Provided by: iwd_2.8-1ubuntu1_amd64 
NAME
iwd.network - Network configuration for wireless daemon
SYNOPSIS
Network configuration files .open, .psk and .8021x
DESCRIPTION
iwd stores information on known networks, and reads information on pre-provisioned
networks, from small text configuration files. Those files live in the state directory
specified by the environment variable $STATE_DIRECTORY, which is normally provided by
systemd. In the absence of such an environment variable it defaults to $LIBDIR/iwd, which
normally is set to /var/lib/iwd. You can create, modify or remove those files. iwd
monitors the directory for changes and will update its state accordingly. iwd will also
modify these files in the course of network connections or as a result of D-Bus API
invocations.
FILE FORMAT
The syntax is similar to that of GNOME keyfile syntax (which is based on the format
defined in the Desktop Entry Specification, see
http://freedesktop.org/Standards/desktop-entry-spec). The recognized groups as well as
keys and values in each group are documented here. Defaults are written in bold.
For completeness we include the description of the file syntax here. This is the syntax
that the ell library's l_settings class implements. The syntax is based on lines and lines
are delimited by newline characters.
Empty lines are ignored and whitespace at the beginning of a line is ignored. Comment
lines have # as their first non-whitespace character.
Key-value lines contain a setting key, an equal sign and the value of the setting.
Whitespace preceding the key, the equal sign or the value, is ignored. The key must be a
continuous string of alphanumeric and underscore characters and minus signs only. The
value starts at the first non-whitespace character after the first equal sign on the line
and ends at the end of the line and must be correctly UTF-8-encoded. A boolean value can
be true or false but 0 or 1 are also allowed. Integer values are written in base 10.
String values, including file paths and hexstrings, are written as is except for five
characters that may be backslash-escaped: space, \t, \r, \n and backslash itself. The
latter three must be escaped. A space character must be escaped if it is the first
character in the value string and is written as \s.
Settings are interpreted depending on the group they are in. A group starts with a group
header line and contains all settings until the next group's header line. A group header
line contains a [ character followed by the group name and a ] character. Whitespace is
allowed before the [ and after the ]. A group name consists of printable characters other
than [ and ].
If a group name starts with the @ sign, that group's content is handled by a parser
extension instead and does not cause the previous non-extension group to end. The initial
@ sign must be followed by a non-empty extension name, another @ sign and a group name as
defined above. The extension name consists of printable characters other than @. No
whitespace is allowed after the group header in this case. The extension payload syntax
and length are determined by the extension name. Normal parsing rules defined in this
section resume at the end of the payload and any settings after the end of the payload are
handled as part of the previous non-extension group.
Currently the only extension supported is named pem and allows embedding the contents of a
single RFC7468 PEM-formatted payload or a sequence of multiple PEM payloads. The payload
should start with the -----BEGIN string on a line following the group header line and end
with an -----END line as specified in the RFC. Newline characters before, between and
after PEM payloads are included in the extension payload. No other extra characters are
allowed.
NAMING
File names are based on the network's SSID and security type: Open, PSK-protected or
802.1x. The name consist of the encoding of the SSID followed by .open, .psk or .8021x.
The SSID appears verbatim in the name if it contains only alphanumeric characters, spaces,
underscores or minus signs. Otherwise it is encoded as an equal sign followed by the
lower-case hex encoding of the name.
SETTINGS
The settings below are split into several sections and grouped into broad categories.
Each category has a group associated with it which is given at the beginning of each
sub-section. Recognized keys and valid values are listed following the group definition.
General Settings
The group [Settings] contains general settings.
┌────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────────┐
│AutoConnect │ Values: true, false │
│ │ │
│ │ Whether the network can be │
│ │ connected to automatically │
├────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────┤
│Hidden │ Values: true, false │
│ │ │
│ │ Whether the network is hidden, │
│ │ i.e. its SSID must be included │
│ │ in an active scan request │
├────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────┤
│AlwaysRandomizeAddress │ Values: true, false │
│ │ │
│ │ If enabled, the MAC address will │
│ │ be fully randomized on each │
│ │ connection. This option is only │
│ │ used if │
│ │ [General].AddressRandomization │
│ │ is set to 'network'. See │
│ │ iwd.config. This setting should │
│ │ not be used with │
│ │ [Settings].AddressOverride, if │
│ │ both are set AddressOverride │
│ │ will be used. │
├────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────┤
│AddressOverride │ MAC address string │
│ │ │
│ │ Override the MAC address used │
│ │ for connecting to this network. │
│ │ This option is only used if │
│ │ [General].AddressRandomization │
│ │ is set to 'network'. See │
│ │ iwd.config. This setting should │
│ │ not be used with │
│ │ [Settings].AlwaysRandomizeAddress, │
│ │ if both are set AddressOverride │
│ │ will be used. │
└────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────┘
│TransitionDisable │ Values: true, false │
│ │ │
│ │ If enabled, the use of TKIP │
│ │ pairwise cipher and connections │
│ │ without Management Frame │
│ │ Protection are disallowed. This │
│ │ will make certain legacy access │
│ │ points unavailable for use. │
│ │ Additional security hardening can │
│ │ also be applied via the │
│ │ [Settings].DisabledTransitionModes │
│ │ setting. │
│ │ │
│ │ Properly configured Access Points │
│ │ will typically update this setting │
│ │ appropriately via Transition │
│ │ Disable indications. User │
│ │ customization of this value is │
│ │ thus typically not required. │
├────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────┤
│DisabledTransitionModes │ Comma-separated list of disabled │
│ │ transition modes: │
│ │ │
│ │ • personal │
│ │ │
│ │ • enterprise │
│ │ │
│ │ • open │
│ │ │
│ │ If 'personal' mode is │
│ │ disabled, then legacy │
│ │ WPA2-Personal access points │
│ │ are no longer available to │
│ │ be connected to or roamed │
│ │ to. Only access points │
│ │ utilizing WPA3-Personal │
│ │ will be considered. │
│ │ │
│ │ If 'enterprise' mode is │
│ │ disabled, then legacy │
│ │ WPA2-Enterprise access │
│ │ points are no longer │
│ │ available to be connected │
│ │ to or roamed to. │
│ │ │
│ │ If 'open' mode is disabled, │
│ │ then non-OWE enabled access │
│ │ points will not be │
│ │ connected to. │
│ │ │
│ │ Properly configured Access │
│ │ Points will typically │
│ │ update this setting │
│ │ appropriately via │
│ │ Transition Disable │
│ │ indications. User │
│ │ customization of this value │
│ │ is thus typically not │
│ │ required. │
└────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────┘
Network Authentication Settings
The group [Security] contains settings for Wi-Fi security and authentication
configuration. This group can be encrypted by enabling SystemdEncrypt, see iwd.config for
details on this option. If this section is encrypted (only contains
EncryptedSalt/EncryptedSecurity) it should not be modified. Modifying these values will
result in the inability to connect to that network.
┌───────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│Passphrase │ 8..63 character string │
│ │ │
│ │ Passphrase to be used when │
│ │ connecting to WPA-Personal │
│ │ networks. Required when │
│ │ connecting to WPA3-Personal │
│ │ (SAE) networks. Also required │
│ │ if the PreSharedKey is not │
│ │ provided. If not provided in │
│ │ settings, the agent will be │
│ │ asked for the passphrase at │
│ │ connection time. │
├───────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│PreSharedKey │ 64 character hex string │
│ │ │
│ │ Processed passphrase for this │
│ │ network in the form of a │
│ │ hex-encoded 32 byte pre-shared │
│ │ key. Must be provided if │
│ │ Passphrase is omitted. │
├───────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│EAP-Method │ one of the following methods: │
│ │ │
│ │ AKA, AKA', MSCHAPV2, PEAP, PWD, │
│ │ SIM, TLS, TTLS. │
│ │ │
│ │ The following additional methods │
│ │ are allowed as TTLS/PEAP inner │
│ │ methods: │
│ │ │
│ │ GTC, MD5. │
├───────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│EAP-Identity │ string │
│ │ │
│ │ Identity string transmitted in │
│ │ plaintext. Depending on the EAP │
│ │ method, this value can be │
│ │ optional or mandatory. GTC, │
│ │ MD5, MSCHAPV2, PWD require an │
│ │ identity, so if not provided, │
│ │ the agent will be asked for it │
│ │ at connection time. TLS based │
│ │ methods (PEAP, TLS, TTLS) might │
│ │ still require an EAP-Identity to │
│ │ be set, depending on the RADIUS │
│ │ server configuration. │
├───────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│EAP-Password │ string │
│ │ │
│ │ Password to be provided for │
│ │ WPA-Enterprise authentication. │
│ │ If not provided, the agent will │
│ │ be asked for the password at │
│ │ connection time. Required by: │
│ │ GTC, MD5, MSCHAPV2, PWD. │
└───────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────┘
│EAP-Password-Hash │ hex string │
│ │ │
│ │ Some EAP methods can accept a │
│ │ pre-hashed version of the │
│ │ password. For MSCHAPV2, a MD4 │
│ │ hash of the password can be │
│ │ given here. │
├───────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│EAP-TLS-CACert, │ absolute file path or embedded │
│EAP-TTLS-CACert, │ pem │
│EAP-PEAP-CACert │ │
│ │ Path to a PEM-formatted X.509 │
│ │ root certificate list to use for │
│ │ trust verification of the │
│ │ authenticator. The │
│ │ authenticator's server's │
│ │ certificate chain must be │
│ │ verified by at least one CA in │
│ │ the list for the authentication │
│ │ to succeed. If omitted, then │
│ │ authenticator's certificate │
│ │ chain will not be verified (not │
│ │ recommended.) │
├───────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│EAP-TLS-ClientCert │ absolute file path or embedded │
│ │ pem │
│ │ │
│ │ Path to the client X.509 │
│ │ certificate or certificate chain │
│ │ to send on server request. │
├───────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│EAP-TLS-ClientKey │ absolute file path or embedded │
│ │ pem │
│ │ │
│ │ Path to the client private key │
│ │ corresponding to the public key │
│ │ provided in EAP-TLS-ClientCert. │
│ │ The recommended format is PKCS#8 │
│ │ PEM. │
├───────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│EAP-TLS-ClientKeyBundle │ absolute file path │
│ │ │
│ │ As an alternative to │
│ │ EAP-TLS-ClientCert and │
│ │ EAP-TLS-ClientKey IWD can load │
│ │ both the certificate and the │
│ │ private key from a container │
│ │ file pointed by this setting. │
│ │ The recommended format is │
│ │ PKCS#12 when this is used. │
├───────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│EAP-TLS- │ string │
│ClientKeyPassphrase │ │
│ │ Decryption key for the client │
│ │ key files. This should be used │
│ │ if the certificate or the │
│ │ private key in the files │
│ │ mentioned above is encrypted. │
│ │ When not given, the agent is │
│ │ asked for the passphrase at │
│ │ connection time. │
└───────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────┘
│EAP-TLS-ServerDomainMask, │ string │
│EAP-TTLS-ServerDomainMask, │ │
│EAP-PEAP-ServerDomainMask │ A mask for the domain names │
│ │ contained in the server's │
│ │ certificate. At least one of the │
│ │ domain names present in the │
│ │ certificate's Subject │
│ │ Alternative Name extension's DNS │
│ │ Name fields or the Common Name │
│ │ has to match at least one mask, │
│ │ or authentication will fail. │
│ │ Multiple masks can be given │
│ │ separated by semicolons. The │
│ │ masks are split into segments at │
│ │ the dots. Each segment has to │
│ │ match its corresponding label in │
│ │ the domain name. An asterisk │
│ │ segment in the mask matches any │
│ │ label. An asterisk segment at │
│ │ the beginning of the mask │
│ │ matches one or more consecutive │
│ │ labels from the beginning of the │
│ │ domain string. │
├───────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│EAP-TLS-FastReauthentication, │ Values: true, false │
│EAP-TTLS-FastReauthentication, │ │
│EAP-PEAP-FastReauthentication, │ Controls whether TLS session │
│ │ caching for EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS │
│ │ and EAP-PEAP is used. This │
│ │ allows for faster re-connections │
│ │ to EAP-Enterprise based │
│ │ networks. │
│ │ │
│ │ Some network authenticators may │
│ │ be misconfigured in a way that │
│ │ TLS session resumption is │
│ │ allowed but actually attempting │
│ │ it will cause the EAP method to │
│ │ fail or time out. In that case, │
│ │ assuming the credentials and │
│ │ other settings are correct, │
│ │ every other connection attempt │
│ │ will fail as sessions are cached │
│ │ and forgotten in alternating │
│ │ attempts. Use this setting to │
│ │ disable caching for this │
│ │ network. │
├───────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│EAP-TTLS-Phase2-Method │ The following values are allowed: │
│ │ Tunneled-CHAP, │
│ │ Tunneled-MSCHAP, │
│ │ Tunneled-MSCHAPv2, │
│ │ Tunneled-PAP or │
│ │ a valid EAP method name (see EAP-Method) │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ Phase 2 authentication method │
│ │ for EAP-TTLS. Can be either one │
│ │ of the TTLS-specific non-EAP │
│ │ methods (Tunneled-*), or any EAP │
│ │ method documented here. The │
│ │ following two settings are used │
│ │ if any of the non-EAP methods is │
│ │ used. │
└───────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────┘
│EAP-TTLS-Phase2-Identity │ The secure identity/username string for │
│ │ the TTLS non-EAP Phase 2 methods. If not │
│ │ provided iwd will request a username at │
│ │ connection time. │
├───────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│EAP-TTLS-Phase2-Password │ Password string for the TTLS non-EAP Phase │
│ │ 2 methods. If not provided IWD will │
│ │ request a passphrase at connection time. │
├───────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│EAP-TTLS-Phase2-* │ Any settings to be used for the inner EAP │
│ │ method if one was specified as │
│ │ EAP-TTLS-Phase2-Method, rather than a │
│ │ TTLS-specific method. The prefix │
│ │ EAP-TTLS-Phase2- replaces the EAP- prefix │
│ │ in the setting keys and their usage is │
│ │ unchanged. Since the inner method's │
│ │ negotiation is encrypted, a secure │
│ │ identity string can be provided. │
├───────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│EAP-PEAP-Phase2-* │ Any settings to be used for the inner EAP │
│ │ method with EAP-PEAP as the outer method. │
│ │ The prefix EAP-PEAP-Phase2- replaces the │
│ │ EAP- prefix in the setting keys and their │
│ │ usage is unchanged. Since the inner │
│ │ method's negotiation is encrypted, a │
│ │ secure identity string can be provided. │
└───────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Network Configuration Settings
The group [Network] contains general network settings and any network specific overrides
for global defaults defined in the main iwd configuration file.
┌─────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
│MulticastDNS │ Values: true, false, resolve │
│ │ │
│ │ Configures multicast DNS for │
│ │ this network. If not specified, │
│ │ systemd-resolved's default value │
│ │ will remain untouched. See man │
│ │ 5 systemd.network for details. │
│ │ │
│ │ Only applies when │
│ │ NameResolvingService=systemd. │
└─────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
The group [IPv4] contains settings for Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) network
configuration with the static addresses.
┌─────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
│Address │ IPv4 address string │
│ │ │
│ │ The IPv4 address to assign. This │
│ │ field is required for the static │
│ │ configuration. │
├─────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│Gateway │ IPv4 address string │
│ │ │
│ │ The IPv4 address of the gateway │
│ │ (router). This field is required │
│ │ for the static configuration. │
└─────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
│DNS │ IPv4 address string list, space │
│ │ delimited │
│ │ │
│ │ The IPv4 address(es) of the │
│ │ Domain Name System (DNS). This │
│ │ field is optional. DNS setting │
│ │ can be used to override the DNS │
│ │ entries received from the DHCP │
│ │ server. │
├─────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│Netmask │ IPv4 address string │
│ │ │
│ │ The IPv4 address of the subnet. │
│ │ This field is optional. │
│ │ 255.255.255.0 is used as default │
│ │ Netmask. │
├─────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│Broadcast │ IPv4 address string │
│ │ │
│ │ The IPv4 address to be used for │
│ │ the broadcast. This field is │
│ │ optional. │
├─────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│DomainName │ string │
│ │ │
│ │ The DomainName is the name of │
│ │ the local Internet domain. This │
│ │ field is optional. DomainName │
│ │ setting can be used to override │
│ │ the DomainName value obtained │
│ │ from the DHCP server. │
├─────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│SendHostname │ Values: true, false │
│ │ │
│ │ Configures DHCP to include the │
│ │ hostname in the request. This │
│ │ setting is disabled by default. │
└─────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
The group [IPv6] contains settings for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) network
configuration.
┌───────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
│Enabled │ Boolean │
│ │ │
│ │ Whether IPv6 is enabled for this │
│ │ network. If not provided, then │
│ │ the global default provided by │
│ │ [Network].EnableIPv6 setting │
│ │ will be used. If IPv6 is │
│ │ disabled, then the │
│ │ 'disable_ipv6' setting in sysfs │
│ │ will be set to 1 and no IPv6 │
│ │ addresses or routes will be │
│ │ created for this network. │
└───────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
│Address │ IPv6 address string │
│ │ │
│ │ The IPv6 address to assign. This │
│ │ field is required for the static │
│ │ configuration. The recognized │
│ │ format is according to inet_pton │
│ │ followed by '/' and prefix │
│ │ length. If prefix length is │
│ │ omitted, then 128 is assumed. │
├───────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│Gateway │ IPv6 address string │
│ │ │
│ │ The IPv6 address of the gateway │
│ │ (router). This field is required │
│ │ for the static configuration. │
├───────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│DNS │ IPv6 address string list, space │
│ │ delimited │
│ │ │
│ │ The IPv6 address(es) of the │
│ │ Domain Name System (DNS). This │
│ │ field is optional. DNS setting │
│ │ can be used to override the DNS │
│ │ entries received from the DHCPv6 │
│ │ server or via Router │
│ │ Advertisements. │
├───────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│DomainName │ string │
│ │ │
│ │ The DomainName is the name of │
│ │ the local Internet domain. This │
│ │ field is optional. DomainName │
│ │ setting can be used to override │
│ │ the DomainName value obtained │
│ │ from the DHCPv6 server or via │
│ │ Router Advertisements. │
└───────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
Embedded PEMs
Rather than including an absolute path to a PEM file (for certificates and keys), the PEM
itself can be included inside the settings file and referenced directly. This allows IEEE
802.1x network provisioning using a single file without any references to certificates or
keys on the system.
An embedded PEM can appear anywhere in the settings file using the following format (in
this example the PEM is named 'my_ca_cert'):
[@pem@my_ca_cert]
----- BEGIN CERTIFICATE -----
<PEM data>
----- END CERTIFICATE -----
After this special group tag it's as simple as pasting in a PEM file including the
BEGIN/END tags. Now 'my_ca_cert' can be used to reference the certificate elsewhere in the
settings file by prefixing the value with 'embed:'
EAP-TLS-CACert=embed:my_ca_cert
This is not limited to CA Certificates either. Client certificates, client keys (encrypted
or not), and certificate chains can be included.
EXAMPLES
The following are some examples of common configurations
Open Network (Hidden)
[Settings]
Hidden=true
Pre-Shared Key (PSK)
[Security]
Passphrase=secret123
PWD
[Security]
EAP-Method=PWD
EAP-Identity=user@domain.com
EAP-Password=secret123
TLS
[Security]
EAP-Method=TLS
EAP-TLS-ClientCert=/certs/client-cert.pem
EAP-TLS-ClientKey=/certs/client-key.pem
EAP-TLS-CACert=/certs/ca-cert.pem
EAP-TLS-ServerDomainMask=*.domain.com
TTLS + PAP
[Security]
EAP-Method=TTLS
EAP-Identity=open@identity.com
EAP-TTLS-CACert=/certs/ca-cert.pem
EAP-TTLS-Phase2-Method=Tunneled-PAP
EAP-TTLS-Phase2-Identity=username
EAP-TTLS-Phase2-Password=password
EAP-TTLS-ServerDomainMask=*.domain.com
PEAP + MSCHAPv2
[Security]
EAP-Method=PEAP
EAP-Identity=open@identity.com
EAP-PEAP-CACert=/certs/ca-cert.pem
EAP-PEAP-Phase2-Method=MSCHAPV2
EAP-PEAP-Phase2-Identity=username
EAP-PEAP-Phase2-Password=password
EAP-PEAP-ServerDomainMask=*.domain.com
SEE ALSO
iwd(8), iwd.config(5)
AUTHOR
Marcel Holtmann <marcel@holtmann.org>, Denis Kenzior <denkenz@gmail.com>, Andrew
Zaborowski <andrew.zaborowski@intel.com>, Tim Kourt <tim.a.kourt@linux.intel.com>, James
Prestwood <prestwoj@gmail.com>
COPYRIGHT
2013-2019 Intel Corporation