Provided by: netpbm_11.01.00-2build1_amd64 
NAME
pamtris - triangle rasterizer featuring perspective-correct interpolation of generic
vertex attributes and depth buffering
SYNOPSIS
pamtris
-width=width
-height=height
{ -num_attribs=attributes_per_vertex [ -tupletype=tupletype ] | -rgb | -grayscale }
[ -maxval=maxval ]
All options can be abbreviated to their shortest unique prefix. You may use two hyphens
instead of one to designate an option. You may use either white space or an equals sign
between an option name and its value.
DESCRIPTION
This program is part of Netpbm(1).
pamtris can be used to draw a great variety of 2D and 3D graphics by composing arbitrarily
complex pictures out of separate triangles, triangle strips and triangle fans. The program
reads instructions written in a simple command script notation from Standard Input and
outputs its results as a (potentially multi-image) PAM stream on Standard Output.
For example, the following input
mode fan
attribs 0 128 0
vertex 0 0 1
attribs 0 0 128
vertex 200 0 1
attribs 50 20 103
vertex 190 61 1
attribs 100 40 78
vertex 161 117 1
attribs 150 60 53
vertex 117 161 1
attribs 200 80 28
vertex 61 190 1
attribs 250 100 3
vertex 0 200 1
print
produces this:
Example pamtris output for FAN mode
The input file gives triangle data by setting the appropriate drawing mode, if necessary,
and then providing a list of vertices. Each vertex is also associated with a list of up to
20 "attributes," which are integer values between 0 and a given maxval. In the most common
usage, you use pamtris to draw a visual image and a vertex has three attributes, which are
an RGB specification of a color. Such attribute lists may be provided on a per-vertex
basis.
Prior to effectively writing a PAM image to Standard Output, pamtris first rasterizes it
onto an internal frame buffer, which consists of an "image buffer" and a "depth buffer."
The image buffer consists of a sequence of height rows containing a sequence of width
tuples. There is one sample for each vertex attribute in every tuple plus an opacity
(alpha) sample. Each tuple in the image buffer is also associated with an integer depth in
the depth buffer, which determines whether subsequent drawing operations affect that
particular tuple or not. This provides a way of depth-sorting graphical objects which is
adequate for many purposes in 2D and 3D computer graphics. One prominent shortcoming of
such an approach to depth-sorting, however, is that it does not automatically work with
objects which are intended to appear "translucent," therefore requiring more elaborate
strategies to incorporate said objects into pictures generated using this technique.
The opacity sample is the last sample of the tuple. pamtris manipulates opacity
internally and for any tuple it is always either 0 or the maxval. The program does not
provide the user direct control over the alpha image plane.
pamtris rasterizes triangles by approximating their visible area as a collection of tuples
at particular positions in the frame buffer, and to each sample of every such tuple it
assigns a value which is a perspective-correct interpolation between the values of the
corresponding attribute for each vertex of the triangle. Whenever a tuple within the area
of the frame buffer is produced, it is written to the corresponding position in the frame
buffer if and only if it passes a depth test. This test works as follows: the depth value
of every incoming tuple (which is itself an interpolation between the Z-coordinates of the
vertices of the corresponding triangle) is compared against the value in the corresponding
position in the depth buffer. If the depth value of the incoming tuple equals or is
smaller than the depth value already present in said position in the depth buffer, the
following happens.
• Every sample i, where 0 ≤ i < num_attribs, of the tuple in the corresponding
position in the image buffer is set to equal the value of the respective sample of
the incoming tuple; and the alpha sample (the last one) is updated to the maxval;
• The depth value in the corresponding position in the depth buffer is updated to a
depth value directly proportional to that of the incoming tuple.
Otherwise, that particular tuple effects no change at all in the frame buffer.
The frame buffer is initially set so that all samples in every tuple of the image buffer
contain the value 0, and all entries in the depth buffer contain the maximum permitted
depth value.
The attributes' values, and therefore the samples in the output PAM images, have no fixed
interpretation ascribed to them (except for the last image plane, which is deliberately
supposed to represent tuple opacity information); one may ascribe any suitable meaning to
them, such as that of colors, texture coordinates, surface normals, light interaction
characteristics, texture influence coefficients for multi-texturing, etc.
EXAMPLES
Fan Mode
The following command generates the image from the fan mode example at the top of the
DESCRIPTION ⟨#description⟩ section. If the file fan.tris contains that code, you could
process it with:
$ pamtris -height=200 -width=200 -rgb <fan.tris >fan.pam
Strip Mode
The following is an example of strip mode:
mode strip
attribs 255 0 0 # red
vertex 0 200 1
vertex 50 0 1
attribs 0 0 0 # black
vertex 100 200 1
attribs 0 205 205 # cyan
vertex 150 0 1
attribs 0 0 255 # blue
vertex 200 200 1
vertex 250 0 1
print
Save the above code in a file named strip.tris (for instance) and process it with:
$ pamtris -height=200 -width=200 -rgb <strip.tris >strip.pam
to yield:
Example pamtris output for STRIP mode
Triangle Mode
The following is an example of triangle mode:
# yellow square
mode strip
attrib 155 155 0
vertex 50 50 100
vertex 50 200 100
vertex 200 50 100
vertex 200 200 100
# blue triangle
mode triangles
attrib 0 205 205
vertex 20 125 70
attrib 0 0 140
vertex 230 70 120 # Change "120" and see what happens
vertex 230 180 120 #
print
Save the above code in a file named pierce.tris (for instance) and process it with:
$ pamtris -height=200 -width=200 -rgb <pierce.tris >pierce.pam
to yield:
Example pamtris output for TRIANGLES mode
Meta-programming
The pamtris command language is much too rudimentary to be used directly for any serious
drawing; you will probably want to use a general purpose programming language to generate
a temporary pamtris command file.
For example, the draw_polygon procedure in the C program below outputs pamtris
instructions to draw a regular polygon. It does this by generating a number of vertex
instructions tracing around the perimeter of the corresponding circumscribed circle.
(Note: The PAM image produced by piping the output of the below program into pamtris was
subsequently downscaled through pamscale -linear -xscale 0.25 -yscale 0.25 to achieve an
anti-aliased ⟨#antialias⟩ effect.)
Regular Polygons
/* ----------------------- *
* width = 512 *
* height = 512 *
* num_attribs = 3 *
* tupletype = RGB_ALPHA *
* ----------------------- */
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define PI 3.14159265358979323844
void draw_polygon
(int const center_x, int const center_y, int const radius, int const sides)
{
printf("mode fan\n"
"vertex %d %d 0\n", center_x, center_y);
for(int i = 0; i <= sides; i++)
{
int const x = round(center_x + radius * cos(i*2.0*PI / sides));
int const y = round(center_y - radius * sin(i*2.0*PI / sides));
printf("vertex %d %d 0\n", x, y);
}
}
int main(void)
{
puts("attribs 0 185 80"); /* color: green */
draw_polygon(300, 210, 150, 5); /* draws pentagon */
puts("attribs 255 15 240"); /* color: magenta */
draw_polygon(150, 320, 100, 7); /* draws heptagon */
puts("!");
}
OPTIONS
In addition to the options common to all programs based on libnetpbm (most notably -quiet,
see
Common Options ⟨index.html#commonoptions⟩ ), pamtris recognizes the following command
line options:
<dl compact="compact">
-width=width
Sets the width of the internal frame buffer and, by extension, of the output PAM
images, given in number of columns. This must be an integer in the closed range [1,
8192].
This option is mandatory.
-height=height
This is the height of the internal frame buffer and, by extension, of the output
PAM images, given in number of rows. This must be an integer in the closed range
[1, 8192].
This option is mandatory.
-num_attribs=attributes_per_vertex
This is the number of attributes per vertex. The depth of the output PAM images
equals this value plus one (to accomodate the alpha plane). The argument must be an
integer in the closed range [1, 20].
The input instruction stream may override this with a reset command.
You must specify exactly one of -num_attribs, -rgb, and -grayscale.
-tupletype=tupletype
This is the tuple type for the output PAM images. The argument is a string which
may be no longer than 255 characters.
The input instruction stream may override this with a reset command.
The default is a null string.
This option cannot be specified together with -rgb or -grayscale.
-rgb This is a convenience option which simply serves as an alias for -num_attribs=3
-tupletype=RGB_ALPHA. In other words, this option is a quick way to specify that
you are going to use pamtris to draw RGB(_ALPHA) color images directly, and the
three vertex attributes are the red, green and blue levels of the color associated
with the vertex, in that order.
The input instruction stream may override this with a reset command.
You must specify exactly one of -num_attribs, -rgb, and -grayscale.
This option was new in Netpbm 10.85 (December 2018).
-grayscale
Another convenience option, similar to -rgb; except this one is an alias for
-num_attribs=1 -tupletype=GRAYSCALE_ALPHA. The one vertex attribute is the gray
level associated with the vertex.
The input instruction stream may override this with a reset command.
You must specify exactly one of -num_attribs, -rgb, and -grayscale.
This option was new in Netpbm 10.85 (December 2018).
-maxval=maxval
Sets the maxval of the output PAM images, which is also the maximum permitted value
for each vertex attribute. This must be an integer in the closed range [1, 65535].
The default value is 255.
The input instruction stream may override this with a reset command.
INSTRUCTION CODE
The input for pamtris consists of a stream of text lines read from Standard Input.
Empty lines or lines that contain only white space characters are called blank lines and
are ignored.
When a # occurs anywhere in a line, pamtris ignores it along with every character after
it. In other words, everything from the # until the end of the line receives the same
treatment as white space.
Lines which are not blank must contain a sequence of strings, called tokens, separated by
white space. The first such token must be one of the commands recognized by pamtris, and
all further tokens are interpreted as the arguments for that command, if it takes any.
When an insufficient number of arguments is provided for a command, the line is considered
invalid and is given the same treatment as a blank line. The same happens when an out of
range argument or one of a kind different of what is expected is given (for example, when
you give a string of letters where a numerical value is expected), or when an unrecognized
command/argument is found. When a number of arguments greater than that required for a
particular command is provided, only the portion of the line up to the last required
argument is considered and any further tokens are ignored.
pamtris is case-insensitive. That is, mode, MODE, mODe, etc. are all treated the same way.
The commands recognized by pamtris are:
mode
attribs
vertex
print
clear
reset
quit
You may use a minimum unique abbreviation of a command name. You may use an exclamation
mark (!) in place of the print command name and an asterisk (*) in place of clear.
The functions of the commands are as follows.
mode { triangles | strip | fan }
This makes pamtris enter a new drawing mode. The argument is a word which specifies
the mode to change to. Instead of a full argument name, it is permissible to
provide a minimum unique abbreviation, which has the same effect. The drawing mode
will remain the same until the next mode command is given.
This command also resets the current vertex list, which is (re)initialized to an
empty state after the command is executed. One may add new vertices to this list
through successive invocations of the vertex command (see below). You do not have
to worry about providing "too many" vertices, since the vertex list is virtualized:
pamtris maintains only the state pertaining to three vertices at any one time. The
current vertex list is initially empty.
It is permissible to give pamtris a mode command which instructs it to enter a
drawing mode it is currently already in. One might use this approach to reset the
current vertex list without changing the current drawing mode.
Regardless of the current drawing mode, the program immediately rasterizes a new
triangle into the frame buffer as soon as you provide the necessary vertices for it
through the current vertex list. (If you reset the vertex list before giving all
the vertices necessary to draw a new triangle, the program effectively discards
from the list any vertices that might have been pushed into the vertex list up to
that point without using them to draw any new triangles.)
In the following descriptions of each drawing mode, triangles' and vertices'
indices (ordinal numbers) are 0-based.
The triangles argument instructs pamtris to enter the "TRIANGLES" drawing mode.
While in this mode, a series of separate triangles is constructed. Every three
vertices pushed into the current vertex list specify a new triangle. Formally,
this means that every Nth triangle is specified by vertices 3*N, 3*N + 1, and
3*N + 2. This is the default initial mode and is therefore not required to be set
explicitly before drawing any triangles.
The strip argument instructs pamtris to enter the "STRIP" drawing mode. While in
this mode, pamtris constructs a "triangle strip." That is, the first three vertices
pushed into the current vertex list specify the first triangle, and every new
vertex pushed after that specifies, together with the previous two, the next
triangle. Formally, this means that every Nth triangle is specified by vertices N,
N + 1, and N + 2.
The fan argument instructs pamtris to enter the "FAN" drawing mode. While in this
mode, a so-called "triangle fan" is constructed. That is, the first three vertices
pushed into the current vertex list specify the first triangle, and every new
vertex pushed after that specifies, together with the previous vertex and the first
one, the next triangle. Formally, this means that every Nth triangle is specified
by vertices 0, N + 1, and N + 2.
attribs a<sub>0 a<sub>1
a<sub>2 ... a<sub>num_attribs - 1
This updates the current attribute values list. This command takes as arguments a
sequence of num_attribs integers which represent the values of the attributes to be
associated with the next vertex. This sequence of values is the just mentioned
"current attribute values list."
Each ith argument, where 0 ≤ i < num_attribs, indicates the value to be
assigned to the ith attribute of the current attribute values list. All arguments
must be integer values in the closed range [0, maxval]. If a number of arguments
less than the current value of num_attribs is given, the command is considered
invalid and is therefore ignored.
The current attribute values list remains unchanged until the next valid attribs or
reset command is given. The attribs command allows one to change the values of each
attribute individually, while the reset command is not specifically designed for
that function, but it has the side effect of setting all values in the current
attribute values list to the maxval (see below).
All values in the current attribute values list are initially set to the maxval.
<dt id="cmd_vertex">vertex x y z [w]
Adds a new vertex to the current vertex list (see the mode command above),
assigning the values of the arguments to its respective coordinates, and the values
in the current attribute values list (see the attribs command above) to the
respective entries in the attribute list associated with the vertex.
x, y and z must be integer values in the closed range [-32767, 32767]. x and y
represent, respectively, the column and row of the tuple which corresponds to the
location of the vertex. Such values may correspond to tuples outside the limits of
the frame buffer. The origin of the coordinate system is at the top-left tuple of
the frame buffer. The X-axis goes from left to right, and the Y-axis from top to
bottom. A negative value for x indicates a column that many tuples to the left of
the leftmost column of the frame buffer. Likewise, a negative value for y
indicates a row that many tuples above the uppermost row of the frame buffer.
Observe that those coordinates correspond directly to a particular point in the
coordinate system delineated above, regardless of whether you are trying to draw an
image which is supposed to look as if viewed "in perspective" or not; pamtris does
not "warp" the coordinates you give in any way. Therefore, if you want to draw
images in perspective, you must compute values for x and y already projected into
pamtris' coordinate system yourself, using an external perspective projection
method, prior to giving them to the program.
The z parameter represents the Z-coordinate of the vertex, which is used to
compute depth values for tuples within the areas of rasterized triangles.
Intuitively, smaller values for z mean "closer to the viewer," and larger ones mean
"farther away from the viewer" (but remember: as said above, the x and y
coordinates are not warped in any way, which implies that they are not affected by
z; neither by the next parameter, for that matter).
Optionally, you may provide a w parameter which represents a "perspective
correction factor" used to properly interpolate vertex attributes across the area
of the corresponding triangle. This must be an integer value in the closed range
[1, 1048575]. If you don't provide a value for it, the default value of 1 is used
(hence, if you want to nullify the effects of perspective correction on a triangle
so the output samples are computed as if just linearly interpolated, simply do not
provide a value for w for any vertex of the triangle). If, however, you intend to
draw 3D geometry in perspective, you must provide an appropriate value for this
parameter, otherwise the output images might look very wrong. w was new in Netpbm
10.85 (December 2018).
Consider the
typical model ⟨https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewing_frustum⟩ of the so-called
"viewing frustum" used to project vertices in 3D "world space" onto a planar "image
space." If we adopt the convention that a "z-plane" means any plane parallel to the
view-plane (a.k.a. picture plane, a.k.a. near plane), the value of w for a vertex
should then be the (smallest/euclidean/orthogonal) distance in pixels between the
projection reference point (PRP, or "eye") and the z-plane containing the vertex.
One way to compute this value amounts to simply taking the dot product between the
3D vector r and the 3D unit vector n, where r is the vector which goes from the
projection reference point (PRP, or "eye") to the vertex, and n is a view-plane
normal (VPN) of unit length which points away from the PRP. In other words, this is
equal to the length of the orthogonal projection of r on the line "determined" by
n.
(Note: For any two 3D vectors a and b, with respective real scalar components
a<sub>x, a<sub>y, a<sub>z and b<sub>x, b<sub>y, b<sub>z, the dot product between a
and b is simply a<sub>x*b<sub>x + a<sub>y*b<sub>y + a<sub>z*b<sub>z.)
print
This writes a PAM image to Standard Output whose raster is a copy of the current
contents of the image buffer. The values of the WIDTH and HEIGHT fields are the
same as the width and height, respectively, of the frame buffer, which were given
on the command line during program invocation. The MAXVAL field is equal to the
current maxval; the DEPTH field is equal to the current value of num_attribs + 1;
and the TUPLTYPE field is equal to the current tupletype.
This command has no effect upon the current drawing state. E. g. it does not modify
the current drawing mode, the current vertex list, etc.
One may issue an arbitrary number of print commands at different positions in the
input instruction sequence to produce a multi-image PAM stream.
clear [ image | depth ]
Clears the frame buffer. That is, all samples in the image buffer are once again
set to 0, and all entries in the depth buffer are once again set to the maximum
permitted depth value.
Optionally, one may provide an argument to only clear either the image buffer or
the depth buffer individually, while leaving the other intact. With the image
argument, only the image buffer is cleared; with the depth argument, only the depth
buffer is cleared. Instead of full argument names, one may provide a minimum unique
abbreviation, which has the same effect. The single character z is also accepted as
an alias for depth.
Like the print command, this command has no effect upon the current drawing state
either.
reset maxval num_attribs [tupletype]
This updates the current maxval and number of attributes per vertex (num_attribs),
resetting the <u>image</u> buffer with a new maxval and number of samples per tuple
while at it. The parameter maxval must be an integer in the closed range [1,
65535], and num_attribs must be an integer in the closed range [1, 20].
Optionally, after the second argument, one may provide a string to be assigned to
the current tupletype. The string goes from the first character after the second
argument which is not white space and continues until (and including) the last
character before the end of the line which is not white space. If a new tupletype
is not provided, or the provided string is longer than 255 characters, the empty
string is assigned to the current tupletype.
The side effects of running this command are
•
The new image buffer is completely cleared once the command is executed.
•
All values in the current attribute values list are set to the new maxval.
•
The current vertex list is reset.
However, it does not touch the depth buffer: it is left the same way as it was
found before the command. Also the drawing mode remains the same (e. g. if pamtris
was in FAN mode, it will continue in that same mode, etc.).
If this command is given with an invalid value for maxval or num_attribs, it is
ignored and therefore none of the above side effects apply, nor do the current
maxval, num_attribs or tupletype change at all.
It is permissible to give a value for maxval and num_attribs equal to the current
maxval and num_attribs, respectively, although the above side effects will still
apply even in such cases.
Since this command deals with memory allocation, it may fail to execute
successfully. If that happens, no lines of input will be read anymore and pamtris
will be terminated as if the quit command was given.
quit
This terminates pamtris. It will not read any more lines of input after this
command.
TIPS
Texturing
It is possible to apply so-called "textures" to images produced with pamtris by using a
pair of vertex attributes as texture coordinates, then using pamchannel(1) to select the
appropriate channels in the output image(s), and finally processing the result through
pamlookup(1), providing the desired texture file as a "lookup table." If you are drawing
pictures in perspective, make sure to provide adequate values for the w parameter to your
vertex commands ( see above ⟨#cmd_vertex⟩ ) so that the resulting samples in the images
produced by pamtris are perspective-correct. You might want to consider using pnmtile(1)
to make textures which are inteded to be "repeated" along triangle meshes.
The animated GIF below is an example of what can be achieved using the technique
described above (Earth texture from nasa.gov
⟨https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=73580⟩ ).
Rotating Earth
Anti-aliased edges
pamtris performs no anti-aliasing on triangle edges by itself. However, it is possible to
obtain anti-aliased images through a "super-sampling" approach: draw your image(s) at a
size larger than the desired final size, and then, when all postprocessing is done,
downscale the final image(s) to the desired size. Drawing images with twice the desired
width and height, then downscaling them to the intended size while disregarding gamma
(i.e. what pamscale -linear does) often produces good enough results; but the larger the
ratio "size of original image" / "size of downscaled image" , the better the quality of
the anti-aliasing effect.
SEE ALSO
pampick(1) pamchannel(1) pamstack(1) pamlookup(1) pamarith(1) pamscale(1) pamdepth(1)
pamexec(1) pam(1)
HISTORY
pamtris was new in Netpbm 10.84 (September 2018).
DOCUMENT SOURCE
This manual page was generated by the Netpbm tool 'makeman' from HTML source. The master
documentation is at
http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pamtris.html