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NAME

       namespace - create and manipulate contexts for commands and variables

SYNOPSIS

       namespace ?subcommand? ?arg ...?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

DESCRIPTION

       The  namespace command lets you create, access, and destroy separate contexts for commands
       and variables.  See the section WHAT IS  A  NAMESPACE?  below  for  a  brief  overview  of
       namespaces.   The  legal  values  of  subcommand  are  listed  below.   Note  that you can
       abbreviate the subcommands.

       namespace children ?namespace? ?pattern?
              Returns a list of all child namespaces that belong to the namespace namespace.   If
              namespace  is  not  specified,  then  the  children  are  returned  for the current
              namespace.  This command returns fully-qualified names, which start with  a  double
              colon  (::).   If the optional pattern is given, then this command returns only the
              names that match the glob-style pattern.  The actual pattern used is determined  as
              follows:  a  pattern that starts with double colon (::) is used directly, otherwise
              the namespace namespace (or the fully-qualified name of the current  namespace)  is
              prepended onto the pattern.

       namespace code script
              Captures  the  current  namespace context for later execution of the script script.
              It returns a new script in which script has been wrapped  in  a  namespace  inscope
              command.   The new script has two important properties.  First, it can be evaluated
              in any namespace and will cause script to be evaluated  in  the  current  namespace
              (the  one  where  the  namespace  code  command  was  invoked).  Second, additional
              arguments can be appended to the resulting script and they will be passed to script
              as  additional  arguments.   For example, suppose the command set script [namespace
              code {foo bar}] is invoked in namespace ::a::b.  Then eval $script [list x  y]  can
              be  executed  in  any  namespace  (assuming  the value of script has been passed in
              properly) and will have the same effect as the command ::namespace eval ::a::b {foo
              bar  x  y}.   This  command  is  needed because extensions like Tk normally execute
              callback scripts in the global namespace.  A  scoped  command  captures  a  command
              together with its namespace context in a way that allows it to be executed properly
              later.  See the section SCOPED SCRIPTS for some examples of how  this  is  used  to
              create callback scripts.

       namespace current
              Returns the fully-qualified name for the current namespace.  The actual name of the
              global namespace is “” (i.e., an empty string), but this command returns :: for the
              global namespace as a convenience to programmers.

       namespace delete ?namespace namespace ...?
              Each  namespace  namespace  is  deleted  and  all  variables, procedures, and child
              namespaces contained in the namespace are deleted.  If  a  procedure  is  currently
              executing  inside  the  namespace,  the  namespace  will  be  kept  alive until the
              procedure returns; however, the namespace is marked  to  prevent  other  code  from
              looking  it  up  by  name.   If a namespace does not exist, this command returns an
              error.  If no namespace names are given, this command does nothing.

       namespace ensemble subcommand ?arg ...?
              Creates and manipulates a command that is formed out of an ensemble of subcommands.
              See the section ENSEMBLES below for further details.

       namespace eval namespace arg ?arg ...?
              Activates a namespace called namespace and evaluates some code in that context.  If
              the namespace does not already exist, it is created.  If more than one arg argument
              is specified, the arguments are concatenated together with a space between each one
              in the same fashion as the eval command, and the result is evaluated.

              If namespace has leading namespace qualifiers and any  leading  namespaces  do  not
              exist, they are automatically created.

       namespace exists namespace
              Returns  1  if  namespace  is  a  valid namespace in the current context, returns 0
              otherwise.

       namespace export ?-clear? ?pattern pattern ...?
              Specifies which commands are exported from a namespace.  The exported commands  are
              those  that  can  be later imported into another namespace using a namespace import
              command.  Both commands defined in a  namespace  and  commands  the  namespace  has
              previously imported can be exported by a namespace.  The commands do not have to be
              defined at the time the namespace export command is  executed.   Each  pattern  may
              contain  glob-style  special  characters,  but  it  may  not  include any namespace
              qualifiers.  That is,  the  pattern  can  only  specify  commands  in  the  current
              (exporting)  namespace.   Each  pattern  is  appended  onto the namespace's list of
              export patterns.  If the -clear flag is given, the namespace's export pattern  list
              is  reset  to  empty before any pattern arguments are appended.  If no patterns are
              given and the -clear flag is  not  given,  this  command  returns  the  namespace's
              current export list.

       namespace forget ?pattern pattern ...?
              Removes previously imported commands from a namespace.  Each pattern is a simple or
              qualified name such as x, foo::x  or  a::b::p*.   Qualified  names  contain  double
              colons  (::)  and  qualify  a  name  with the name of one or more namespaces.  Each
              “qualified pattern” is qualified with the name of an exporting  namespace  and  may
              have  glob-style special characters in the command name at the end of the qualified
              name.  Glob characters may not appear  in  a  namespace  name.   For  each  “simple
              pattern”  this  command deletes the matching commands of the current namespace that
              were imported from a different namespace.  For “qualified patterns”,  this  command
              first  finds  the  matching exported commands.  It then checks whether any of those
              commands were previously imported by the current namespace.  If  so,  this  command
              deletes the corresponding imported commands.  In effect, this un-does the action of
              a namespace import command.

       namespace import ?-force? ?pattern pattern ...?
              Imports commands into a namespace, or queries the set of  imported  commands  in  a
              namespace.   When  no  arguments  are present, namespace import returns the list of
              commands in the current namespace that have been imported  from  other  namespaces.
              The  commands  in  the  returned  list  are  in the format of simple names, with no
              namespace qualifiers  at  all.   This  format  is  suitable  for  composition  with
              namespace forget (see EXAMPLES below).

              When pattern arguments are present, each pattern is a qualified name like foo::x or
              a::p*.  That is, it includes the name of an exporting namespace and may have  glob-
              style  special  characters  in  the  command name at the end of the qualified name.
              Glob characters may not appear in a namespace name.  When the namespace name is not
              fully qualified (i.e., does not start with a namespace separator) it is resolved as
              a namespace name in the way described in the NAME  RESOLUTION  section;  it  is  an
              error if no namespace with that name can be found.

              All  the commands that match a pattern string and which are currently exported from
              their namespace are added to the current namespace.  This is done by creating a new
              command  in  the  current  namespace  that  points  to  the exported command in its
              original namespace; when the  new  imported  command  is  called,  it  invokes  the
              exported  command.   This  command normally returns an error if an imported command
              conflicts with an existing command.   However,  if  the  -force  option  is  given,
              imported  commands  will  silently replace existing commands.  The namespace import
              command has snapshot semantics: that is, only requested commands that are currently
              defined  in  the  exporting namespace are imported.  In other words, you can import
              only the commands that are in a namespace at the time  when  the  namespace  import
              command  is executed.  If another command is defined and exported in this namespace
              later on, it will not be imported.

       namespace inscope namespace script ?arg ...?
              Executes a script in the context of the specified namespace.  This command  is  not
              expected  to  be used directly by programmers; calls to it are generated implicitly
              when applications use namespace code commands to create callback scripts  that  the
              applications  then  register with, e.g., Tk widgets.  The namespace inscope command
              is much like the namespace eval command except  that  the  namespace  must  already
              exist, and namespace inscope appends additional args as proper list elements.

                     namespace inscope ::foo $script $x $y $z

              is equivalent to

                     namespace eval ::foo [concat $script [list $x $y $z]]

              thus  additional  arguments  will not undergo a second round of substitution, as is
              the case with namespace eval.

       namespace origin command
              Returns the fully-qualified name of the original  command  to  which  the  imported
              command command refers.  When a command is imported into a namespace, a new command
              is created in that namespace that points to the actual  command  in  the  exporting
              namespace.  If a command is imported into a sequence of namespaces a, b,...,n where
              each successive namespace just imports the command  from  the  previous  namespace,
              this  command returns the fully-qualified name of the original command in the first
              namespace, a.  If command does not refer to an imported command, the command's  own
              fully-qualified name is returned.

       namespace parent ?namespace?
              Returns  the  fully-qualified name of the parent namespace for namespace namespace.
              If namespace is not specified, the fully-qualified name of the current  namespace's
              parent is returned.

       namespace path ?namespaceList?
              Returns  the  command resolution path of the current namespace. If namespaceList is
              specified as a list of named namespaces, the current namespace's command resolution
              path  is  set  to  those namespaces and returns the empty list. The default command
              resolution path is always empty. See the  section  NAME  RESOLUTION  below  for  an
              explanation of the rules regarding name resolution.

       namespace qualifiers string
              Returns  any  leading  namespace  qualifiers  for string.  Qualifiers are namespace
              names separated by double colons (::).  For the string ::foo::bar::x, this  command
              returns  ::foo::bar,  and  for  :: it returns an empty string.  This command is the
              complement of the namespace tail command.  Note that it does not check whether  the
              namespace names are, in fact, the names of currently defined namespaces.

       namespace tail string
              Returns the simple name at the end of a qualified string.  Qualifiers are namespace
              names separated by double colons (::).  For the string ::foo::bar::x, this  command
              returns  x,  and for :: it returns an empty string.  This command is the complement
              of the namespace qualifiers command.  It does not check whether the namespace names
              are, in fact, the names of currently defined namespaces.

       namespace upvar namespace ?otherVar myVar ...?
              This  command arranges for zero or more local variables in the current procedure to
              refer to variables in namespace. The namespace name is  resolved  as  described  in
              section  NAME  RESOLUTION.   The  command  namespace  upvar  $ns  a  b has the same
              behaviour as upvar 0 ${ns}::a b, with the sole exception of  the  resolution  rules
              used  for  qualified namespace or variable names.  namespace upvar returns an empty
              string.

       namespace unknown ?script?
              Sets or returns the unknown command handler for the current namespace.  The handler
              is  invoked  when a command called from within the namespace cannot be found in the
              current namespace, the namespace's path nor in the global  namespace.   The  script
              argument,  if  given,  should be a well formed list representing a command name and
              optional arguments. When the handler is invoked, the full invocation line  will  be
              appended  to  the  script and the result evaluated in the context of the namespace.
              The default handler for all namespaces is ::unknown. If no argument  is  given,  it
              returns the handler for the current namespace.

       namespace which ?-command? ?-variable? name
              Looks up name as either a command or variable and returns its fully-qualified name.
              For example, if name does not exist in the current namespace but does exist in  the
              global  namespace,  this  command  returns  a  fully-qualified  name  in the global
              namespace.  If the command or variable does not  exist,  this  command  returns  an
              empty  string.   If the variable has been created but not defined, such as with the
              variable command or through a trace on the variable, this command will  return  the
              fully-qualified  name  of  the variable.  If no flag is given, name is treated as a
              command name.  See the section NAME RESOLUTION below  for  an  explanation  of  the
              rules regarding name resolution.

WHAT IS A NAMESPACE?

       A  namespace  is a collection of commands and variables.  It encapsulates the commands and
       variables to ensure that they will not interfere with the commands and variables of  other
       namespaces.   Tcl  has  always  had  one  such collection, which we refer to as the global
       namespace.  The global namespace holds all global variables and commands.   The  namespace
       eval command lets you create new namespaces.  For example,

              namespace eval Counter {
                  namespace export bump
                  variable num 0

                  proc bump {} {
                      variable num
                      incr num
                  }
              }

       creates  a new namespace containing the variable num and the procedure bump.  The commands
       and variables in this namespace are separate from other commands and variables in the same
       program.   If  there is a command named bump in the global namespace, for example, it will
       be different from the command bump in the Counter namespace.

       Namespace variables  resemble  global  variables  in  Tcl.   They  exist  outside  of  the
       procedures  in a namespace but can be accessed in a procedure via the variable command, as
       shown in the example above.

       Namespaces are dynamic.  You can add and delete commands and variables at any time, so you
       can  build  up  the  contents  of  a  namespace over time using a series of namespace eval
       commands.  For example, the following series of  commands  has  the  same  effect  as  the
       namespace definition shown above:

              namespace eval Counter {
                  variable num 0
                  proc bump {} {
                      variable num
                      return [incr num]
                  }
              }
              namespace eval Counter {
                  proc test {args} {
                      return $args
                  }
              }
              namespace eval Counter {
                   rename test ""
              }

       Note  that the test procedure is added to the Counter namespace, and later removed via the
       rename command.

       Namespaces can have other namespaces within them, so they nest hierarchically.   A  nested
       namespace  is  encapsulated  inside  its parent namespace and can not interfere with other
       namespaces.

QUALIFIED NAMES

       Each namespace has a textual name such as history or ::safe::interp.  Since namespaces may
       nest,  qualified  names  are  used  to  refer to commands, variables, and child namespaces
       contained inside namespaces.  Qualified names are similar to the hierarchical  path  names
       for  Unix  files or Tk widgets, except that :: is used as the separator instead of / or ..
       The topmost or global namespace has the name “” (i.e., an empty string), although :: is  a
       synonym.   As  an example, the name ::safe::interp::create refers to the command create in
       the namespace interp that is a child of namespace ::safe, which in turn is a child of  the
       global namespace, ::.

       If  you  want  to  access commands and variables from another namespace, you must use some
       extra syntax.  Names must be qualified by the namespace  that  contains  them.   From  the
       global namespace, we might access the Counter procedures like this:

              Counter::bump 5
              Counter::Reset

       We could access the current count like this:

              puts "count = $Counter::num"

       When  one  namespace  contains  another, you may need more than one qualifier to reach its
       elements.  If we had a namespace Foo that  contained  the  namespace  Counter,  you  could
       invoke its bump procedure from the global namespace like this:

              Foo::Counter::bump 3

       You  can  also  use qualified names when you create and rename commands.  For example, you
       could add a procedure to the Foo namespace like this:

              proc Foo::Test {args} {return $args}

       And you could move the same procedure to another namespace like this:

              rename Foo::Test Bar::Test

       There are a few remaining points about qualified names that we should  cover.   Namespaces
       have  nonempty names except for the global namespace.  :: is disallowed in simple command,
       variable, and namespace names except as  a  namespace  separator.   Extra  colons  in  any
       separator  part  of a qualified name are ignored; i.e. two or more colons are treated as a
       namespace separator.  A trailing :: in a qualified variable or command name refers to  the
       variable  or  command  named  {}.  However, a trailing :: in a qualified namespace name is
       ignored.

NAME RESOLUTION

       In general, all Tcl commands that take variable and command names support qualified names.
       This  means you can give qualified names to such commands as set, proc, rename, and interp
       alias.  If you provide a fully-qualified name that starts with a ::, there is no  question
       about  what command, variable, or namespace you mean.  However, if the name does not start
       with a :: (i.e., is relative), Tcl follows basic rules for looking it up:

       •      Variable names are always resolved by looking first in the current  namespace,  and
              then in the global namespace.

       •      Command names are always resolved by looking in the current namespace first. If not
              found there, they are searched for in every namespace on  the  current  namespace's
              command  path  (which  is  empty by default). If not found there, command names are
              looked up in  the  global  namespace  (or,  failing  that,  are  processed  by  the
              appropriate namespace unknown handler.)

       •      Namespace names are always resolved by looking in only the current namespace.

       In the following example,

              set traceLevel 0
              namespace eval Debug {
                  printTrace $traceLevel
              }

       Tcl  looks  for  traceLevel  in  the namespace Debug and then in the global namespace.  It
       looks up the command printTrace in the same way.  If a variable or  command  name  is  not
       found  in  either  context,  the  name is undefined.  To make this point absolutely clear,
       consider the following example:

              set traceLevel 0
              namespace eval Foo {
                  variable traceLevel 3

                  namespace eval Debug {
                      printTrace $traceLevel
                  }
              }

       Here Tcl looks for traceLevel first in the namespace Foo::Debug.  Since it  is  not  found
       there,  Tcl  then  looks  for it in the global namespace.  The variable Foo::traceLevel is
       completely ignored during the name resolution process.

       You can use the namespace which command to clear up any question  about  name  resolution.
       For example, the command:

              namespace eval Foo::Debug {namespace which -variable traceLevel}

       returns ::traceLevel.  On the other hand, the command,

              namespace eval Foo {namespace which -variable traceLevel}

       returns ::Foo::traceLevel.

       As  mentioned above, namespace names are looked up differently than the names of variables
       and commands.  Namespace names are always resolved in the current namespace.  This  means,
       for  example,  that a namespace eval command that creates a new namespace always creates a
       child of the current namespace unless the new namespace name begins with ::.

       Tcl has no access control to  limit  what  variables,  commands,  or  namespaces  you  can
       reference.   If  you  provide  a  qualified  name  that resolves to an element by the name
       resolution rule above, you can access the element.

       You can access a namespace variable from a procedure in the same namespace  by  using  the
       variable  command.   Much  like  the  global  command,  this  creates  a local link to the
       namespace variable.  If necessary, it also creates the variable in the  current  namespace
       and  initializes  it.  Note that the global command only creates links to variables in the
       global namespace.  It is not necessary to use a variable command if you  always  refer  to
       the namespace variable using an appropriate qualified name.

IMPORTING COMMANDS

       Namespaces  are  often  used  to  represent  libraries.  Some library commands are used so
       frequently that it is a nuisance to type their qualified names.  For example, suppose that
       all  of  the commands in a package like BLT are contained in a namespace called Blt.  Then
       you might access these commands like this:

              Blt::graph .g -background red
              Blt::table . .g 0,0

       If you use the graph and table commands frequently, you may want to  access  them  without
       the  Blt::  prefix.  You can do this by importing the commands into the current namespace,
       like this:

              namespace import Blt::*

       This adds all exported commands from the Blt namespace into the current namespace context,
       so you can write code like this:

              graph .g -background red
              table . .g 0,0

       The  namespace  import  command only imports commands from a namespace that that namespace
       exported with a namespace export command.

       Importing every command from a namespace is generally a bad idea since  you  do  not  know
       what  you  will  get.   It  is  better to import just the specific commands you need.  For
       example, the command

              namespace import Blt::graph Blt::table

       imports only the graph and table commands into the current context.

       If you try to import a command that already exists, you will get an error.  This  prevents
       you  from  importing  the same command from two different packages.  But from time to time
       (perhaps when debugging), you may want to get around this restriction.  You  may  want  to
       reissue  the  namespace  import  command  to  pick up new commands that have appeared in a
       namespace.  In that case, you can use the -force option, and  existing  commands  will  be
       silently overwritten:

              namespace import -force Blt::graph Blt::table

       If for some reason, you want to stop using the imported commands, you can remove them with
       a namespace forget command, like this:

              namespace forget Blt::*

       This searches the current namespace for any commands imported from Blt.  If it finds  any,
       it  removes  them.   Otherwise,  it  does  nothing.   After this, the Blt commands must be
       accessed with the Blt:: prefix.

       When you delete a command from the exporting namespace like this:

              rename Blt::graph ""

       the command is automatically removed from all namespaces that import it.

EXPORTING COMMANDS

       You can export commands from a namespace like this:

              namespace eval Counter {
                  namespace export bump reset
                  variable Num 0
                  variable Max 100

                  proc bump {{by 1}} {
                      variable Num
                      incr Num $by
                      Check
                      return $Num
                  }
                  proc reset {} {
                      variable Num
                      set Num 0
                  }
                  proc Check {} {
                      variable Num
                      variable Max
                      if {$Num > $Max} {
                          error "too high!"
                      }
                  }
              }

       The procedures bump and reset are exported, so they are included when you import from  the
       Counter namespace, like this:

              namespace import Counter::*

       However, the Check procedure is not exported, so it is ignored by the import operation.

       The namespace import command only imports commands that were declared as exported by their
       namespace.  The namespace export command specifies what commands may be imported by  other
       namespaces.   If  a namespace import command specifies a command that is not exported, the
       command is not imported.

SCOPED SCRIPTS

       The namespace code command is the means by which a script may be packaged  for  evaluation
       in  a  namespace  other  than  the  one in which it was created.  It is used most often to
       create event handlers, Tk bindings, and traces for evaluation in the global context.   For
       instance,  the  following  code indicates how to direct a variable trace callback into the
       current namespace:

              namespace eval a {
                  variable b
                  proc theTraceCallback { n1 n2 op } {
                      upvar 1 $n1 var
                      puts "the value of $n1 has changed to $var"
                      return
                  }
                  trace add variable b write [namespace code theTraceCallback]
              }
              set a::b c

       When executed, it prints the message:

              the value of a::b has changed to c

ENSEMBLES

       The namespace ensemble is used to create  and  manipulate  ensemble  commands,  which  are
       commands  formed  by  grouping subcommands together.  The commands typically come from the
       current namespace when the ensemble was created, though this is configurable.   Note  that
       there  may be any number of ensembles associated with any namespace (including none, which
       is true of all namespaces  by  default),  though  all  the  ensembles  associated  with  a
       namespace  are  deleted  when  that  namespace  is  deleted.  The link between an ensemble
       command and its namespace is maintained however the ensemble is renamed.

       Three subcommands of the namespace ensemble command are defined:

       namespace ensemble create ?option value ...?
              Creates a new ensemble command linked to the current namespace, returning the fully
              qualified  name of the command created.  The arguments to namespace ensemble create
              allow the configuration of the command as if with the namespace ensemble  configure
              command.   If  not  overridden  with  the  -command option, this command creates an
              ensemble with exactly the same name as  the  linked  namespace.   See  the  section
              ENSEMBLE OPTIONS below for a full list of options supported and their effects.

       namespace ensemble configure command ?option? ?value ...?
              Retrieves  the  value  of  an  option  associated  with  the ensemble command named
              command, or updates some options associated with that ensemble  command.   See  the
              section  ENSEMBLE  OPTIONS  below  for  a  full list of options supported and their
              effects.

       namespace ensemble exists command
              Returns a boolean value that describes whether the command command exists and is an
              ensemble  command.   This  command  only  ever  returns  an  error if the number of
              arguments to the command is wrong.

       When called, an ensemble command takes its first argument and looks it  up  (according  to
       the rules described below) to discover a list of words to replace the ensemble command and
       subcommand with.  The  resulting  list  of  words  is  then  evaluated  (with  no  further
       substitutions) as if that was what was typed originally (i.e. by passing the list of words
       through Tcl_EvalObjv) and returning the result of the command.  Note that it is  legal  to
       make  the  target  of  an ensemble rewrite be another (or even the same) ensemble command.
       The ensemble command will not be visible through the use of  the  uplevel  or  info  level
       commands.

   ENSEMBLE OPTIONS
       The  following  options, supported by the namespace ensemble create and namespace ensemble
       configure commands, control how an ensemble command behaves:

       -map   When non-empty, this option supplies a dictionary  that  provides  a  mapping  from
              subcommand  names  to a list of prefix words to substitute in place of the ensemble
              command and subcommand words (in a manner similar to an alias created  with  interp
              alias;  the  words  are  not reparsed after substitution); if the first word of any
              target is not fully qualified when set, it is assumed to be relative to the current
              namespace  and  changed  to  be exactly that (that is, it is always fully qualified
              when read). When this option is empty, the mapping will be from the local  name  of
              the  subcommand  to  its  fully-qualified name.  Note that when this option is non-
              empty and the -subcommands option is empty, the ensemble subcommand names  will  be
              exactly those words that have mappings in the dictionary.

       -parameters
              This option gives a list of named arguments (the names being used during generation │
              of error messages) that are passed by the caller of the ensemble between  the  name │
              of the ensemble and the subcommand argument. By default, it is the empty list.

       -prefixes
              This  option  (which  is  enabled by default) controls whether the ensemble command
              recognizes unambiguous prefixes of its subcommands.  When turned off, the  ensemble
              command requires exact matching of subcommand names.

       -subcommands
              When  non-empty,  this  option  lists exactly what subcommands are in the ensemble.
              The mapping for each of those commands will be either whatever is  defined  in  the
              -map  option,  or  to the command with the same name in the namespace linked to the
              ensemble.  If this option is empty, the subcommands of the namespace will either be
              the  keys  of  the dictionary listed in the -map option or the exported commands of
              the linked namespace at the time of the invocation of the ensemble command.

       -unknown
              When non-empty, this option provides a partial command (to which all the words that
              are  arguments  to  the ensemble command, including the fully-qualified name of the
              ensemble, are appended) to handle the case where  an  ensemble  subcommand  is  not
              recognized  and  would  otherwise  generate  an error.  When empty (the default) an
              error (in the style of Tcl_GetIndexFromObj) is generated whenever the  ensemble  is
              unable  to determine how to implement a particular subcommand.  See UNKNOWN HANDLER
              BEHAVIOUR for more details.

       The following extra option is allowed by namespace ensemble create:

       -command
              This write-only option allows  the  name  of  the  ensemble  created  by  namespace
              ensemble  create  to  be anything in any existing namespace.  The default value for
              this option is the fully-qualified name of the namespace  in  which  the  namespace
              ensemble create command is invoked.

       The following extra option is allowed by namespace ensemble configure:

       -namespace
              This  read-only  option  allows  the  retrieval  of the fully-qualified name of the
              namespace which the ensemble was created within.

   UNKNOWN HANDLER BEHAVIOUR
       If an unknown handler is specified for an  ensemble,  that  handler  is  called  when  the
       ensemble  command  would  otherwise return an error due to it being unable to decide which
       subcommand to invoke. The exact conditions under which that occurs are controlled  by  the
       -subcommands, -map and -prefixes options as described above.

       To execute the unknown handler, the ensemble mechanism takes the specified -unknown option
       and appends each argument of the attempted  ensemble  command  invocation  (including  the
       ensemble  command  itself,  expressed as a fully qualified name). It invokes the resulting
       command in the scope of the attempted call.  If  the  execution  of  the  unknown  handler
       terminates  normally, the ensemble engine reparses the subcommand (as described below) and
       tries to dispatch it again, which is ideal for when the ensemble's configuration has  been
       updated  by  the  unknown subcommand handler. Any other kind of termination of the unknown
       handler is treated as an error.

       The result of the unknown handler is expected to be a list (it is an error if it is  not).
       If  the  list  is  an  empty  list,  the ensemble command attempts to look up the original
       subcommand again and, if it is not found this time, an error will be generated just as  if
       the -unknown handler was not there (i.e. for any particular invocation of an ensemble, its
       unknown handler will be called at most once.) This makes it easy for the  unknown  handler
       to  update the ensemble or its backing namespace so as to provide an implementation of the
       desired subcommand and reparse.

       When the result is a non-empty list, the words of  that  list  are  used  to  replace  the
       ensemble  command and subcommand, just as if they had been looked up in the -map. It is up
       to the unknown handler to supply all namespace qualifiers if the  implementing  subcommand
       is  not  in  the  namespace  of  the  caller  of the ensemble command. Also note that when
       ensemble commands are chained (e.g. if you make one of  the  commands  that  implement  an
       ensemble  subcommand  into  an  ensemble, in a manner similar to the text widget's tag and
       mark subcommands) then the rewrite happens in the context of the caller of  the  outermost
       ensemble.  That is to say that ensembles do not in themselves place any namespace contexts
       on the Tcl call stack.

       Where an empty -unknown handler is given (the default), the ensemble command will generate
       an  error  message  based on the list of commands that the ensemble has defined (formatted
       similarly to the error message from Tcl_GetIndexFromObj). This is the error that  will  be
       thrown  when  the subcommand is still not recognized during reparsing. It is also an error
       for an -unknown handler to delete its namespace.

EXAMPLES

       Create a namespace containing a variable and an exported command:

              namespace eval foo {
                  variable bar 0
                  proc grill {} {
                      variable bar
                      puts "called [incr bar] times"
                  }
                  namespace export grill
              }

       Call the command defined in the previous example in various ways.

              # Direct call
              ::foo::grill

              # Use the command resolution path to find the name
              namespace eval boo {
                  namespace path ::foo
                  grill
              }

              # Import into current namespace, then call local alias
              namespace import foo::grill
              grill

              # Create two ensembles, one with the default name and one with a
              # specified name.  Then call through the ensembles.
              namespace eval foo {
                  namespace ensemble create
                  namespace ensemble create -command ::foobar
              }
              foo grill
              foobar grill

       Look up where the command imported in the previous example came from:

              puts "grill came from [namespace origin grill]"

       Remove all imported commands from the current namespace:

              namespace forget {*}[namespace import]

       Create an ensemble for simple working with numbers, using the -parameters option to  allow │
       the operator to be put between the first and second arguments.                             │

              namespace eval do {                                                                 │
                  namespace export *                                                              │
                  namespace ensemble create -parameters x                                         │
                  proc plus  {x y} {expr { $x + $y }}                                             │
                  proc minus {x y} {expr { $x - $y }}                                             │
              }                                                                                   │

              # In use, the ensemble works like this:                                             │
              puts [do 1 plus [do 9 minus 7]]                                                     │

SEE ALSO

       interp(3tcl), upvar(3tcl), variable(3tcl)

KEYWORDS

       command, ensemble, exported, internal, variable