Provided by: libdbix-oo-perl_0.0.9-6_all 
NAME
DBIx::OO::Tree -- manipulate hierarchical data using the "nested sets" model
SYNOPSYS
CREATE TABLE Categories (
id INTEGER UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
label VARCHAR(255),
-- these columns are required by DBIx::OO::Tree
parent INTEGER UNSIGNED,
lft INTEGER UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
rgt INTEGER UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
mvg TINYINT DEFAULT 0,
INDEX(lft),
INDEX(rgt),
INDEX(mvg),
INDEX(parent)
);
* * *
package Category;
use base 'DBIx::OO';
use DBIx::OO::Tree;
__PACKAGE__->table('Categories');
__PACKAGE__->columns(P => [ 'id' ],
E => [ 'label', 'parent' ]);
# note it's not necessary to declare lft, rgt, mvg or parent. We
# declare parent simply because it might be useful, but
# DBIx::OO:Tree works with low-level SQL therefore it doesn't
# require that the DBIx::OO object has these fields.
# the code below creates the structure presented in [1]
my $electronics = Category->tree_append({ label => 'electronics' });
my $tvs = $electronics->tree_append({ label => 'televisions' });
my $tube = $tvs->tree_append({ label => 'tube' });
my $plasma = $tvs->tree_append({ label => 'plasma' });
my $lcd = $plasma->tree_insert_before({ label => 'lcd' });
my $portable = $tvs->tree_insert_after({ label => 'portable electronics' });
my $mp3 = $portable->tree_append({ label => 'mp3 players' });
my $flash = $mp3->tree_append({ label => 'flash' });
my $cds = $portable->tree_append({ label => 'cd players' });
my $radios = Category->tree_append($portable->id,
{ label => '2 way radios' });
# fetch and display a subtree
my $data = $electronics->tree_get_subtree({
fields => [qw( label lft rgt parent )]
});
my $levels = Category->tree_compute_levels($data);
foreach my $i (@$data) {
print ' ' x $levels->{$i->{id}}, $i->{label}, "\n";
}
## or, create DBIx::OO objects from returned data:
my $array = Category->init_from_data($data);
print join("\n", (map { ' ' x $levels->{$_->id} . $_->label } @$array));
# display path info
my $data = $flash->tree_get_path;
print join("\n", (map { $_->{label} } @$data));
# move nodes around
$mp3->tree_reparent($lcd->id);
$tvs->tree_reparent($portable->id);
$cds->tree_reparent(undef);
$plasma->tree_move_before($tube->id);
$portable->tree_move_before($electronics->id);
# delete nodes
$lcd->tree_delete;
OVERVIEW
This module is a complement to DBIx::OO to facilitate storing trees in database using the
"nested sets model", presented in [1]. Its main ambition is to be extremely fast at
retrieving data (sacrificing for this the performance of UPDATE-s, INSERT-s or DELETE-s).
Currently this module requires you to have these columns in the table:
- id: primary key (integer)
- parent: integer, references the parent node (NULL for root nodes)
- lft, rgt: store the node position
- mvg: used only when moving nodes
"parent" and "mvg" are not esentially required by the nested sets model as presented in
[1], but they are necessary for this module to work. In particular, "mvg" is only
required by functions that move nodes, such as tree_reparent(). If you don't want to move
nodes around you can omit "mvg".
Retrieval functions should be very fast (one SQL executed). To further promote speed,
they don't return DBIx::OO blessed objects, but an array of hashes instead. It's easy to
create DBIx::OO objects from these, if required, by calling DBIx::OO->init_from_data()
(see DBIx::OO for more information).
Insert/delete/move functions, however, need to ensure the tree integrity. Here's what
happens currently:
- tree_append, tree_insert_before, tree_insert_after -- these execute
one SELECT and two UPDATE-s (that potentially could affect a lot of
rows).
- tree_delete: execute one SELECT, one DELETE and two UPDATE-s.
- tree_reparent -- executes 2 SELECT-s and 7 UPDATE-s. I know, this
sounds horrible--if you have better ideas I'd love to hear them.
Note: this module could well work with Class::DBI, although it is untested. You just need
to provide the get_dbh() method to your packages, comply to this module's table
requirements (i.e. provide the right columns) and it should work just fine. Any
success/failure stories are welcome.
DATABASE INTEGRITY
Since the functions that update the database need to run multiple queries in order to
maintain integrity, they should normally do this inside a transaction. However, it looks
like MySQL does not support nested transactions, therefore if I call transaction_start /
transaction_commit inside these functions they will mess with an eventual transaction that
might have been started by the calling code.
In short: you should make sure the updates happen in a transaction, but we can't enforce
this in our module.
API
tree_append($parent_id, \%values)
Appends a new node in the subtree of the specified parent. If $parent_id is undef, it
will add a root node. When you want to add a root node you can as well omit specifying
the $parent_id (our code will realize that the first argument is a reference).
$values is a hash as required by DBIx::OO::create().
Examples:
$node = Category->tree_append({ label => 'electronics' });
$node = Category->tree_append(undef, { label => 'electronics' });
$lcd = Category->tree_append($tvs->id, { label => 'lcd' });
$lcd->tree_append({ label => 'monitors' });
As you can see, you can call it both as a package method or as an object method. When you
call it as a package method, it will look at the type of the first argument. If it's a
reference, it will guess that you want to add a root node. Otherwise it will add the new
node under the specified parent.
Beware of mistakes! Do NOT call it like this:
$tvs = Category->search({ label => 'televisions' })->[0];
Category->tree_append($tvs, { label => 'lcd' });
If you specify a parent, it MUST be its ID, not an object!
tree_insert_before, tree_insert_after ($anchor, \%values)
Similar in function to tree_append, but these functions allow you to insert a node before
or after a specified node ($anchor).
Examples:
$lcd->tree_insert_after({ label => 'plasma' });
$lcd->tree_insert_before({ label => 'tube' });
# Or, as a package method:
Category->tree_insert_after($lcd->id, { label => 'plasma' });
Category->tree_insert_before($lcd->id, { label => 'tube' });
Note that specifying the parent is not required, because it's clearly that the new node
should have the same parent as the anchor node.
tree_reparent($source_id, $dest_id)
This function will remove the $source node from its current parent and append it to the
$dest node. As with the other functions, you can call it both as a package method or as
an object method. When you call it as an object method, it's not necessary to specify
$source.
You can specify undef for $dest_id, in which case $source will become a root node (as if
it would be appended with tree_append(undef)).
No nodes are DELETE-ed nor INSERT-ed by this function. It simply moves existing nodes,
which means that any node ID-s that you happen to have should remain valid and point to
the same nodes. However, the tree structure is changed, so if you maintain the tree in
memory you have to update it after calling this funciton. Same applies to
tree_move_before() and tree_move_after().
Examples:
# the following are equivalent
Category->tree_reparent($lcd->id, $plasma->id);
$lcd->tree_reparent($plasma->id);
This function does a lot of work in order to maintain the tree integrity, therefore it
might be slow.
NOTE: it doesn't do any safety checks to make sure moving the node is allowed. For
instance, you can't move a node to one of its child nodes.
tree_move_before, tree_move_after ($source_id, $anchor_id)
These functions are similar to a reparent operation, but they allow one to specify where
to put the $source node, in the subtree of $anchor's parent. See tree_reparent().
Examples:
$portable->tree_move_before($electronics->id);
Category->tree_move_after($lcd->id, $flash->id);
tree_delete($node_id)
Removes a node (and its full subtree) from the database.
Equivalent examples:
Category->tree_delete($lcd->id);
$lcd->tree_delete;
tree_get_subtree(\%args)
Retrieves the full subtree of a specified node. $args is a hashref that can contain:
- parent : the ID of the node whose subtree we want to get
- where : an WHERE clause in SQL::Abstract format
- limit : allows you to limit the results (using SQL LIMIT)
- offset : SQL OFFSET
- fields : (arrayref) allows you to specify a list of fields you're
interested in
This can be called as a package method, or as an object method.
Examples first:
$all_nodes = Category->tree_get_subtree;
$nodes = Category->tree_get_subtree({ parent => $portable->id });
## OR
$nodes = $portable->tree_get_subtree;
# Filtering:
$nodes = Category->tree_get_subtree({ where => { label => { -like => '%a%' }}});
# Specify fields:
$nodes = Category->tree_get_subtree({ fields => [ 'label' ] });
This function returns an array of hashes that contain the fields you required. If you
specify no fields, 'id' and 'parent' will be SELECT-ed by default. Even if you do specify
an array of field names, 'id' and 'parent' would still be included in the SELECT (so you
don't want to specify them).
Using this array you can easily create DBIx::OO objects (or in our sample, Category
objects):
$arrayref = Category->init_from_data($nodes);
OK, let's get to a more real-world example. Suppose we have a forum and we need to list
all messages in a thread ($thread_id). Here's what we're going to do:
$data = ForumMessage->tree_get_subtree({
parent => $thread_id,
fields => [qw( subject body author date )],
});
# the above runs one SQL query
$objects = ForumMessage->init_from_data($data);
# the above simply initializes ForumMessage objects from the
# returned data, B<without> calling the database (since we have
# the primary key automatically selected by tree_get_subtree, and
# also have cared to select the fields we're going to use).
# compute the level of each message, to indent them easily
$levels = ForumMessage->tree_compute_levels($data);
# and now display them
foreach my $msg (@$objects) {
my $class = 'level' . $levels{$msg->id};
print "<div class='$class'>", $msg->subject, "<br><br>",
$msg->body, "<br><br>By: ", $msg->author, "</div>";
}
# and indentation is now a matter of CSS. ;-) (define level0,
# level1, level2, etc.)
All this can be done with a single SQL query. Of course, note that we didn't even need to
initialize the $objects array--that's mainly useful when you want to update the database.
tree_get_path(\%args)
Retrieves the path of a given node. $args is an hashref that can contain:
- id : the ID of the node whose path you're interested in
- fields : array of field names to be SELECT-ed (same like
tree_get_subtree)
This returns data in the same format as tree_get_subtree().
tree_get_next_sibling, tree_get_prev_sibling
XXX: this info may be inaccurate
Return the next/previous item in the tree view. $args has the same significance as in
"tree_get_path". $args->{id} defines the reference node; if missing, it's assumed to be
$self.
tree_get_next, tree_get_prev
XXX: this info may be inaccurate
Similar to "tree_get_next_sibling" / "tree_get_prev_sibling" but allow $args->{where} to
contain a WHERE clause (in SQL::Abstract format) and returns the next/prev item that
matches the criteria.
tree_compute_levels($data)
This is an utility function that computes the level of each node in $data (where $data is
an array reference as returned by tree_get_subtree or tree_get_path).
This is generic, and it's simply for convenience--in particular cases you might find it
faster to compute the levels yourself.
It returns an hashref that maps node ID to its level.
In [1] we can see there is a method to compute the subtree depth directly in SQL, I will
paste the relevant code here:
SELECT node.name, (COUNT(parent.name) - (sub_tree.depth + 1)) AS depth
FROM nested_category AS node,
nested_category AS parent,
nested_category AS sub_parent,
(
SELECT node.name, (COUNT(parent.name) - 1) AS depth
FROM nested_category AS node,
nested_category AS parent
WHERE node.lft BETWEEN parent.lft AND parent.rgt
AND node.name = 'PORTABLE ELECTRONICS'
GROUP BY node.name
ORDER BY node.lft
)AS sub_tree
WHERE node.lft BETWEEN parent.lft AND parent.rgt
AND node.lft BETWEEN sub_parent.lft AND sub_parent.rgt
AND sub_parent.name = sub_tree.name
GROUP BY node.name
ORDER BY node.lft;
I find it horrible.
TODO
- Allow custom names for the required fields (lft, rgt, mvg, id,
parent).
- Allow custom types for the primary key (currently they MUST be
integers).
REFERENCES
[1] MySQL AB: Managing Hierarchical Data in MySQL, by Mike Hillyer
http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/hierarchical-data.html
SEE ALSO
DBIx::OO
AUTHOR
Mihai Bazon, <mihai.bazon@gmail.com>
http://www.dynarch.com/
http://www.bazon.net/mishoo/
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) Mihai Bazon 2006. All rights reserved.
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself.
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY
BECAUSE THIS SOFTWARE IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE SOFTWARE,
TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE
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WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO
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