Ubuntu Manpage: Planimeter -- compute the area of geodesic polygons

Provided by: geographiclib-tools_2.3-1_amd64

NAME

       Planimeter -- compute the area of geodesic polygons

SYNOPSIS

       Planimeter [ -r ] [ -s ] [ -l ] [ -e a f ] [ -w ] [ -p prec ] [ -G | -Q | -R ] [ -E ] [
       --geoconvert-input ] [ --comment-delimiter commentdelim ] [ --version | -h | --help ] [
       --input-file infile | --input-string instring ] [ --line-separator linesep ] [
       --output-file outfile ]

DESCRIPTION

       Measure the area of a geodesic polygon.  Reads polygon vertices from standard input, one
       per line.  Vertices are be given as latitude and longitude.  By default latitude precedes
       longitude, however this convention is reversed with the -w flag and a hemisphere
       designator (N, S, E, W) can be used to disambiguate the coordinates.  The end of input, a
       blank line, or a line which can't be interpreted as a vertex signals the end of one
       polygon and the start of the next.  For each polygon print a summary line with the number
       of points, the perimeter (in meters), and the area (in meters^2).

       The edges of the polygon are given by the shortest geodesic (or rhumb line) between
       consecutive vertices.  In certain cases, there may be two or many such shortest path, and
       in that case, the polygon is not uniquely specified by its vertices.  For geodesics, this
       only happens with very long edges (for the WGS84 ellipsoid, any edge shorter than 19970 km
       is uniquely specified by its end points).  In such cases, insert an additional vertex near
       the middle of the long edge to define the boundary of the polygon.

       By default, polygons traversed in a counter-clockwise direction return a positive area and
       those traversed in a clockwise direction return a negative area.  This sign convention is
       reversed if the -r option is given.

       Of course, encircling an area in the clockwise direction is equivalent to encircling the
       rest of the ellipsoid in the counter-clockwise direction.  The default interpretation used
       by Planimeter is the one that results in a smaller magnitude of area; i.e., the magnitude
       of the area is less than or equal to one half the total area of the ellipsoid.  If the -s
       option is given, then the interpretation used is the one that results in a positive area;
       i.e., the area is positive and less than the total area of the ellipsoid.

       Arbitrarily complex polygons are allowed.  In the case of self-intersecting polygons the
       area is accumulated "algebraically", e.g., the areas of the 2 loops in a figure-8 polygon
       will partially cancel.  Polygons may include one or both poles.  There is no need to close
       the polygon.

OPTIONS

-r toggle whether counter-clockwise traversal of the polygon returns a positive (the
default) or negative result.

-s toggle whether to return a signed result (the default) or not.

-l toggle whether the vertices represent a polygon (the default) or a polyline. For a
polyline, the number of points and the length of the path joining them is returned;
the path is not closed and the area is not reported.

-e a f
specify the ellipsoid via the equatorial radius, a and the flattening, f. Setting f =
0 results in a sphere. Specify f < 0 for a prolate ellipsoid. A simple fraction,
e.g., 1/297, is allowed for f. By default, the WGS84 ellipsoid is used, a = 6378137
m, f = 1/298.257223563. If entering vertices as UTM/UPS or MGRS coordinates, use the
default ellipsoid, since the conversion of these coordinates to latitude and longitude
always uses the WGS84 parameters.

-w toggle the longitude first flag (it starts off); if the flag is on, then when reading
geographic coordinates, longitude precedes latitude (this can be overridden by a
hemisphere designator, N, S, E, W).

-p prec
set the output precision to prec (default 6); the perimeter is given (in meters) with
prec digits after the decimal point; the area is given (in meters^2) with (prec - 5)
digits after the decimal point.

-G the edges joining the vertices are geodesics. This is the default option and is
recommended for terrestrial applications. This option, -G, and the following two
options, -Q and -R, are mutually exclusive.

-Q map the points to the authalic sphere and compute the area of the resulting spherical
polygon. The area will be reasonable accurate provided that the edges are
sufficiently short. The perimeter calculation is not accurate.

-R the edges joining the vertices are rhumb lines instead of geodesics.

-E use the exact equations for the geodesic -G, authalic -Q, and rhumb -R calculations
instead of series expansions. For the geodesic and rhumb methods, the area is
computed by applying discrete sine transforms to the integrand in the expression for
the area. These are more accurate, albeit slower, than the (default) series
expansions for |f| > 0.02 and will give high accuracy for -99 < f < 0.99. It is not
necessary to specify this option for terrestrial applications.

--geoconvert-input
The input lines are interpreted in the same way as GeoConvert(1) allowing the
coordinates for the vertices to be given as UTM/UPS or MGRS coordinates, as well as
latitude and longitude. CAUTION: GeoConvert assumes the coordinates refer to the
WGS84 ellipsoid (disregarding the -e flag) and MGRS coordinates signify the center of
the corresponding MGRS square.

--comment-delimiter commentdelim
set the comment delimiter to commentdelim (e.g., "#" or "//"). If set, the input
lines will be scanned for this delimiter and, if found, the delimiter and the rest of
the line will be removed prior to processing. For a given polygon, the last such
string found will be appended to the output line (separated by a space).

--version
print version and exit.

-h print usage and exit.

--help
print full documentation and exit.

--input-file infile
read input from the file infile instead of from standard input; a file name of "-"
stands for standard input.

--input-string instring
read input from the string instring instead of from standard input. All occurrences
of the line separator character (default is a semicolon) in instring are converted to
newlines before the reading begins.

--line-separator linesep
set the line separator character to linesep. By default this is a semicolon.

--output-file outfile
write output to the file outfile instead of to standard output; a file name of "-"
stands for standard output.

EXAMPLES

       Example (the area of the 100km MGRS square 18SWK)

          Planimeter --geoconvert-input <<EOF
          18n 500000 4400000
          18n 600000 4400000
          18n 600000 4500000
          18n 500000 4500000
          EOF
          => 4 400139.532959 10007388597.2

       The following code takes the output from gdalinfo and reports the area covered by the data
       (assuming the edges of the image are geodesics).

          #! /bin/sh
          grep -E '^((Upper|Lower) (Left|Right)|Center) ' |
          sed -e 's/d /d/g' -e "s/' /'/g" | tr -s '(),\r\t' ' ' | awk '{
              if ($1 $2 == "UpperLeft")
                  ul = $6 " " $5;
              else if ($1 $2 == "LowerLeft")
                  ll = $6 " " $5;
              else if ($1 $2 == "UpperRight")
                  ur = $6 " " $5;
              else if ($1 $2 == "LowerRight")
                  lr = $6 " " $5;
              else if ($1 == "Center") {
                  printf "%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n\n", ul, ll, lr, ur;
                  ul = ll = ur = lr = "";
              }
          }
          ' | Planimeter | cut -f3 -d' '

ACCURACY

       Using the -G option (the default), the accuracy was estimated by computing the error in
       the area for 10^7 approximately regular polygons on the WGS84 ellipsoid.  The centers and
       the orientations of the polygons were uniformly distributed, the number of vertices was
       log-uniformly distributed in [3, 300], and the center to vertex distance log-uniformly
       distributed in [0.1 m, 9000 km].

       The maximum error in the perimeter was 200 nm, and the maximum error in the area was

          0.0013 m^2 for perimeter < 10 km
          0.0070 m^2 for perimeter < 100 km
          0.070 m^2 for perimeter < 1000 km
          0.11 m^2 for all perimeters

AUTHOR

       Planimeter was written by Charles Karney.

HISTORY

       Planimeter was added to GeographicLib, <https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io>, in version
       1.4.