Provided by: sgrep_1.94a-5_amd64 
NAME
sgrep - search a file for a structured pattern
SYNOPSIS
sgrep [-aCcDdhiIlNnPqSsTtV] [-g option] [-O filename] [-o "format"] [-p preprocessor] [-w
char list] [-x filename] [-e] expression [filename ...]
sgrep [-aCcDdhiIlNnPqSsTtV] [-g option] [-O filename] [-o "format"] [-p preprocessor] [-w
char list] [-x filename] -f filename [-e expression] [filename ...]
sgrep [-aCcDdhiIlNnPqSsTtV] [-g option] [-O filename] [-o "format"] [-p preprocessor] [-w
char list] [-x filename] -f filename -F filename [-e expression]
sgrep -h
DESCRIPTION
sgrep (structured grep) is a tool for searching text files and filtering text streams
using structural criteria. The data model of sgrep is based on regions, which are non-
empty substrings of text. Regions are typically occurrences of constant strings or
meaningful text elements, which are recognizable through some delimiting strings. Regions
can be arbitrarily long, arbitrarily overlapping, and arbitrarily nested.
sgrep uses patterns called region expressions to express which regions of the input text
are output to standard output. The selection of regions is based on mutual containment and
ordering conditions of the regions, expressed by the region expression.
Region expressions are read by default first from file $HOME/.sgreprc, or if it doesn't
exist, from file /usr/lib/sgreprc, and then from the command line. Different behavior can
be specified through command line options.
Input files are processed one by one (i.e., regions cannot extend over file boundaries),
except if the -S flag is given, in which case sgrep takes the concatenation of the input
files as its input text. If no input files are given, sgrep reads the standard input.
Standard input can also be specified as an input file by giving hyphen '-' as a file name.
The selected regions are output in increasing order of their start positions. If several
output regions overlap, a minimal region that covers them all is output, by default,
instead of outputting each of them separately.
OPTIONS
-a Act as a filter: display the matching regions, possibly formatted according to the
output format, interleaved with the rest of the text. (See the description of
option -o below.)
-C Display copyright notice.
-c Display only the count of the regions that match the expression.
-D Display verbose progress output. NOTE: This is used for debugging purposes only
and may not function in future versions of sgrep.
-d Display each matching region once, even if the regions overlap or nest.
-e expression
Search the input text for occurrences of expression.
-f file
Read the region expression from the named file. Filename - refers to stdin.
-F filename
Read list of input files from filename instead of command line
-g option
Set scanner option. option can be any of:
sgml use SGML scanner
html use HTML scanner (currently same as SGML scanner)
xml use XML scanner
sgml-debug
show recognized SGML tokens
include-entities
automatically include system entities
-h Display a short help.
-i Ignore case distinctions in phrases.
-I Switches to indexing mode, when given as first option
-l Long output format: precede each output region by a line which indicates the
ordinal number of the region, the name of the file where the region starts, the
length of the region in bytes, the start and end positions of the region within the
entire input text, the start position of the region within the file containing the
start, and the end position of the region within the file containing the end.
-N Do not add a newline after the last output region.
-n Suppress reading $HOME/.sgreprc or /usr/lib/sgreprc.
-O file
Read the output format from file. See the description of output formats below.
-o format
Set the output format. The format is displayed for each output region with any
occurrences of the following place holders substituted:
%f name of the file containing the start of the region
%s start position of the region
%e end position of the region
%l length of the region in bytes (i.e., %e-%s+1)
%i start position of the region in the file where the region begins
%j end position of the region in the file where the region ends
%r text of the region. "%r" is the default output format.
%n gets the ordinal number of the region
-P Display the (preprocessed) region expression without executing it.
-p preprocessor
Apply preprocessor to the region expression before evaluating it.
-S Stream mode. With this option sgrep considers it's input files as a continuous
stream, so that regions may extend across file boundaries.
sgrep -S file_1 ... file_n
is similar to
cat file_1 ... file_n | sgrep
except that the latter creates a temporary disk file of the input stream. Sgrep
may use much more memory when run with the -S option, since then it cannot release
its internal region lists between processing each file.
-s Short output format (default): do not format the text of the output regions, and
display overlapping parts of regions only once.
-T Display statistics about the execution.
-t Display time usage.
-V Display version information.
-v Verbose mode. Shows what is going on.
-w char list
Set the list of characters used to recognize words.
-x filename
Use given index file instead of scanner. Implies -S.
-- No more options.
A list of options can be given also as the value of the environment variable SGREPOPT.
SYNTAX OF EXPRESSIONS
region_expr -> basic_expr
| operator_expr
operator_expr -> region_expr ['not'] 'in' basic_expr
| region_expr ['not'] 'containing' basic_expr
| region_expr ['not'] 'equal' basic_expr
| region_expr 'or' basic_expr
| region_expr 'extracting' basic_expr
| region_expr '..' basic_expr
| region_expr '_.' basic_expr
| region_expr '._' basic_expr
| region_expr '__' basic_expr
| region_expr 'quote' basic_expr
| region_expr '_quote' basic_expr
| region_expr 'quote_' basic_expr
| region_expr '_quote_' basic_expr
| 'concat' '(' region_expr ')'
| 'inner' '(' region_expr ')'
| 'outer' '(' region_expr ')'
| 'join' '(' integer ',' region_expr ')'
basic_expr -> phrase
| 'start'
| 'end'
| 'chars'
| constant_list
| '(' region_expr ')'
phrase -> '"' char [ char ... ] '"'
constant_list -> '[' ']' | '[' regions ']'
regions -> region
| region regions
region -> '(' integer ',' integer ')'
Note that region expressions are left-associative. This means, for example, that an
expression
'"<a>".."</a>" or "</b>"'
evaluates to the regions starting with "<a>" and ending with "</a>", or comprising only
the string "</b>". In order to obtain the regions that begin with "<a>" and end with
either "</a>" or "</b>", one should indicate the proper order of evaluation using
parentheses:
"<a>".. ("</a>" or "</b>")
Expressions can also contain comments, which start with '#' and extend to the end of the
line. However, a '#'-sign in a phrase does not begin a comment.
SEMANTICS OF EXPRESSIONS
The value of an expression is a set of regions of input text that satisfy the expression.
Value v(basic_expr) of a basic expression:
v(phrase):=
the set of regions of input text whose text equals the text of the phrase.
v('start'):=
a set consisting of single-character regions for the first position of each input
file. If the -S option is given, the value is a set containing a single region that
comprises the first character in the input stream.
v('end'):=
a set consisting of single-character regions for the last position of each input
file. If the -S option is given, the value is a set containing a single region that
comprises the last character in the input stream.
v('chars'):=
a set consisting of all single-character regions.
v([ ]):=
an empty set.
v([(s_1,e_1) (s_1,e_2) ... (s_n,e_n)]):=
a set consisting of regions r_i for each i = 1,...,n, where the start position of
region r_i is s_i and its end position is e_i. The positions have to be
nonnegative integers, and the regions have to be given in increasing order of their
start positions; regions with a common start positions have to be given in
increasing order of their end positions. The positions are counted from the first
character of each input file, unless the -S option is given, in which case the
positions are counted starting from the beginning of the input stream. The number
of the first position in a file or a stream is zero.
v('('region_expr')'):= v(region_expr).
Value v(operator_expr) of operator expressions:
v(region_expr 'in' basic_expr):=
the set of the regions in v(region_expr) that are contained in some region in
v(basic_expr). A region x is contained in another region y if and only if the
start position of x is greater than the start position of y and the end position of
x is not greater than the end position of y, or the end position of x is smaller
than the end position of y and the start position of x is not smaller than the
start position of y.
v(region_expr 'not' 'in' basic_expr):=
the set of the regions in v(region_expr) that are not contained in any region in
v(basic_expr).
v(region_expr 'containing' basic_expr):=
the set of the regions in v(region_expr) that contain some region in v(basic_expr).
v(region_expr 'not' 'containing' basic_expr):=
the set of the regions in v(region_expr) that do not contain any region in
v(basic_expr).
v(region_expr 'equal' basic_expr):=
The set of regions, which occur in both v(region_expr) and v(basic_expr).
v(region_expr 'not equal' basic_expr):=
The set of regions, which occur in v(region_expr) but do not occur in
v(basic_expr).
v(region_expr 'or' basic_expr):=
the set of the regions that appear in v(region_expr) or in v(basic_expr) or in
both.
v(region_expr 'extracting' basic_expr):=
the set of the non-empty regions that are formed of the regions in v(region_expr)
by extracting an overlap with any region in v(basic_expr). For example, the value
of
'[(1,4) (3,6) (7,9)] extracting [(2,5) (4,7)]'
consists of the regions (1,1) and (8,9).
v(region_expr '..' basic_expr):
The value of this expression consists of the regions that can be formed by pairing
regions from v(region_expr) with regions from v(basic_expr). The pairing is
defined as a generalization of the way how nested parentheses are paired together
"from inside out". For this we need to be able to compare the order of regions,
which may be overlapping and nested. This ordering is defined as follows.
Let x and y be two regions. We say that region x precedes region y if the end
position of x is smaller than the start position of y. We say that region x is
later than region y if the end position of x is greater than the end position of y,
or if they end at the same position and the start of x is greater than the start of
y. Region x is earlier than region y if the start position of x is smaller than
the start position of y, or if they start at the same position and the end position
of x is less than the end position of y. Now a region x from v(region_expr) and a
region y from v(basic_expr) are paired in expression v(region_expr '..' basic_expr)
if and only if
1. x precedes y,
2. x is not paired with any region from v(basic_expr) which is earlier than y,
and
3. y is not paired with any region from v(region_expr) which is later than x.
The pairing of regions x and y forms a region that extends from the start position of x to
the end position of y.
v(region_expr '._' basic_expr):
The pairing of the regions from v(region_expr) and the regions from v(basic_expr)
is defined similarly to v(region_expr '..' basic_expr) above, except that the
pairing of regions x and y now forms a region which extends from the start position
of x to the position immediately preceding the start of y.
v(region_expr '_.' basic_expr):=
The pairing of the regions from v(region_expr) and the regions from v(basic_expr)
is defined similarly to v(region_expr '..' basic_expr) above, except that the
pairing of regions x and y now forms a region which extends from the position
immediately following the end position of x to the end position of y.
v(region_expr '__' basic_expr):=
The pairing of the regions from v(region_expr) and the regions from v(basic_expr)
is defined similarly to v(region_expr '..' basic_expr) above, except that now the
pairing of regions x and y forms a region which extends from the text position
immediately following the end of x to the text position immediately preceding the
start of y. Possibly resulting empty regions are excluded from the result.
v(region_expr 'quote' basic_expr):
The value of this expression consists of the regions that extend from the start
position of a "left-quote region" in v(region_expr) to the end position of a
corresponding "right-quote region" in v(basic_expr). The regions in the result are
non-nesting and non-overlapping. The left-quote regions and the right-quote
regions are defined as follows:
• The earliest region (see above) in v(region_expr) is a possible left-quote
region.
• For each possible left-quote region x, the earliest region in v(basic_expr)
preceded by x is its right-quote region.
• For each right-quote region y in v(basic_expr), the earliest region in
v(region_expr) preceded by y is a possible left-quote region.
The below example query finds C-style non-nesting comments:
"/*" quote "*/"
The below example query finds strings between quotation marks:
"\"" quote "\""
(Notice the difference to expression "\"" .. "\"", which would evaluate to any substring
of input text that starts with a quotation mark and ends with the next quotation mark.)
The variants _quote, quote_ and _quote_ are analogical to the operators _., ._ and __, in
the sense that the "quote regions" originating from the expression on the side of the
underscore _ are excluded from the result regions. (In the case of _quote_ any possibly
resulting empty regions are excluded from the result.)
v('concat' '(' region_expr ')' ):=
the set of the longest regions of input text that are covered by the regions in
v(region_expr).
v('inner' '(' region_expr ')' ):=
the set of regions in v(region_expr) that do not contain any other region in
v(region_expr). Note that for any region expression A, the expression inner(A) is
equivalent to (A not containing A).
v('outer' '(' region_expr ')' ):=
the set of regions in v(region_expr) that are not contained in any other region in
v(region_expr). Note that for any region expression A, the expression outer(A) is
equivalent to (A not in A).
v('join' '(' n ',' region_expr ')' ):
The value of this expression is formed by processing the regions of v(region_expr)
in increasing order of their start positions (and in increasing order of end
positions for regions with a common start). Each region r produces a result region
beginning at the start of r and extending to the end of the (n-1)th region after
r. The operation is useful only with non-nesting regions. Especially, when applied
to 'chars', it can be used to express nearness conditions. For example,
'"/*" quote "*/" in join(10,chars)'
selects comments "/* ... */" which are at most 10 characters long.
EXAMPLES OF REGION EXPRESSIONS
Count the number of occurrences of string "sort" in file eval.c:
sgrep -c '"sort"' eval.c
Show all blocks delimited by braces in file eval.c:
sgrep '"{" .. "}"' eval.c
Show the outermost blocks that contain "sort" or "nest":
sgrep 'outer("{" .. "}" containing ("sort" or "nest"))'\
eval.c
Show all lines containing "sort" but no "nest" in files with an extension .c, preceded by
the name of the file:
sgrep -o "%f:%r" '"\n" _. "\n" containing "sort" \
not containing "nest"' *.c
(Notice that this query would omit the first line, since it has no preceding new-line
character '\n', and also the last one, if not terminated by a new-line. For a correct way
to express text lines, see the definition of the LINE macro below.)
Show the beginning of conditional statements, consisting of "if" followed by a condition
in parentheses, in files *.c. The query has to disregard "if"s appearing within comments
"/* ... */" or on compiler control lines beginning with '#':
sgrep '"if" not in ("/*" quote "*/" or ("\n#" .. "\n")) \
.. ("(" .. ")")' *.c
Show the if-statements containing string "access" in their condition part appearing in the
main function of the program in source files *.c:
sgrep '"if" not in ("/*" quote "*/" or ("\n#" .. "\n")) \
.. ("(" .. ")") containing "access" \
in ("main(" .. ("{" .. "}")) \
.. ("{" .. "}" or ";")' *.c
We see that complicated conditions can become rather illegible. The use of carefully
designed macros can make expressing queries much easier. For example, one could give the
below m4 macro processor definitions in a file, say, c.macros:
define(BLOCK,( "{" .. "}" ))
define(COMMENT,( "/*" quote "*/" ))
changecom(%)
define(CTRLINE,( "#" in start or "\n#"
_. ("\n" or end) ))
define(IF_COND,( "if" not in (COMMENT or CTRLINE)
.. ("(" .. ")")))
Then the above query could be written more intuitively as
sgrep -p m4 -f c.macros -e 'IF_COND containing "access"\
in ( "main(" .. BLOCK ) .. (BLOCK or ";")' *.c
OPTIMIZATION
sgrep performs common subexpression elimination on the query expression, so that recurring
sub-expressions are evaluated only once. For example, in expression
'(" " or "\n" or "\t") .. (" " or "\n" or "\t")'
the sub-expression
'(" " or "\n" or "\t")'
is evaluated only one.
DIAGNOSTICS
Exit status is 0 if any matching regions are found, 1 if none, 2 for syntax errors or
inaccessible files (even if matching regions were found).
ENVIRONMENT
One's own default options for sgrep can be given as a value of the environment variable
SGREPOPT. For example, executing
setenv SGREPOPT '-p m4 -o %r\n'
makes sgrep to apply m4 preprocessor to the expression and display each output region as
such followed by a line feed.
FILES
Sgrep tries to read the contents of the files $HOME/.sgreprc and /usr/lib/sgreprc.
Generally useful macro definitions may be placed in these files. Using m4 (or some
other) macro processor, for example the following definitions could go in one of these
files:
define(BLANK,( " " or "\t" or "\n"))
define(LEND,( "\n" or end ))
define(LINE,( start .. LEND or ("\n" _. LEND) ))
define(NUMERAL,( "1" or "2" or "3" or "4" or "5" or
"6" or "7" or "8" or "9" or "0" ))
FUTURE EXTENSIONS
• Regular expressions (The most important missing feature)
• Built-in macro preprocessor
• More operations
• Indexing for large static texts
AUTHORS
Jani Jaakkola and Pekka Kilpelainen, University of Helsinki, Department of Computer
Science, 1995.
BUGS
Sgrep may use lots of memory, when evaluating complex queries on big files. When sgrep
reads its input text from a pipe, it copies it to a temporary file. sgrep does not have
regular expressions in search patters.
SEE ALSO
awk(1), ed(1), grep(1)
sgrep home page at http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/~jjaakkol/sgrep.html
SGREP(1)