Provided by: freebsd-manpages_12.2-1_all 
NAME
atomic_add, atomic_clear, atomic_cmpset, atomic_fcmpset, atomic_fetchadd, atomic_load,
atomic_readandclear, atomic_set, atomic_subtract, atomic_store, atomic_thread_fence — atomic
operations
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <machine/atomic.h>
void
atomic_add_[acq_|rel_]<type>(volatile <type> *p, <type> v);
void
atomic_clear_[acq_|rel_]<type>(volatile <type> *p, <type> v);
int
atomic_cmpset_[acq_|rel_]<type>(volatile <type> *dst, <type> old, <type> new);
int
atomic_fcmpset_[acq_|rel_]<type>(volatile <type> *dst, <type> *old, <type> new);
<type>
atomic_fetchadd_<type>(volatile <type> *p, <type> v);
<type>
atomic_load_[acq_]<type>(volatile <type> *p);
<type>
atomic_readandclear_<type>(volatile <type> *p);
void
atomic_set_[acq_|rel_]<type>(volatile <type> *p, <type> v);
void
atomic_subtract_[acq_|rel_]<type>(volatile <type> *p, <type> v);
void
atomic_store_[rel_]<type>(volatile <type> *p, <type> v);
<type>
atomic_swap_<type>(volatile <type> *p, <type> v);
int
atomic_testandclear_<type>(volatile <type> *p, u_int v);
int
atomic_testandset_<type>(volatile <type> *p, u_int v);
void
atomic_thread_fence_[acq|acq_rel|rel|seq_cst](void);
DESCRIPTION
Atomic operations are commonly used to implement reference counts and as building blocks for
synchronization primitives, such as mutexes.
All of these operations are performed atomically across multiple threads and in the presence
of interrupts, meaning that they are performed in an indivisible manner from the perspective
of concurrently running threads and interrupt handlers.
On all architectures supported by FreeBSD, ordinary loads and stores of integers in cache-
coherent memory are inherently atomic if the integer is naturally aligned and its size does
not exceed the processor's word size. However, such loads and stores may be elided from the
program by the compiler, whereas atomic operations are always performed.
When atomic operations are performed on cache-coherent memory, all operations on the same
location are totally ordered.
When an atomic load is performed on a location in cache-coherent memory, it reads the entire
value that was defined by the last atomic store to each byte of the location. An atomic
load will never return a value out of thin air. When an atomic store is performed on a
location, no other thread or interrupt handler will observe a torn write, or partial
modification of the location.
Except as noted below, the semantics of these operations are almost identical to the
semantics of similarly named C11 atomic operations.
Types
Most atomic operations act upon a specific type. That type is indicated in the function
name. In contrast to C11 atomic operations, FreeBSD's atomic operations are performed on
ordinary integer types. The available types are:
int unsigned integer
long unsigned long integer
ptr unsigned integer the size of a pointer
32 unsigned 32-bit integer
64 unsigned 64-bit integer
For example, the function to atomically add two integers is called atomic_add_int().
Certain architectures also provide operations for types smaller than “int”.
char unsigned character
short unsigned short integer
8 unsigned 8-bit integer
16 unsigned 16-bit integer
These types must not be used in machine-independent code.
Acquire and Release Operations
By default, a thread's accesses to different memory locations might not be performed in
program order, that is, the order in which the accesses appear in the source code. To
optimize the program's execution, both the compiler and processor might reorder the thread's
accesses. However, both ensure that their reordering of the accesses is not visible to the
thread. Otherwise, the traditional memory model that is expected by single-threaded
programs would be violated. Nonetheless, other threads in a multithreaded program, such as
the FreeBSD kernel, might observe the reordering. Moreover, in some cases, such as the
implementation of synchronization between threads, arbitrary reordering might result in the
incorrect execution of the program. To constrain the reordering that both the compiler and
processor might perform on a thread's accesses, a programmer can use atomic operations with
acquire and release semantics.
Atomic operations on memory have up to three variants. The first, or relaxed variant,
performs the operation without imposing any ordering constraints on accesses to other memory
locations. This variant is the default. The second variant has acquire semantics, and the
third variant has release semantics.
When an atomic operation has acquire semantics, the operation must have completed before any
subsequent load or store (by program order) is performed. Conversely, acquire semantics do
not require that prior loads or stores have completed before the atomic operation is
performed. An atomic operation can only have acquire semantics if it performs a load from
memory. To denote acquire semantics, the suffix “_acq” is inserted into the function name
immediately prior to the “_⟨type⟩” suffix. For example, to subtract two integers ensuring
that the subtraction is completed before any subsequent loads and stores are performed, use
atomic_subtract_acq_int().
When an atomic operation has release semantics, all prior loads or stores (by program order)
must have completed before the operation is performed. Conversely, release semantics do not
require that the atomic operation must have completed before any subsequent load or store is
performed. An atomic operation can only have release semantics if it performs a store to
memory. To denote release semantics, the suffix “_rel” is inserted into the function name
immediately prior to the “_⟨type⟩” suffix. For example, to add two long integers ensuring
that all prior loads and stores are completed before the addition is performed, use
atomic_add_rel_long().
When a release operation by one thread synchronizes with an acquire operation by another
thread, usually meaning that the acquire operation reads the value written by the release
operation, then the effects of all prior stores by the releasing thread must become visible
to subsequent loads by the acquiring thread. Moreover, the effects of all stores (by other
threads) that were visible to the releasing thread must also become visible to the acquiring
thread. These rules only apply to the synchronizing threads. Other threads might observe
these stores in a different order.
In effect, atomic operations with acquire and release semantics establish one-way barriers
to reordering that enable the implementations of synchronization primitives to express their
ordering requirements without also imposing unnecessary ordering. For example, for a
critical section guarded by a mutex, an acquire operation when the mutex is locked and a
release operation when the mutex is unlocked will prevent any loads or stores from moving
outside of the critical section. However, they will not prevent the compiler or processor
from moving loads or stores into the critical section, which does not violate the semantics
of a mutex.
Thread Fence Operations
Alternatively, a programmer can use atomic thread fence operations to constrain the
reordering of accesses. In contrast to other atomic operations, fences do not, themselves,
access memory.
When a fence has acquire semantics, all prior loads (by program order) must have completed
before any subsequent load or store is performed. Thus, an acquire fence is a two-way
barrier for load operations. To denote acquire semantics, the suffix “_acq” is appended to
the function name, for example, atomic_thread_fence_acq().
When a fence has release semantics, all prior loads or stores (by program order) must have
completed before any subsequent store operation is performed. Thus, a release fence is a
two-way barrier for store operations. To denote release semantics, the suffix “_rel” is
appended to the function name, for example, atomic_thread_fence_rel().
Although atomic_thread_fence_acq_rel() implements both acquire and release semantics, it is
not a full barrier. For example, a store prior to the fence (in program order) may be
completed after a load subsequent to the fence. In contrast, atomic_thread_fence_seq_cst()
implements a full barrier. Neither loads nor stores may cross this barrier in either
direction.
In C11, a release fence by one thread synchronizes with an acquire fence by another thread
when an atomic load that is prior to the acquire fence (by program order) reads the value
written by an atomic store that is subsequent to the release fence. In constrast, in
FreeBSD, because of the atomicity of ordinary, naturally aligned loads and stores, fences
can also be synchronized by ordinary loads and stores. This simplifies the implementation
and use of some synchronization primitives in FreeBSD.
Since neither a compiler nor a processor can foresee which (atomic) load will read the value
written by an (atomic) store, the ordering constraints imposed by fences must be more
restrictive than acquire loads and release stores. Essentially, this is why fences are two-
way barriers.
Although fences impose more restrictive ordering than acquire loads and release stores, by
separating access from ordering, they can sometimes facilitate more efficient
implementations of synchronization primitives. For example, they can be used to avoid
executing a memory barrier until a memory access shows that some condition is satisfied.
Multiple Processors
In multiprocessor systems, the atomicity of the atomic operations on memory depends on
support for cache coherence in the underlying architecture. In general, cache coherence on
the default memory type, VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT, is guaranteed by all architectures that are
supported by FreeBSD. For example, cache coherence is guaranteed on write-back memory by
the amd64 and i386 architectures. However, on some architectures, cache coherence might not
be enabled on all memory types. To determine if cache coherence is enabled for a non-
default memory type, consult the architecture's documentation.
Semantics
This section describes the semantics of each operation using a C like notation.
atomic_add(p, v)
*p += v;
atomic_clear(p, v)
*p &= ~v;
atomic_cmpset(dst, old, new)
if (*dst == old) {
*dst = new;
return (1);
} else
return (0);
Some architectures do not implement the atomic_cmpset() functions for the types “char”,
“short”, “8”, and “16”.
atomic_fcmpset(dst, *old, new)
On architectures implementing Compare And Swap operation in hardware, the functionality can
be described as
if (*dst == *old) {
*dst = new;
return (1);
} else {
*old = *dst;
return (0);
}
On architectures which provide Load Linked/Store Conditional primitive, the write to *dst
might also fail for several reasons, most important of which is a parallel write to *dst
cache line by other CPU. In this case atomic_fcmpset() function also returns false, despite
*old == *dst.
Some architectures do not implement the atomic_fcmpset() functions for the types “char”,
“short”, “8”, and “16”.
atomic_fetchadd(p, v)
tmp = *p;
*p += v;
return (tmp);
The atomic_fetchadd() functions are only implemented for the types “int”, “long” and “32”
and do not have any variants with memory barriers at this time.
atomic_load(p)
return (*p);
atomic_readandclear(p)
tmp = *p;
*p = 0;
return (tmp);
The atomic_readandclear() functions are not implemented for the types “char”, “short”,
“ptr”, “8”, and “16” and do not have any variants with memory barriers at this time.
atomic_set(p, v)
*p |= v;
atomic_subtract(p, v)
*p -= v;
atomic_store(p, v)
*p = v;
atomic_swap(p, v)
tmp = *p;
*p = v;
return (tmp);
The atomic_swap() functions are not implemented for the types “char”, “short”, “ptr”, “8”,
and “16” and do not have any variants with memory barriers at this time.
atomic_testandclear(p, v)
bit = 1 << (v % (sizeof(*p) * NBBY));
tmp = (*p & bit) != 0;
*p &= ~bit;
return (tmp);
atomic_testandset(p, v)
bit = 1 << (v % (sizeof(*p) * NBBY));
tmp = (*p & bit) != 0;
*p |= bit;
return (tmp);
The atomic_testandset() and atomic_testandclear() functions are only implemented for the
types “int”, “long” and “32” and do not have any variants with memory barriers at this time.
The type “64” is currently not implemented for some of the atomic operations on the arm,
i386, and powerpc architectures.
RETURN VALUES
The atomic_cmpset() function returns the result of the compare operation. The
atomic_fcmpset() function returns true if the operation succeeded. Otherwise it returns
false and sets *old to the found value. The atomic_fetchadd(), atomic_load(),
atomic_readandclear(), and atomic_swap() functions return the value at the specified
address. The atomic_testandset() and atomic_testandclear() function returns the result of
the test operation.
EXAMPLES
This example uses the atomic_cmpset_acq_ptr() and atomic_set_ptr() functions to obtain a
sleep mutex and handle recursion. Since the mtx_lock member of a struct mtx is a pointer,
the “ptr” type is used.
/* Try to obtain mtx_lock once. */
#define _obtain_lock(mp, tid) \
atomic_cmpset_acq_ptr(&(mp)->mtx_lock, MTX_UNOWNED, (tid))
/* Get a sleep lock, deal with recursion inline. */
#define _get_sleep_lock(mp, tid, opts, file, line) do { \
uintptr_t _tid = (uintptr_t)(tid); \
\
if (!_obtain_lock(mp, tid)) { \
if (((mp)->mtx_lock & MTX_FLAGMASK) != _tid) \
_mtx_lock_sleep((mp), _tid, (opts), (file), (line));\
else { \
atomic_set_ptr(&(mp)->mtx_lock, MTX_RECURSE); \
(mp)->mtx_recurse++; \
} \
} \
} while (0)
HISTORY
The atomic_add(), atomic_clear(), atomic_set(), and atomic_subtract() operations were
introduced in FreeBSD 3.0. Initially, these operations were defined on the types “char”,
“short”, “int”, and “long”.
The atomic_cmpset(), atomic_load_acq(), atomic_readandclear(), and atomic_store_rel()
operations were added in FreeBSD 5.0. Simultaneously, the acquire and release variants were
introduced, and support was added for operation on the types “8”, “16”, “32”, “64”, and
“ptr”.
The atomic_fetchadd() operation was added in FreeBSD 6.0.
The atomic_swap() and atomic_testandset() operations were added in FreeBSD 10.0.
The atomic_testandclear() and atomic_thread_fence() operations were added in FreeBSD 11.0.
The relaxed variants of atomic_load() and atomic_store() were added in FreeBSD 12.0.