., solve the least squares problem
minimize || B - A**T * X ||.
Several right hand side vectors b and solution vectors x can be
handled in a single call; they are stored as the columns of the
M-by-NRHS right hand side matrix B and the N-by-NRHS solution
matrix X.
Parameters
TRANS
TRANS is CHARACTER*1
= 'N': the linear system involves A;
= 'C': the linear system involves A**H.
M
M is INTEGER
The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0.
N
N is INTEGER
The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0.
NRHS
NRHS is INTEGER
The number of right hand sides, i.e., the number of
columns of the matrices B and X. NRHS >=0.
A
A is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDA,N)
On entry, the M-by-N matrix A.
On exit,
A is overwritten by details of its QR or LQ
factorization as returned by ZGEQR or ZGELQ.
LDA
LDA is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M).
B
B is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDB,NRHS)
On entry, the matrix B of right hand side vectors, stored
columnwise; B is M-by-NRHS if TRANS = 'N', or N-by-NRHS
if TRANS = 'C'.
On exit, if INFO = 0, B is overwritten by the solution
vectors, stored columnwise:
if TRANS = 'N' and m >= n, rows 1 to n of B contain the least
squares solution vectors.
if TRANS = 'N' and m < n, rows 1 to N of B contain the
minimum norm solution vectors;
if TRANS = 'C' and m >= n, rows 1 to M of B contain the
minimum norm solution vectors;
if TRANS = 'C' and m < n, rows 1 to M of B contain the
least squares solution vectors.
LDB
LDB is INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= MAX(1,M,N).
WORK
(workspace) COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) contains optimal (or either minimal
or optimal, if query was assumed) LWORK.
See LWORK for details.
LWORK
LWORK is INTEGER
The dimension of the array WORK.
If LWORK = -1 or -2, then a workspace query is assumed.
If LWORK = -1, the routine calculates optimal size of WORK for the
optimal performance and returns this value in WORK(1).
If LWORK = -2, the routine calculates minimal size of WORK and
returns this value in WORK(1).
INFO
INFO is INTEGER
= 0: successful exit
< 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value
> 0: if INFO = i, the i-th diagonal element of the
triangular factor of A is zero, so that A does not have
full rank; the least squares solution could not be
computed.
Author
Univ. of Tennessee
Univ. of California Berkeley
Univ. of Colorado Denver
NAG Ltd.
Author
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