Provided by: merecat_2.31+git20220513+ds-4_amd64 bug

NAME

     merecat — Simple, small and fast HTTP server

SYNOPSIS

     merecat [-ghnrsSvV] [-c CGI] [-d PATH] [-f FILE] [-I IDENT] [-l LEVEL] [-p PORT] [-P PIDFN]
             [-t FILE] [-u USER] [WEBDIR] [HOSTNAME]

DESCRIPTION

     merecat started out as a pun at Mongoose, which is another great web server, but is now
     useful for actual web serving purposes.  It is however not a real Meerkat, merely yet
     another copycat, forked from the great thttpd created by Jef Poskanzer.

     The limited feature set makes Merecat very quick:

           -   Virtual hosts
           -   URL-traffic-based throttling
           -   CGI/1.1
           -   HTTP/1.1 Keep-alive
           -   Built-in gzip deflate using zlib
           -   HTTPS support using OpenSSL/LibreSSL
           -   Dual server support, both HTTP/HTTPS from one process
           -   HTTP redirect support, per server.  E.g., possible to redirect from HTTP to HTTPS.
               Limited set of Nginx style environment variables supported.
           -   Native PHP support, using php-cgi, if enabled in merecat.conf(5)

     The resulting footprint (~140 kiB) makes Merecat suitable for small and embedded systems.

OPTIONS

     This program follows the usual UNIX command line syntax.  Some options are, however, not
     available when merecat is built with support for /etc/merecat.conf.  The distributed archive
     comes with an example configuration file, which should be fairly straightforward to
     comprehend.  For details on the available configuration directives, see merecat.conf(5).

     The options, in their entirety, are as follows:

     -c CGI  Wildcard pattern for CGI programs.  The config file setting for this flag is
             cgi-pattern = PATTERN.  The default is "**.cgi|/cgi-bin/*".

             For more details, see below.

     -d PATH
             Directory to chdir() to after chrooting.  If you are not chrooting use the WEBDIR to
             do a single chdir().  If you are chrooting, this lets you put the web files in a
             subdirectory of the chroot tree, instead of in the top level mixed in with the
             chroot files.  The config file setting for this flag is data-directory = DIR.

     -f FILE
             The config file to read.  By default merecat looks for /etc/merecat.conf, unless the
             software has been configured to use a different prefix.

             If the default system coonfiguration file is missing, or if merecat is started with
             -f none, merecat will run in stand-alone mode using only command line options like
             listening port and server root directory.

     -g      Use global .htpasswd and .htaccess files.  This means that every file in the entire
             document tree is protected by a single .htpasswd or .htaccess file at the top of the
             tree.  Otherwise the semantics of the .htpasswd and .htaccess files are the same.
             If this option is set but there is no .htpasswd or .htaccess files in the top-level
             directory, then merecat proceeds as if the option was not set — first looking for
             local .htpasswd and .htaccess files, and if they do not exist either then serving
             the requested file without any password or access restriction.

             The config file setting for this flag is global-passwd = <true | false>.

     -h      Show summary of command line options and exit.

     -I IDENT
             The syslog(3) identity to use for all log messages.  Useful when running multiple
             servers.  Defaults to use the program name, i.e.  "merecat".

     -l LEVEL
             Set log level: none, err, info, notice, debug

     -n      Runs merecat in the foreground like a regular program.  Required when when running
             in a process monitor like Finit or systemd.  This also enables logging of errors and
             warnings to stderr, which can be disabled with -s.

     -p PORT
             Alternate TCP port number to listen on.  The default is 80.  The config file setting
             for this flag is port = PORT.

     -P PIDFN
             Optional PID file name.  By default the IDENT option, or its default value, is used
             to construct the PID file name.  Usually this results in /var/run/merecat.pid.  If
             the argument to this option is an absolute path it will be used as-is.  Otherwise
             the argument will be used as the basename for the PID file.

     -r      Do a chroot() at initialization time, restricting file access to the program's
             current directory.  The config file setting for this flag is chroot = <true |
             false>.

     -s      Use syslog, even though running in foreground, -n.  merecat uses syslog by default,
             this option is only relevant when running in the foreground to prevent warning and
             error messages to be printed to stderr.

     -S      Do explicit symbolic link checking.  Normally, merecat does not expand any symbolic
             links in filenames.  For increased security this option can be enabled to check that
             the resulting path stays within the original document tree.  Note, that if you are
             using the chroot option, the symlink checking is unnecessary and is turned off, so
             the safe way to save those CPU cycles is to use chroot.  The config file setting for
             this is check-symlinks = <true | false>.

     -t FILE
             Enable throttling using this file with throttle settings.  See below for details.

     -u USERNAME
             User to drop privileges to to after initialization when started as root.  The
             default is nobody, on some systems www-data is preferred.  The config file setting
             for this flag is username = USER.

     -v      Do el-cheapo virtual hosting.  The config file setting for this flag is virtual-host
             = <true | false>.

     -V      Shows the current version info.

     WEBDIR  This optional argument is provided as a convenience — by default merecat serves
             files from the current directory.  The config file setting for this is directory =
             DIR.

     HOSTNAME
             A second optional command line argument can be given to specify the hostname to bind
             to, for multihoming.  The default is to bind to all hostnames supported on the local
             machine.  See below for details.  The config file setting for this flag is hostname
             = HOSTNAME.

CHROOT

     chroot() is a system call that restricts the program's view of the filesystem to the current
     directory and directories below it.  It becomes impossible for remote users to access any
     file outside of the initial directory.  The restriction is inherited by child processes, so
     CGI programs get it too.  This is a very strong security measure, and is recommended.  The
     only downside is that only root can call chroot(), so this means the program must be started
     as root.  However, the last thing it does during initialization is to give up root access by
     becoming another user, so this is safe.

     The program can also be compile-time configured to always do a chroot(), without needing the
     -r flag.

     Note that with some other web servers, such as NCSA httpd, setting up a directory tree for
     use with chroot() is complicated, involving creating a bunch of special directories and
     copying in various files.  With merecat it's a lot easier, all you have to do is make sure
     any shells, utilities, and config files used by your CGI programs and scripts are available.
     If you have CGI disabled, or if you make a policy that all CGI programs must be written in a
     compiled language such as C and statically linked, then you probably don't have to do any
     setup at all.

     However, one thing you should do is tell syslogd about the chroot tree, so that merecat can
     still generate syslog messages.  Check your system's syslogd man page for how to do this.
     In FreeBSD you would put something like this in /etc/rc.conf:

         syslogd_flags="-l /usr/local/www/data/dev/log"

     Substitute in your own chroot tree's pathname, of course.  Don't worry about creating the
     log socket, syslogd wants to do that itself.  (You may need to create the dev directory.)
     In Linux the flag is -a instead of -l, and there may be other differences.

CGI

     Merecat httpd supports the CGI 1.1 spec., https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3875.

     In order for a CGI program to be allowed to run, its name must match the pattern specified
     either at compile time, on the command line, or in the config file.  This is a simple shell-
     style filename pattern.  Use * to match any string not including a slash, or ** to match any
     string including slashes, or ?  to match any single character.  Multiple patterns separated
     by | can also be used.  The patterns get checked against the filename part of the incoming
     URL.  Remember to quote any wildcard characters so that the shell doesn't mess with them.

     Restricting CGI programs to a single directory lets the site admin review them for security
     holes, and is strongly recommended.  If there are individual users that you trust, you can
     enable their directories too using the pipe syntax, e.g. "|/jef/**".

     To disable CGI as a security measure, either disable the default CGI_PATTERN in merecat.h,
     or set the configuration file option to the empty string, like this: cgi-pattern = ""

     Note: the current working directory when a CGI program gets run is the directory that the
     CGI program lives in.  This isn't in the CGI 1.1 spec, but it's what most other HTTP servers
     do.

     Relevant merecat.h defines: CGI_PATTERN, CGI_TIMELIMIT, CGI_NICE, CGI_PATH,
     CGI_LD_LIBRARY_PATH, CGIBINDIR.

BASIC AUTHENTICATION

     Basic authentication is available as an option at compile time.  See the included configure
     script for details.  When enabled, it uses a password file in the directory to be protected,
     called .htpasswd by default.  This file is formatted as the familiar colon-separated
     username/encrypted-password pair, records delimited by newlines.  The utility program
     htpasswd(1) is included to help create and modify .htpasswd files.

     merecat can use a global .htpasswd file if started with the -g switch, or you can rely on a
     per directory file which also protects subdirectories.

     Relevant merecat.h define: AUTH_FILE

ACCESS RESTRICTION

     Access restriction is available as an option at compile time.  If enabled, it uses an access
     file in the directory to be protected, called .htaccess by default.  This file consists of a
     rule and a host address or a network range per line.  Valid rules are:

     allow from
             The following host address or network range is allowed to access the requested
             directory and its files.

     deny from
             The following host address or network range is not allowed to access the requested
             directory and its files.

     There are three ways to specify a valid host address or network range:

     IPv4 host address,
             e.g. 10.2.3.4

     IPv4 network with subnet mask,
             e.g. 10.0.0.0/255.255.0.0

     IPv4 network using CIDR notation,
             e.g. 10.0.0.0/16

     merecat can use a global .htaccess file if started with the -g switch, or you can rely on a
     per directory file which also protects subdirectories.

     Note that rules are processed in the same order as they are listed in the access file and
     that the first rule which matches the client's address is applied (there is no order
     clause).

     So if there is no allow from 0.0.0.0/0 at the end of the file the default action is to deny
     access.

     Relevant merecat.h define: ACCESS_FILE

THROTTLING

     The throttle file lets you set maximum byte rates on URLs or URL groups.  You can optionally
     set a minimum rate too.  The format of the throttle file is very simple.  A # starts a
     comment, and the rest of the line is ignored.  Blank lines are ignored.  The rest of the
     lines should consist of a pattern, whitespace, and a number.  The pattern is a simple shell-
     style filename pattern, using ?/**/*, or multiple such patterns separated by |.

     The numbers in the file are byte rates, specified in units of bytes per second.  For
     comparison, a v.90 modem gives about 5000 B/s depending on compression, a double-B-channel
     ISDN line about 12800 B/s, and a T1 line is about 150000 B/s.  If you want to set a minimum
     rate as well, use number-number.

     Example:

       # throttle file for www.acme.com

       **              2000-100000  # limit total web usage to 2/3 of our T1,
                                    # but never go below 2000 B/s
       **.jpg|**.gif   50000   # limit images to 1/3 of our T1
       **.mpg          20000   # and movies to even less
       jef/**          20000   # jef's pages are too popular

     Throttling is implemented by checking each incoming URL filename against all of the patterns
     in the throttle file.  The server accumulates statistics on how much bandwidth each pattern
     has accounted for recently (via a rolling average).  If a URL matches a pattern that has
     been exceeding its specified limit, then the data returned is actually slowed down, with
     pauses between each block.  If that's not possible (e.g. for CGI programs) or if the
     bandwidth has gotten way larger than the limit, then the server returns a special code
     saying "try again later".

     The minimum rates are implemented similarly.  If too many people are trying to fetch
     something at the same time, throttling may slow down each connection so much that it's not
     really useable.  Furthermore, all those slow connections clog up the server, using up file
     handles and connection slots.  Setting a minimum rate says that past a certain point you
     should not even bother — the server returns the "try again later" code and the connection is
     not even started.

     There is no provision for setting a maximum connections/second throttle, because throttling
     a request uses as much CPU as handling it, so there would be no point.  There is also no
     provision for throttling the number of simultaneous connections on a per-URL basis.  However
     you can control the overall number of connections for the whole server very simply, by
     setting the operating system's per-process file descriptor limit before starting merecat.
     Be sure to set the hard limit, not the soft limit.

MULTIHOMING

     Multihoming means using one machine to serve multiple hostnames.  For instance, if you're an
     internet provider and you want to let all of your customers have customized web addresses,
     you might have www.joe.acme.com, www.jane.acme.com, and your own www.acme.com, all running
     on the same physical hardware.  This feature is also known as virtual hosts.  There are
     three steps to setting this up.

     One, make DNS entries for all of the hostnames.  The current way to do this, allowed by
     HTTP/1.1, is to use CNAME aliases, like so:

       www.acme.com IN A 192.100.66.1
       www.joe.acme.com IN CNAME www.acme.com
       www.jane.acme.com IN CNAME www.acme.com

     However, this is incompatible with older HTTP/1.0 browsers.  If you want to stay compatible,
     there is a different way - use A records instead, each with a different IP address, like so:

       www.acme.com IN A 192.100.66.1
       www.joe.acme.com IN A 192.100.66.200
       www.jane.acme.com IN A 192.100.66.201

     This is bad because it uses extra IP addresses, a somewhat scarce resource.  But if you want
     people with older browsers to be able to visit your sites, you still have to do it this way.

     Step two.  If you're using the modern CNAME method of multihoming, then you can skip this
     step.  Otherwise, using the older multiple-IP-address method you must set up IP aliases or
     multiple interfaces for the extra addresses.  You can use ifconfig(8)'s alias command to
     tell the machine to answer to all of the different IP addresses.  Example:

       ifconfig le0 www.acme.com
       ifconfig le0 www.joe.acme.com alias
       ifconfig le0 www.jane.acme.com alias

     If your OS's version of ifconfig doesn't have an alias command, you're probably out of luck
     (but see http://www.acme.com/software/thttpd/notes.html for more info).

     Third and last, you must set up merecat to handle the multiple hosts.  The easiest way is
     with the -v flag.  This works with either CNAME multihosting or multiple-IP multihosting.
     What it does is send each incoming request to a subdirectory based on the hostname it's
     intended for.  All you have to do in order to set things up is to create those
     subdirectories in the directory where merecat will run.  With the example above, you'd do
     like so:

       mkdir www.acme.com www.joe.acme.com www.jane.acme.com

     If you're using old-style multiple-IP multihosting, you should also create symbolic links
     from the numeric addresses to the names, like so:

       ln -s www.acme.com 192.100.66.1
       ln -s www.joe.acme.com 192.100.66.200
       ln -s www.jane.acme.com 192.100.66.201

     This lets the older HTTP/1.0 browsers find the right subdirectory.

     There is an optional alternate step three if you're using multiple-IP multihosting: run a
     separate merecat process for each hostname This gives you more flexibility, since you can
     run each of these processes in separate directories, with different throttle files, etc.
     Example:

       merecat -r         /usr/www      www.acme.com
       merecat -r -u joe  /usr/www/joe  www.joe.acme.com
       merecat -r -u jane /usr/www/jane www.jane.acme.com

     Remember, this multiple-process method does not work with CNAME multihosting — for that, you
     must use a single merecat process with the -v flag.

CUSTOM ERRORS

     merecat lets you define your own custom error pages for the various HTTP errors.  There is a
     separate file for each error number, all stored in one special directory.  The directory
     name is errors/, at the top of the web directory tree.  The error files should be named
     errNNN.html, where NNN is the error number.  So for example, to make a custom error page for
     the authentication failure error, which is number 401, you would put your HTML into the file
     errors/err401.html.  If no custom error file is found for a given error number, then the
     usual built-in error page is generated.

     In a virtual hosts setup you can also have different custom error pages for each host.  In
     this case you put another errors/ directory in the top of that virtual host's web tree.
     merecat will look first in the virtual host errors directory, and then in the server-wide
     errors directory, and if neither of those has an appropriate error file then it will
     generate the built-in error.

NON-LOCAL REFERERS

     Sometimes another site on the net will embed your image files in their HTML files, which
     basically means they're stealing your bandwidth.  You can prevent them from doing this by
     using non-local referer filtering.  With this option, certain files can only be fetched via
     a local referer.  The files have to be referenced by a local web page.  If a web page on
     some other site references the files, that fetch will be blocked.  There are three config
     file variables for this feature:

     url-pattern = "**.jpg|**.gif|**.au|**.wav"
             A wildcard pattern for the URLs that should require a local referer.  This is
             typically just image files, sound files, and so on.  For example:

               urlpat = "**.jpg|**.gif|**.au|**.wav"

             For most sites, that one setting is all you need to enable referer filtering.

     check-referer = <true | false>
             By default, requests with no referer at all, or a null referer, or a referer with no
             apparent hostname, are allowed.  With this variable set, such requests are
             disallowed.

     local-pattern = "PATTERN"
             A wildcard pattern that specifies the local host or hosts.  This is used to
             determine if the host in the referer is local or not.  If not specified it defaults
             to the actual local hostname.

SYMLINKS

     merecat is very picky about symbolic links.  Before delivering any file, it first checks
     each element in the path to see if it is a symbolic link, and expands them all out to get
     the final actual filename.

     Along the way it checks for things like links with ".." that go above the server's
     directory, and absolute symlinks (ones that start with a /).  These are prohibited as
     security holes, so the server returns an error page for them.

     This means you cannot set up your web directory with a bunch of symlinks pointing to
     individual users' home web directories.  Instead you do it the other way around — the user
     web directories are real subdirectories of the main web directory, and in each user's home
     directory there is a symlink pointing to their actual web directory.

     The CGI pattern is also affected — it gets matched against the fully-expanded filename.  So,
     if you have a single CGI directory but then put a symbolic link in it pointing somewhere
     else, that will not work.  The CGI program will be treated as a regular file and returned to
     the client, instead of getting run.  This could be confusing.

PERMISSIONS

     merecat is also picky about file permissions.  It wants data files (HTML, images) to be
     world readable.  Readable by the group that the merecat process runs as is not enough —
     merecat checks explicitly for the world-readable bit.  This is so that no one ever gets
     surprised by a file that's not set world-readable and yet somehow is readable by the HTTP
     server and therefore the *whole* world.

     The same logic applies to directories.  As with the standard UNIX ls program, merecat will
     only let you look at the contents of a directory if its read bit is on; but as with data
     files, this must be the world-read bit, not just the group-read bit.

     merecat also wants the execute bit to be *off* for data files.  A file that is marked
     executable but doesn't match the CGI pattern might be a script or program that got
     accidentally left in the wrong directory.  Allowing people to fetch the contents of the file
     might be a security breach, so this is prohibited.  Of course if an executable file *does*
     match the CGI pattern, then it just gets run as a CGI.

     In summary, data files should be mode 644 (rw-r--r--), directories should be 755 (rwxr-xr-x)
     if you want to allow indexing and 711 (rwx--x--x) to disallow it, and CGI programs should be
     mode 755 (rwxr-xr-x) or 711 (rwx--x--x).

LOGS

     merecat does all of its logging via syslog(3).  All log messages are prepended with the
     program name, unless the command line option -I IDENT is used.  The facility defaults to
     LOG_DAEMON.  Aside from error messages, there are only a few log entry types of interest,
     all fairly similar to CERN Common Log Format:

       Aug  6 15:40:34 acme merecat[583]: 165.113.207.103 - - "GET /file" 200 357
       Aug  6 15:40:43 acme merecat[583]: 165.113.207.103 - - "HEAD /file" 200 0
       Aug  6 15:41:16 acme merecat[583]: referer http://www.acme.com/ -> /dir
       Aug  6 15:41:16 acme merecat[583]: user-agent Mozilla/1.1N

     Note that merecat does not translate numeric IP addresses into domain names.  This is both
     to save time and as a minor security measure (the numeric address is harder to spoof).

     If started in the foreground, -n, and with debug log level, -l debug, logs will also be
     printed on stderr, unless the user also requested -s.  However, not all systems support the
     LOG_PERROR option to openlog().

     Relevant merecat.h define: LOG_FACILITY.

SIGNALS

     merecat handles a couple of signals, which you can send via the standard UNIX kill(1)
     command:

     INT,TERM  These signals tell merecat to shut down immediately.

     USR1      This signal tells merecat to toggle log level, between current log level and
               LOG_DEBUG.  If merecat was started with LOG_DEBUG the toggle will be to
               LOG_NOTICE, which is the default log level.

     USR2      This signal tells merecat to generate the statistics syslog messages immediately,
               instead of waiting for the regular hourly update.

SEE ALSO

     merecat.conf(5), ssi(8), htpasswd(1)

AUTHORS

     Jef Poskanzer <jef@mail.acme.com> wrote the famous thttpd which merecat is based on.
     Joachim Wiberg <troglobit@gmail.com> introduced all new shiny bugs.

THANKS

     merecat is a fork of sthttpd, which in turn is a fork of thttpd.  So first and foremost, a
     huge thanks to Jef Poskanzer for creating thttpd and making it open source under the
     simplified 2-clause BSD license!  Anthony G. Basile deserves another thank you, for merging
     Gentoo patches and refactoring the build system in sthttpd.

     Also, many thanks to contributors, reviewers, testers: John LoVerso, Jordan Hayes, Chris
     Torek, Jim Thompson, Barton Schaffer, Geoff Adams, Dan Kegel, John Hascall, Bennett Todd,
     KIKUCHI Takahiro, Catalin Ionescu, Anders Bornäs, and Martin Olsson.  Special thanks to
     Craig Leres for substantial debugging and development during the early days of thttpd.