Ubuntu Manpage: mhbuild - translate MIME composition drafts for nmh messages

NAME

       mhbuild - translate MIME composition drafts for nmh messages

SYNOPSIS

       mhbuild [-help] [-version] file [-auto | -noauto] [-list | -nolist] [-realsize |
            -norealsize] [-headers | -noheaders] [-directives | -nodirectives] [-rfc934mode |
            -norfc934mode] [-contentid | -nocontentid] [-verbose | -noverbose] [-disposition |
            -nodisposition] [-headerencoding encoding-algorithm  | -autoheaderencoding]
            [-maxunencoded line-length] [-dist]

DESCRIPTION

The mhbuild command will translate a MIME composition draft into a valid MIME message.

mhbuild creates multi-media messages as specified in RFCs 2045 through 2049. This
includes the encoding of message headers as specified by RFC 2047, and, additionally, the
encoding of MIME parameters as specified in RFC 2231.

If you specify the name of the composition file as “-”, then mhbuild will accept the
composition draft on the standard input. If the translation of this input is successful,
mhbuild will output the new MIME message to the standard output. This argument must be
the last argument on the command line.

Otherwise, if the file argument to mhbuild is the name of a valid composition file, and
the translation is successful, mhbuild will replace the original file with the new MIME
message. It will rename the original file to start with the “,” character and end with
the string “.orig”, e.g., if you are editing the file “draft”, it will be renamed to
“,draft.orig”. This allows you to easily recover the mhbuild input file.

Listing the Contents
The -list switch tells mhbuild to list the table of contents associated with the MIME
message that is created.

The -headers switch indicates that a one-line banner should be displayed above the
listing. The -realsize switch tells mhbuild to evaluate the “native” (decoded) format of
each content prior to listing. This provides an accurate count at the expense of a small
delay. If the -verbose switch is present, then the listing will show any “extra”
information that is present in the message, such as comments in the “Content-Type” header.

If the -disposition switch is present, then the listing will show any relevant information
from the “Content-Disposition” header.

Simplified Attachment Interface
For users who wish to simply attach files to text content, mhbuild will scan the
composition file for “Attach” headers. An “Attach” header contains a filename that will
be appended to the message using normal MIME encapsulation rules. One filename is allowed
per “Attach” header, but multiple “Attach” headers are allowed per composition file.

These files will be appended after any other MIME content, including any content specified
by mhbuild directives (see below). See send(1) for more details.

By default, the Content-Disposition will be “attachment”. mhbuild looks for user profile
and mhn.defaults entries of the form

mhbuild-disposition-type/subtype
or
mhbuild-disposition-type

to supply the disposition value. The only supported values are “attachment” and “inline”.

Convert Interface
The convert interface is a powerful mechanism that supports replying to MIME messages.
These placeholders are used in the following description:

TYPE content type/subtype
CONVERTER external program, and any fixed arguments, to convert content, such as
from a request to a reply
ARGSTRING arguments to pass from repl to CONVERTER
FILE full path of message being replied to
The convert support is based on pseudoheaders of the form

Nmh-mhbuild-file-TYPE: FILE
Nmh-mhbuild-args-TYPE: ARGSTRING

in the draft. For each such pseudoheader, mhbuild looks in the profile and mhn.defaults
for the corresponding TYPE entry to find the converter that supports it:

mhbuild-convert-TYPE: CONVERTER

It's a fatal error if no such entry is found for TYPE. An empty entry, e.g.,

mhbuild-convert-text/html:

excludes parts of that TYPE from the draft.

The mhn.defaults file contains default mhbuild-convert-text/html and mhbuild-convert-
text/plain entries. Profile entries can be used to override corresponding mhn.defaults
entries, as usual.

For each TYPE part in FILE, mhbuild runs CONVERTER ARGSTRING on the content of the part.
Each part in FILE that has no corresponding TYPE entry in the profile or mhn.defaults is
excluded from the draft; the user can include them using mhbuild directives.

repl inserts Nmh-mhbuild-text/html: and Nmh-mhbuild-text/plain: pseudoheaders in every
draft. The user can prevent insertion of content parts of either of those types by
putting corresponding empty entries in their profile.

Only the highest precedence alternative with a supported TYPE of a multipart/alternative
part is used.

mhn.defaults.sh selects the text/html-to-text/plain converter at install time.

Some content types require the addition of parameters to the Content-Type header, such as
“method=REPLY” for text/calendar. mhbuild looks for a Content-Type header, followed by a
blank line, at the beginning of the converter output. If one is found, it is used for the
corresponding part in the reply draft.

The convert interface doesn't support different ARGSTRINGs or different converters for
different parts of the same TYPE. That would require associating parts by part number
with the ARGSTRINGs or converters. Instead, that can be done (currently, without using
the convert support), with mhbuild directives as described below, e.g.,

#text/html; charset=utf-8 *8bit | mhstore -noverbose -part 42.7 -outfile - | w3m
-dump -cols 64 -T text/html -O utf-8

The only way to mix convert pseudoheaders and mhbuild directives is to insert the
directives before mhbuild is run, which is typically done by entering mime at the “What
now?” prompt, or with an -editor mhbuild switch.

If there are any Nmh-mhbuild- pseudoheaders in the composition file, mhbuild divides the
translation into two stages. The first stage includes all translations except encoding of
text content. The second stage encodes text content as needed. This allows the user to
edit the text prior to encoding. The second stage, along with the first stage if it had
not yet been performed, is selected with the -auto switch.

These (optional) setup steps can make the convert support easier to use:

1) Add this line to your profile:

mhbuild-next: $EDITOR

assuming that your EDITOR environment variable is set; if not, replace EDITOR with
the name of your editor. Without that profile entry, a response of “e[dit]” at the
What now? prompt will require specification of your editor if an -editor mhbuild
switch is used.

2) If using repl, source the Bourne-shell compatible functions in
/usr/share/doc/nmh/contrib/replaliases.

Translating the Composition File
mhbuild is essentially a filter to aid in the composition of MIME messages. mhbuild will
convert an mhbuild “composition file” into a valid MIME message. An mhbuild “composition
file” is just a file containing plain text that is interspersed with various mhbuild
directives. When this file is processed by mhbuild, the various directives will be
expanded to the appropriate content, and will be encoded according to the MIME standards.
The resulting MIME message can then be sent by electronic mail.

The formal syntax for a mhbuild composition file is defined at the end of this document,
but the ideas behind this format are not complex. Basically, the body contains one or
more contents. A content consists of either a directive, indicated with a “#” as the
first character of a line; or, plaintext (one or more lines of text). The continuation
character, “\“, may be used to enter a single directive on more than one line, e.g.,

#image/png \
/home/foobar/junk/picture.png

There are five kinds of directives: “type” directives, which name the type and subtype of
the content; “external-type” directives, which also name the type and subtype of the
content; the “message” directive (#forw), which is used to forward one or more messages;
the “begin” directive (#begin), which is used to create a multipart content; and the
“on/off/pop” directives (#on, #off, #pop) which control whether any other directives are
honored at all.

The -directives switch allows control over whether mhbuild will honor any of the
“#”-directives. This can also be affected with the #on or #off directives, and #pop,
which restores the state of processing to that preceding the most recent #on or #off.
(The #on, #off, and #pop directives are always honored, of course.) This allows inclusion
of plain text which looks like mhbuild directives, without causing errors:

#off
#include <stdio.h>
puts("hello, world!");
#pop

Currently the stack depth for the #on/off/pop directives is 32.

The “type” directive is used to directly specify the type and subtype of a content. You
may only specify discrete types in this manner (can't specify the types multipart or
message with this directive). You may optionally specify the name of a file containing
the contents in “native” (decoded) format. If this filename starts with the “|”
character, then it represents a command to execute whose output is captured accordingly.
For example,

#audio/basic |raw2audio -F < /usr/lib/sound/giggle.au

If a filename is not given, mhbuild will look for information in the user's profile to
determine how the different contents should be composed. This is accomplished by
consulting a composition string, and executing it under /bin/sh, with the standard output
set to the content. If the -verbose switch is given, mhbuild will echo any commands that
are used to create contents in this way.

The composition string may contain the following escapes:

%a Insert parameters from directive
%f Insert filename containing content
%F %f, and stdout is not re-directed
%s Insert content subtype
%% Insert character %

First, mhbuild will look for an entry of the form:

mhbuild-compose-type/subtype

to determine the command to use to compose the content. If this isn't found, mhbuild will
look for an entry of the form:

mhbuild-compose-type

to determine the composition command. If this isn't found, mhbuild will complain.

An example entry might be:

mhbuild-compose-audio/basic: record | raw2audio -F

Because commands like these will vary, depending on the display environment used for
login, composition strings for different contents should probably be put in the file
specified by the MHBUILD environment variable, instead of directly in your user profile.

The “external-type” directives are used to provide a MIME reference to a content, rather
than enclosing the contents itself (for instance, by specifying an ftp site). Hence,
instead of providing a filename as with the type directives, external-parameters are
supplied. These look like regular parameters, so they must be separated accordingly. For
example,

#@application/octet-stream; \
type=tar; \
conversions=compress \
[this is the nmh distribution] \
{attachment; filename="nmh.tar.gz"} \
name="nmh.tar.gz"; \
directory="/pub/nmh"; \
site="ftp.math.gatech.edu"; \
access-type=anon-ftp; \
mode="image"

You must give a description string to separate the content parameters from the external-
parameters (although this string may be empty). This description string is specified by
enclosing it within “[]”. A disposition string, to appear in a “Content-Disposition”
header, may appear in the optional “{}”.

These parameters are of the form:

access-type= usually “anon-ftp”, “mail-server”, or “url”
name= filename
permission= read-only or read-write
site= hostname
directory= directoryname (optional)
mode= usually “ascii” or “image” (optional)
size= number of octets
server= mailbox
subject= subject to send
body= command to send for retrieval
url= URL of content

A minimum “external-type” directive for the url access-type would be as follows:

#@application/octet-stream [] access-type=url; \
url="http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/nmh/nmh-1.5.tar.gz"

Any long URLs will be wrapped according to RFC 2231 rules.

The “message” directive (#forw) is used to specify a message or group of messages to
include. You may optionally specify the name of the folder and which messages are to be
forwarded. If a folder is not given, it defaults to the current folder. Similarly, if a
message is not given, it defaults to the current message. Hence, the message directive is
similar to the forw command, except that the former uses the MIME rules for encapsulation
rather than those specified in RFC 934. For example,

#forw +inbox 42 43 99

If you include a single message, it will be included directly as a content of type
“message/rfc822”. If you include more than one message, then mhbuild will add a content
of type “multipart/digest” and include each message as a subpart of this content.

If you are using this directive to include more than one message, you may use the
-rfc934mode switch. This switch will indicate that mhbuild should attempt to utilize the
MIME encapsulation rules in such a way that the “multipart/digest” that is created is
(mostly) compatible with the encapsulation specified in RFC 934. If given, then RFC 934
compliant user-agents should be able to burst the message on reception -- providing that
the messages being encapsulated do not contain encapsulated messages themselves. The
drawback of this approach is that the encapsulations are generated by placing an extra
newline at the end of the body of each message.

The “begin” directive is used to create a multipart content. When using the “begin”
directive, you must specify at least one content between the begin and end pairs.

#begin
This will be a multipart with only one part.
#end

If you use multiple directives in a composition draft, mhbuild will automatically
encapsulate them inside a multipart content. Therefore the “begin” directive is only
necessary if you wish to use nested multiparts, or create a multipart message containing
only one part.

For all of these directives, the user may include a brief description of the content
between the “[” character and the “]” character. This description will be copied into the
“Content-Description” header when the directive is processed.

#forw [important mail from Bob] +bob 1 2 3 4 5

Similarly, a disposition string may optionally be provided between “{” and “}” characters;
it will be copied into the “Content-Disposition” header when the directive is processed.
If a disposition string is provided that does not contain a filename parameter, and a
filename is provided in the directive, it will be added to the “Content-Disposition”
header. For example, the following directive:

#text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 <>{attachment} /tmp/summary.txt

creates these message part headers:

Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="summary.txt"

By default, mhbuild will generate a unique “Content-ID:” for each directive, corresponding
to each message part; however, the user may override this by defining the ID using the “<”
and “>” characters. The -nocontentid switch suppresses creation of all “Content-ID:”
headers, even in the top level of the message.

Normally mhbuild will choose an appropriate Content-Transfer-Encoding based on the content
and the MIME Content-Type. However, you can override that in an mhbuild directive by
specifying “*” and the encoding. Acceptable encoding values are “8bit”, “qp” (for quoted-
printable), and “b64” (for base64 encoding). It should be noted that undesired results
may occur if 8bit or quoted-printable is selected for binary content, due to the
translation between Unix line endings and the line endings use by the mail transport
system.

In addition to the various directives, plaintext can be present. Plaintext is gathered,
until a directive is found or the draft is exhausted, and this is made to form a text
content. If the plaintext must contain a “#” at the beginning of a line, simply double
it, e.g.,

##when sent, this line will start with only one #

If you want to end the plaintext prior to a directive, e.g., to have two plaintext
contents adjacent, simply insert a line containing a single “#” character, e.g.,

this is the first content
#
and this is the second

Finally, if the plaintext starts with a line of the form:

Content-Description: text

then this will be used to describe the plaintext content. You MUST follow this line with
a blank line before starting your text.

By default, plaintext is captured as a text/plain content. You can override this by
starting the plaintext with “#<” followed by a content-type specification. For example,
e.g.,

#<text/enriched
this content will be tagged as text/enriched
#
and this content will be tagged as text/plain
#
#<application/x-patch [this is a patch]
and this content will be tagged as application/x-patch

Note that if you use the “#<” plaintext-form, then the content-description must be on the
same line which identifies the content type of the plaintext.

When composing a text content, you may indicate the relevant character set by adding the
“charset” parameter to the directive.

#<text/plain; charset=iso-8859-5

If a text content contains any 8-bit characters (characters with the high bit set) and the
character set is not specified as above, then mhbuild will assume the character set is of
the type given by the standard locale(1) environment variables. If these environment
variables are not set, then the character set will be labeled as “x-unknown”.

If a text content contains only 7-bit characters and the character set is not specified as
above, then the character set will be labeled as “us-ascii”.

By default text content with the high bit set is encoded with an 8-bit Content-Transfer-
Encoding. If the text has lines longer than the value of -maxunencoded (which defaults to
78) then the text is encoded using the quoted-printable encoding.

The -headerencoding switch will indicate which algorithm to use when encoding any message
headers that contain 8-bit characters. The valid arguments are base64 for base-64
encoding, quoted for quoted-printable encoding, and utf-8 which requires that all 8-bit
header field bodies be encoded as UTF-8 (RFC 6530) and that the message be sent to a SMTP
server that supports SMTPUTF8 (RFC 6531). The -autoheaderencoding switch instructs
mhbuild to automatically pick the encoding, either base64 or quoted-printable, that
results in a shorter encoded string.

Putting this all together, here is an example of a more complex message draft, which will
expand into a multipart/mixed message containing five parts:

To: nobody@nowhere.org
cc:
Subject: Look and listen to me!
--------
The first part will be text/plain
#<text/enriched
The second part will be text/enriched
#
This third part will be text/plain
#audio/basic [silly giggle] \
|raw2audio -F < /usr/lib/sounds/giggle.au
#image/gif [photo of foobar] \
/home/foobar/lib/picture.gif

Transfer Encodings
After mhbuild constructs the new MIME message by parsing directives, including files,
etc., it scans the contents of the message to determine which transfer encoding to use.
It will check for 8-bit data, long lines, spaces at the end of lines, and clashes with
multipart boundaries. It will then choose a transfer encoding appropriate for each
content type.

Invoking mhbuild
Typically, mhbuild is invoked by the whatnow program. This command will expect the body
of the draft to be formatted as an mhbuild composition file. Once you have composed this
input file using a command such as comp, forw, or repl, you invoke mhbuild at the “What
now” prompt with

What now? mime

prior to sending the draft. This will cause whatnow to execute mhbuild to translate the
composition file into MIME format.

Normally it is an error to invoke mhbuild on a file that is already in MIME format. The
-auto switch will cause mhbuild to exit without error if the input file already has valid
MIME headers. The use of -auto also enables the -nodirectives switch.

Finally, you should consider adding this line to your profile:

lproc: show

This way, if you decide to list after invoking mime, the command

What now? list

will work as you expect.

The -dist switch is intended to be used by dist. It will cause mhbuild to not generate
any MIME headers in the composition file (such as “MIME-Version” or “Content-Type”), but
it will still encode message headers according to RFC 2047.

User Environment
Because the environment in which mhbuild operates may vary for a user, mhbuild will look
for the environment variable MHBUILD. If present, this specifies the name of an
additional user profile which should be read. Hence, when a user logs in on a particular
machine, this environment variable should be set to refer to a file containing definitions
useful on that machine.

Finally, mhbuild will attempt to consult

/etc/nmh/mhn.defaults

if it exists.

See "Profile Lookup" in mh-profile(5) for the profile search order, and for how duplicate
entries are treated.

Syntax of Composition Files
The following is the formal syntax of a mhbuild “composition file”.

body ::= 1*(content | EOL)

content ::= directive | plaintext

directive ::= "#" type "/" subtype
0*(";" attribute "=" value)
[ "(" comment ")" ]
[ "<" id ">" ]
[ "[" description "]" ]
[ "{" disposition "}" ]
[ "*8bit" | "*qp" | "*b64" ]
[ filename ]
EOL

| "#@" type "/" subtype
0*(";" attribute "=" value)
[ "(" comment ")" ]
[ "<" id ">" ]
[ "[" description "]" ]
[ "{" disposition "}" ]
[ "*8bit" | "*qp" | "*b64" ]
external-parameters
EOL

| "#forw"
[ "<" id ">" ]
[ "[" description "]" ]
[ "{" disposition "}" ]
[ "+"folder ] [ 0*msg ]
EOL

| "#begin"
[ "<" id ">" ]
[ "[" description "]" ]
[ "{" disposition "}" ]
[ "alternative"
| "parallel"
| something-else ]
EOL
1*body
"#end" EOL

plaintext ::= [ "Content-Description:"
description EOL EOL ]
1*line
[ "#" EOL ]

| "#<" type "/" subtype
0*(";" attribute "=" value)
[ "(" comment ")" ]
[ "[" description "]" ]
[ "{" disposition "}" ]
[ "*8bit" | "*qp" | "*b64" ]
EOL
1*line
[ "#" EOL ]

line ::= "##" text EOL
-- interpreted as "#"text EOL
| text EOL

FILES

       mhbuild  looks  for  additional user profile files and mhn.defaults in multiple locations:
       absolute pathnames are accessed directly, tilde expansion is done on usernames, and  files
       are searched for in the user's Mail directory as specified in their profile.  If not found
       there, the directory “/etc/nmh” is checked.

       $HOME/.mh_profile   The user's profile.
       $MHBUILD            Additional profile entries.
       /etc/nmh/mhn.defaults
                           System default MIME profile entries.

PROFILE COMPONENTS

       Path:               To determine the user's nmh directory.
       Current-Folder:     To find the default current folder.
       mhbuild-compose-type*:
                           Template for composing contents.

DEFAULTS

       -noauto
       -autoheaderencoding
       -contentid
       -headers
       -maxunencoded 78
       -nodisposition
       -norfc934mode
       -noverbose
       -realsize

DEFAULTS (with -auto)

       -autoheaderencoding
       -contentid
       -headers
       -maxunencoded 78
       -nodisposition
       -norfc934mode
       -noverbose
       -realsize
       -nodirectives