Provided by: pcc_1.2.0~DEVEL+20220331-1_amd64 
NAME
ccom — C compiler
SYNOPSIS
ccom [-gkpsv] [-f features] [-m options] [-W warnings] [-X flags] [-x settings] [-Z flags]
[infile] [outfile]
DESCRIPTION
The ccom utility provides a C compiler. The frontend is usually pcc(1). It is not intended
to be run directly. ccom reads the C source from infile or standard input and writes the
assembler source to outfile or to standard output.
The options are as follows:
-f feature
Enable language features. Multiple -f options can be given, the following features
are supported:
stack-protector
Enable stack smashing protection. Currently the same as
stack-protector-all.
stack-protector-all
Enable stack smashing protection for all functions.
pack-struct[=n]
Specify maximum alignment for structure members, similar to a #pragma pack
statement at the start of the file. If no value is given, the default is 1.
freestanding
Emit code for a freestanding environment. Currently not implemented.
-g Include debugging information in the output code for use by symbolic and source-
level debuggers. Currently this uses the stabs format, encoding information in
symbol table entries.
-k Generate PIC code.
-m option
Target-specific options, used in machine-dependent code. Multiple -m options can be
given, the following options are supported:
AMD64
ARM little-endian, big-endian, fpe=fpa, fpe=vpf, soft-float, arch=armv1,
arch=armv2, arch=armv2a, arch=armv3, arch=armv4, arch=armv4t,
arch=armv4tej, arch=armv5, arch=armv5te, arch=armv5tej, arch=armv6,
arch=armv6t2, arch=armv6kz, arch=armv6k & arch=armv7.
HPPA
i386
M16C
MIPS little-endian & big-endian.
NOVA
PDP-10
PDP-11
PowerPC little-endian, big-endian, soft-float & hard-float.
Sparc64
VAX
-p Generate profiling code.
-s Print statistics to standard error when complete. This includes: name table
entries, name string size, permanent allocated memory, temporary allocated memory,
lost memory, argument list unions, dimension/function unions, struct/union/enum
blocks, inline node count, inline control blocks, and permanent symtab entries.
-v Display version.
-W warning
Do some basic checks and emit warnings about possible coding problems. Multiple -W
options can be given, the following warnings are supported:
error[=warning]
Enable warning, and treat it as an error condition. If a specific warning
is not given, producing any warning will cause an error.
attributes
Warn when unsupported attributes are used. This warning is enabled by
default.
deprecated-declarations
Report whenever a symbol marked with the ‘deprecated’ attribute is used.
This warning is enabled by default.
implicit-function-declaration
(TODO) Require explicit prototypes for all called functions.
implicit-int
(TODO) Warn when a function declaration lacks a type.
missing-prototypes
Require explicit prototypes for all global function definitions.
pointer-sign
Warn when pointer operations are done with mismatched signed and unsigned
values.
sign-compare
(TODO) Warn about comparisons between signed and unsigned values.
strict-prototypes
(TODO) Require that function prototypes are strictly C99.
shadow Report when a local variable shadows something from a higher scope.
truncate
Report when integer values may be implicitly truncated to fit a smaller
type.
uninitialized
A variable is read before being written.
unknown-pragmas
Report unhandled pragma statements.
unreachable-code
Report statements that cannot be executed.
Any of the above may be prefixed with “no-” in order to disable the effect.
-X flags
C specific debugging where flags is one or more of the following:
b Building of parse trees
d Declarations (using multiple d flags gives more output)
e Pass1 trees at exit
i Initializations
n Memory allocations
o Turn off optimisations
p Prototypes
s Inlining
t Type conversions
x Target-specific flag, used in machine-dependent code
-x setting
Enable setting in the compiler. Multiple -x options can be given, the following
settings are supported:
ccp Apply sparse conditional constant propagation techniques for optimization.
Currently not implemented.
dce Do dead code elimination.
deljumps
Delete redundant jumps and dead code.
gnu89
gnu99 Use GNU C semantics rather than C99 for some things. Currently only inline.
inline Replace calls to functions marked with an inline specifier with a copy of
the actual function.
ssa Convert statements into static single assignment form for optimization. Not
yet finished.
tailcall
Enable optimization of tail-recursion functions. Currently not implemented.
temps Locate automatic variables into registers where possible, for further
optimization by the register allocator.
uchar Treat character constants as unsigned values.
-Z flags
Code generator (pass2) specific debugging where flags is one or more of the
following:
b Basic block and SSA building
c Code printout
e Trees when entering pass2
f Instruction matcher, may provide much output
g Print flow graphs
n Memory allocation
o Instruction generator
r Register allocator
s Shape matching in instruction generator
t Type matching in instruction generator
u Sethi-Ullman computations
x Target-specific flag, used in machine-dependent code
PRAGMAS
Input lines starting with a “#pragma” directive can be used to modify behaviour of ccom
during compilation. All tokens up to the first unescaped newline are considered part of the
pragma command, with the following operations being recognized:
STDC Standard C99 operator follows. Currently no C99 operations are implemented, and any
directives starting with this token will be silently ignored.
GCC diagnostic effect "option"
GNU C compatibility. Alter the effects of compiler diagnostics. The required
effect should be stated as warning, error or ignored, followed by the compiler
diagnostic option in double quotes. For example, to force unknown pragmas to always
generate an error, a standard header might include
#pragma GCC diagnostic error "-Wunknown-pragmas"
GCC poison identifier ...
GNU C compatibility. Cause an error if any of the following identifiers
subsequently appear in the code (but not in any macro expansions). Currently not
implemented.
GCC system_header
GNU C compatibility. Currently not implemented.
GCC visibility
GNU C compatibility. Currently not implemented.
pack([n])
Set the default maximum alignment for structures and unions, such that members will
have their natural alignment requirements clamped at this value and may be stored
misaligned. If n is not given, the alignment is reset to the target default.
pack(push[, n])
Push the current pack setting onto an internal stack then, if n is given, change the
default alignment for structures and unions. Currently not implemented.
pack(pop)
Change the pack setting to the most recently pushed value, and remove that setting
from the stack. Currently not implemented.
packed [n]
Set the maximum alignment for the structure or union defined in the current
statement. If n is not given, the default value of 1 is used. (Currently this
works except n is not used)
aligned [n]
Set the minimum alignment for the structure or union defined in the current
statement.
rename name
Provide an alternative name which will be used to reference the object declared in
the current statement.
weak name[=alias]
Mark name as a weak rather than a global symbol, to allow its definition to be
overridden at link time. If an alias is given, this will be used as the default
value of name.
ident Currently not implemented.
and the following target-specific operations are handled by machine-dependent code:
tls For AMD64 and i386 targets, the variable declared in the current statement will be
referenced via the “thread-local storage” mechanism.
init For AMD64, ARM, HPPA, i386, MIPS and PowerPC targets, when the current statement is
a function declaration, generate a reference in the .ctors section, enabling library
code to call the function prior to entering main().
fini For AMD64, ARM, HPPA, i386, MIPS and PowerPC targets, when the current statement is
a function declaration, generate a reference in the .dtors section, enabling library
code to call the function when main() returns or the exit() function is called.
section name
For AMD64, ARM, HPPA and i386 targets, place the subsequent code in the named
section. (This is currently broken).
alias name
For AMD64, HPPA and i386 targets, emit assembler instructions providing an alias for
the symbol defined by the current statement.
stdcall
For i386 targets, enable “stdcall” semantics during code generation, where function
arguments are passed on the stack in right-to-left order, and the callee is
responsible for adjusting the stack pointer before returning. Any function result
is passed in the EAX register. On win32, the function name is postfixed with an “@”
and the size of the stack adjustment.
cdecl For i386 targets, enable “cdecl” semantics during code generation, where function
arguments are passed on the stack in right-to-left order, and the caller is
responsible for cleaning up the stack after the function returns. Any function
result is passed in the EAX register. This is the default.
fastcall
For i386-win32 targets, enable “fastcall” semantics during code generation.
(Currently this is equivalent to stdcall, which is likely wrong).
dllimport
For i386-win32 targets, references to the external symbol defined by the current
statement will be made via indirect access through a location identified by the
symbol name prefixed with “__imp_”.
dllexport
For i386-win32 targets, the external symbol declared by the current statement will
be exported as an indirect reference to be accessed with dllimport. The global
locator will be the symbol name prefixed with “__imp_”. Currently this is not
completely implemented.
Any unknown “#pragma” directives will be ignored unless the -Wunknown-pragmas diagnostic is
in effect.
SEE ALSO
as(1), cpp(1), pcc(1)
HISTORY
The ccom compiler is based on the original Portable C Compiler by S. C. Johnson, written in
the late 70's. Even though much of the compiler has been rewritten (about 50% of the
frontend code and 80% of the backend), some of the basics still remain. Most is written by
Anders Magnusson, with the exception of the data-flow analysis part and the SSA conversion
code which is written by Peter A Jonsson, and the Mips port that were written as part of a
project by undergraduate students at Lulea University of Technology.
This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera International, Inc.