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NAME
sscanf, vsscanf - input string format conversion
LIBRARY
Standard C library (libc, -lc)
SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
int sscanf(const char *restrict str,
const char *restrict format, ...);
#include <stdarg.h>
int vsscanf(const char *restrict str,
const char *restrict format, va_list ap);
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
vsscanf():
_ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L
DESCRIPTION
The sscanf() family of functions scans input according to format as described below. This
format may contain conversion specifications; the results from such conversions, if any,
are stored in the locations pointed to by the pointer arguments that follow format. Each
pointer argument must be of a type that is appropriate for the value returned by the
corresponding conversion specification.
If the number of conversion specifications in format exceeds the number of pointer
arguments, the results are undefined. If the number of pointer arguments exceeds the
number of conversion specifications, then the excess pointer arguments are evaluated, but
are otherwise ignored.
sscanf() These functions read their input from the string pointed to by str.
The vsscanf() function is analogous to vsprintf(3).
The format string consists of a sequence of directives which describe how to process the
sequence of input characters. If processing of a directive fails, no further input is
read, and sscanf() returns. A "failure" can be either of the following: input failure,
meaning that input characters were unavailable, or matching failure, meaning that the
input was inappropriate (see below).
A directive is one of the following:
• A sequence of white-space characters (space, tab, newline, etc.; see isspace(3)).
This directive matches any amount of white space, including none, in the input.
• An ordinary character (i.e., one other than white space or '%'). This character
must exactly match the next character of input.
• A conversion specification, which commences with a '%' (percent) character. A
sequence of characters from the input is converted according to this specification,
and the result is placed in the corresponding pointer argument. If the next item
of input does not match the conversion specification, the conversion fails—this is
a matching failure.
Each conversion specification in format begins with either the character '%' or the
character sequence "%n$" (see below for the distinction) followed by:
• An optional '*' assignment-suppression character: sscanf() reads input as directed
by the conversion specification, but discards the input. No corresponding pointer
argument is required, and this specification is not included in the count of
successful assignments returned by scanf().
• For decimal conversions, an optional quote character ('). This specifies that the
input number may include thousands' separators as defined by the LC_NUMERIC
category of the current locale. (See setlocale(3).) The quote character may
precede or follow the '*' assignment-suppression character.
• An optional 'm' character. This is used with string conversions (%s, %c, %[), and
relieves the caller of the need to allocate a corresponding buffer to hold the
input: instead, sscanf() allocates a buffer of sufficient size, and assigns the
address of this buffer to the corresponding pointer argument, which should be a
pointer to a char * variable (this variable does not need to be initialized before
the call). The caller should subsequently free(3) this buffer when it is no longer
required.
• An optional decimal integer which specifies the maximum field width. Reading of
characters stops either when this maximum is reached or when a nonmatching
character is found, whichever happens first. Most conversions discard initial
white space characters (the exceptions are noted below), and these discarded
characters don't count toward the maximum field width. String input conversions
store a terminating null byte ('\0') to mark the end of the input; the maximum
field width does not include this terminator.
• An optional type modifier character. For example, the l type modifier is used with
integer conversions such as %d to specify that the corresponding pointer argument
refers to a long rather than a pointer to an int.
• A conversion specifier that specifies the type of input conversion to be performed.
The conversion specifications in format are of two forms, either beginning with '%' or
beginning with "%n$". The two forms should not be mixed in the same format string, except
that a string containing "%n$" specifications can include %% and %*. If format contains
'%' specifications, then these correspond in order with successive pointer arguments. In
the "%n$" form (which is specified in POSIX.1-2001, but not C99), n is a decimal integer
that specifies that the converted input should be placed in the location referred to by
the n-th pointer argument following format.
Conversions
The following type modifier characters can appear in a conversion specification:
h Indicates that the conversion will be one of d, i, o, u, x, X, or n and the next
pointer is a pointer to a short or unsigned short (rather than int).
hh As for h, but the next pointer is a pointer to a signed char or unsigned char.
j As for h, but the next pointer is a pointer to an intmax_t or a uintmax_t. This
modifier was introduced in C99.
l Indicates either that the conversion will be one of d, i, o, u, x, X, or n and the
next pointer is a pointer to a long or unsigned long (rather than int), or that the
conversion will be one of e, f, or g and the next pointer is a pointer to double
(rather than float). If used with %c or %s, the corresponding parameter is
considered as a pointer to a wide character or wide-character string respectively.
ll (ell-ell) Indicates that the conversion will be one of b, d, i, o, u, x, X, or n
and the next pointer is a pointer to a long long or unsigned long long (rather than
int).
L Indicates that the conversion will be either e, f, or g and the next pointer is a
pointer to long double or (as a GNU extension) the conversion will be d, i, o, u,
or x and the next pointer is a pointer to long long.
q equivalent to L. This specifier does not exist in ANSI C.
t As for h, but the next pointer is a pointer to a ptrdiff_t. This modifier was
introduced in C99.
z As for h, but the next pointer is a pointer to a size_t. This modifier was
introduced in C99.
The following conversion specifiers are available:
% Matches a literal '%'. That is, %% in the format string matches a single input '%'
character. No conversion is done (but initial white space characters are
discarded), and assignment does not occur.
d Deprecated. Matches an optionally signed decimal integer; the next pointer must be
a pointer to int.
i Deprecated. Matches an optionally signed integer; the next pointer must be a
pointer to int. The integer is read in base 16 if it begins with 0x or 0X, in base
8 if it begins with 0, and in base 10 otherwise. Only characters that correspond
to the base are used.
o Deprecated. Matches an unsigned octal integer; the next pointer must be a pointer
to unsigned int.
u Deprecated. Matches an unsigned decimal integer; the next pointer must be a
pointer to unsigned int.
x Deprecated. Matches an unsigned hexadecimal integer (that may optionally begin
with a prefix of 0x or 0X, which is discarded); the next pointer must be a pointer
to unsigned int.
X Deprecated. Equivalent to x.
f Deprecated. Matches an optionally signed floating-point number; the next pointer
must be a pointer to float.
e Deprecated. Equivalent to f.
g Deprecated. Equivalent to f.
E Deprecated. Equivalent to f.
a Deprecated. (C99) Equivalent to f.
s Matches a sequence of non-white-space characters; the next pointer must be a
pointer to the initial element of a character array that is long enough to hold the
input sequence and the terminating null byte ('\0'), which is added automatically.
The input string stops at white space or at the maximum field width, whichever
occurs first.
c Matches a sequence of characters whose length is specified by the maximum field
width (default 1); the next pointer must be a pointer to char, and there must be
enough room for all the characters (no terminating null byte is added). The usual
skip of leading white space is suppressed. To skip white space first, use an
explicit space in the format.
[ Matches a nonempty sequence of characters from the specified set of accepted
characters; the next pointer must be a pointer to char, and there must be enough
room for all the characters in the string, plus a terminating null byte. The usual
skip of leading white space is suppressed. The string is to be made up of
characters in (or not in) a particular set; the set is defined by the characters
between the open bracket [ character and a close bracket ] character. The set
excludes those characters if the first character after the open bracket is a
circumflex (^). To include a close bracket in the set, make it the first character
after the open bracket or the circumflex; any other position will end the set. The
hyphen character - is also special; when placed between two other characters, it
adds all intervening characters to the set. To include a hyphen, make it the last
character before the final close bracket. For instance, [^]0-9-] means the set
"everything except close bracket, zero through nine, and hyphen". The string ends
with the appearance of a character not in the (or, with a circumflex, in) set or
when the field width runs out.
p Matches a pointer value (as printed by %p in printf(3)); the next pointer must be a
pointer to a pointer to void.
n Nothing is expected; instead, the number of characters consumed thus far from the
input is stored through the next pointer, which must be a pointer to int, or
variant whose size matches the (optionally) supplied integer length modifier. This
is not a conversion and does not increase the count returned by the function. The
assignment can be suppressed with the * assignment-suppression character, but the
effect on the return value is undefined. Therefore %*n conversions should not be
used.
RETURN VALUE
On success, these functions return the number of input items successfully matched and
assigned; this can be fewer than provided for, or even zero, in the event of an early
matching failure.
The value EOF is returned if the end of input is reached before either the first
successful conversion or a matching failure occurs. EOF is also returned if a read error
occurs, in which case the error indicator for the stream (see ferror(3)) is set, and errno
is set to indicate the error.
ERRORS
EILSEQ Input byte sequence does not form a valid character.
EINVAL Not enough arguments; or format is NULL.
ENOMEM Out of memory.
ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┬───────────────┬────────────────┐
│Interface │ Attribute │ Value │
├────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────┼────────────────┤
│sscanf(), vsscanf() │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe locale │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┴────────────────┘
STANDARDS
These functions conform to C99 and POSIX.1-2001.
The q specifier is the 4.4BSD notation for long long, while ll or the usage of L in
integer conversions is the GNU notation.
The Linux version of these functions is based on the GNU libio library. Take a look at
the info documentation of GNU libc (glibc-1.08) for a more concise description.
NOTES
The 'a' assignment-allocation modifier
Originally, the GNU C library supported dynamic allocation for string inputs (as a
nonstandard extension) via the a character. (This feature is present at least as far back
as glibc 2.0.) Thus, one could write the following to have sscanf() allocate a buffer for
a string, with a pointer to that buffer being returned in *buf:
char *buf;
sscanf(str, "%as", &buf);
The use of the letter a for this purpose was problematic, since a is also specified by the
ISO C standard as a synonym for f (floating-point input). POSIX.1-2008 instead specifies
the m modifier for assignment allocation (as documented in DESCRIPTION, above).
Note that the a modifier is not available if the program is compiled with gcc -std=c99 or
gcc -D_ISOC99_SOURCE (unless _GNU_SOURCE is also specified), in which case the a is
interpreted as a specifier for floating-point numbers (see above).
Support for the m modifier was added to glibc 2.7, and new programs should use that
modifier instead of a.
As well as being standardized by POSIX, the m modifier has the following further
advantages over the use of a:
• It may also be applied to %c conversion specifiers (e.g., %3mc).
• It avoids ambiguity with respect to the %a floating-point conversion specifier (and is
unaffected by gcc -std=c99 etc.).
BUGS
Numeric conversion specifiers
Use of the numeric conversion specifiers produces Undefined Behavior for invalid input.
See C11 7.21.6.2/10 ⟨https://port70.net/%7Ensz/c/c11/n1570.html#7.21.6.2p10⟩. This is a
bug in the ISO C standard, and not an inherent design issue with the API. However,
current implementations are not safe from that bug, so it is not recommended to use them.
Instead, programs should use functions such as strtol(3) to parse numeric input. This
manual page deprecates use of the numeric conversion specifiers until they are fixed by
ISO C.
Nonstandard modifiers
These functions are fully C99 conformant, but provide the additional modifiers q and a as
well as an additional behavior of the L and ll modifiers. The latter may be considered to
be a bug, as it changes the behavior of modifiers defined in C99.
Some combinations of the type modifiers and conversion specifiers defined by C99 do not
make sense (e.g., %Ld). While they may have a well-defined behavior on Linux, this need
not to be so on other architectures. Therefore it usually is better to use modifiers that
are not defined by C99 at all, that is, use q instead of L in combination with d, i, o, u,
x, and X conversions or ll.
The usage of q is not the same as on 4.4BSD, as it may be used in float conversions
equivalently to L.
EXAMPLES
To use the dynamic allocation conversion specifier, specify m as a length modifier (thus
%ms or %m[range]). The caller must free(3) the returned string, as in the following
example:
char *p;
int n;
errno = 0;
n = sscanf(str, "%m[a-z]", &p);
if (n == 1) {
printf("read: %s\n", p);
free(p);
} else if (errno != 0) {
perror("sscanf");
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "No matching characters\n");
}
As shown in the above example, it is necessary to call free(3) only if the sscanf() call
successfully read a string.
SEE ALSO
getc(3), printf(3), setlocale(3), strtod(3), strtol(3), strtoul(3)