NAME

       public-inbox-v2-format - structure of public inbox v2 archives

DESCRIPTION

       The v2 format is designed primarily to address several scalability problems of the
       original format described at public-inbox-v1-format(5).  It also handles messages with
       Message-IDs.

INBOX LAYOUT

       The key change in v2 is the inbox is no longer a bare git repository, but a directory with
       two or more git repositories.  v2 divides git repositories by time "epochs" and Xapian
       databases for parallelism by "shards".

   INBOX OVERVIEW AND DEFINITIONS
         $EPOCH - Integer starting with 0 based on time
         $SCHEMA_VERSION - DB schema version (for Xapian)
         $SHARD - Integer starting with 0 based on parallelism

         foo/                              # "foo" is the name of the inbox
         - inbox.lock                      # lock file to protect global state
         - git/$EPOCH.git                  # normal git repositories
         - all.git                         # empty, alternates to $EPOCH.git
         - xap$SCHEMA_VERSION/$SHARD       # per-shard Xapian DB
         - xap$SCHEMA_VERSION/over.sqlite3 # OVER-view DB for NNTP, threading
         - msgmap.sqlite3                  # same the v1 msgmap

       For blob lookups, the reader only needs to open the "all.git" repository with
       $GIT_DIR/objects/info/alternates which references every $EPOCH.git repo.

       Individual $EPOCH.git repos DO NOT use alternates themselves as git currently limits
       recursion of alternates nesting depth to 5.

   GIT EPOCHS
       One of the inherent scalability problems with git itself is the full history of a project
       must be stored and carried around to all clients.  To address this problem, the v2 format
       uses multiple git repositories, stored as time-based "epochs".

       We currently divide epochs into roughly one gigabyte segments; but this size can be
       configurable (if needed) in the future.

       A pleasant side-effect of this design is the git packs of older epochs are stable,
       allowing them to be cloned without requiring expensive pack generation.  This also allows
       clients to clone only the epochs they are interested in to save bandwidth and storage.

       To minimize changes to existing v1-based code and simplify our code, we use the
       "alternates" mechanism described in gitrepository-layout(5) to link all the epoch
       repositories with a single read-only "all.git" endpoint.

       Processes retrieve blobs via the "all.git" repository, while writers write blobs directly
       to epochs.

   GIT TREE LAYOUT
       One key problem specific to v1 was large trees were frequently a performance problem as
       name lookups are expensive and there were limited deltafication opportunities with
       unpredictable file names.  As a result, all Xapian-enabled installations retrieve blob
       object_ids directly in v1, bypassing tree lookups.

       While dividing git repositories into epochs caps the growth of trees, worst-case tree size
       was still unnecessary overhead and worth eliminating.

       So in contrast to the big trees of v1, the v2 git tree contains only a single file at the
       top-level of the tree, either 'm' (for 'mail' or 'message') or 'd' (for deleted).  A tree
       does not have 'm' and 'd' at the same time.

       Mail is still stored in blobs (instead of inline with the commit object) as we still need
       a stable reference in the indices in case commit history is rewritten to comply with legal
       requirements.

       After-the-fact invocations of public-inbox-index will ignore messages written to 'd' after
       they are written to 'm'.

       Deltafication is not significantly improved over v1, but overall storage for trees is made
       as as small as possible.  Initial statistics and benchmarks showing the benefits of this
       approach are documented at:

       <https://public-inbox.org/meta/20180209205140.GA11047@dcvr/>

   XAPIAN SHARDS
       Another second scalability problem in v1 was the inability to utilize multiple CPU cores
       for Xapian indexing.  This is addressed by using shards in Xapian to perform import
       indexing in parallel.

       As with git alternates, Xapian natively supports a read-only interface which transparently
       abstracts away the knowledge of multiple shards.  This allows us to simplify our read-only
       code paths.

       The performance of the storage device is now the bottleneck on larger multi-core systems.
       In our experience, performance is improved with high-quality and high-quantity solid-state
       storage.  Issuing TRIM commands with fstrim(8) was necessary to maintain consistent
       performance while developing this feature.

       Rotational storage devices perform significantly worse than solid state storage for
       indexing of large mail archives; but are fine for backup and usable for small instances.

       As of public-inbox 1.6.0, the "publicInbox.indexSequentialShard" option of
       public-inbox-index(1) may be used with a high shard count to ensure individual shards fit
       into page cache when the entire Xapian DB cannot.

       Our use of the "OVERVIEW DB" requires Xapian document IDs to remain stable.  Using
       public-inbox-compact(1) and public-inbox-xcpdb(1) wrappers are recommended over tools
       provided by Xapian.

   OVERVIEW DB
       Towards the end of v2 development, it became apparent Xapian did not perform well for
       sorting large result sets used to generate the landing page in the PSGI UI (/$INBOX/) or
       many queries used by the NNTP server.  Thus, SQLite was employed and the Xapian "skeleton"
       DB was renamed to the "overview" DB (after the NNTP OVER/XOVER commands).

       The overview DB maintains all the header information necessary to implement the NNTP
       OVER/XOVER commands and non-search endpoints of the PSGI UI.

       Xapian has become completely optional for v2 (as it is for v1), but SQLite remains
       required for v2.  SQLite turns out to be powerful enough to maintain overview information.
       Most of the PSGI and all of the NNTP functionality is possible with only SQLite in
       addition to git.

       The overview DB was an instrumental piece in maintaining near constant-time read
       performance on a dataset 2-3 times larger than LKML history as of 2018.

       GHOST MESSAGES

       The overview DB also includes references to "ghost" messages, or messages which have
       replies but have not been seen by us.  Thus it is expected to have more rows than the
       "msgmap" DB described below.

   msgmap.sqlite3
       The SQLite msgmap DB is unchanged from v1, but it is now at the top-level of the
       directory.

OBJECT IDENTIFIERS

       There are three distinct type of identifiers.  content_hash is the new one for v2 and
       should make message removal and deduplication easier.  object_id and Message-ID are
       already known.

       object_id
           The blob identifier git uses (currently SHA-1).  No need to publicly expose this
           outside of normal git ops (cloning) and there's no need to make this searchable.  As
           with v1 of public-inbox, this is stored as part of the Xapian document so expensive
           name lookups can be avoided for document retrieval.

       Message-ID
           The email header; duplicates allowed for archival purposes.  This remains a searchable
           field in Xapian.  Note: it's possible for emails to have multiple Message-ID headers
           (and git-send-email(1) had that bug for a bit); so we take all of them into account.
           In case of conflicts detected by content_hash below, we generate a new Message-ID
           based on content_hash; if the generated Message-ID still conflicts, a random one is
           generated.

       content_hash
           A hash of relevant headers and raw body content for purging of unwanted content.  This
           is not stored anywhere, but always calculated on-the-fly.

           For now, the relevant headers are:

                   Subject, From, Date, References, In-Reply-To, To, Cc

           Received, List-Id, and similar headers are NOT part of content_hash as they differ
           across lists and we will want removal to be able to cross lists.

           The textual parts of the body are decoded, CRLF normalized to LF, and trailing
           whitespace stripped.  Notably, hashing the raw body risks being broken by list
           signatures; but we can use filters (e.g. PublicInbox::Filter::Vger) to clean the body
           for imports.

           content_hash is SHA-256 for now; but can be changed at any time without making DB
           changes.

LOCKING

       flock(2) locking exclusively locks the empty inbox.lock file for all non-atomic
       operations.

HEADERS

       Same handling as with v1, except the Message-ID header will be generated if not provided
       or conflicting.  "Bytes", "Lines" and "Content-Length" headers are stripped and not
       allowed, they can interfere with further processing.

       The "Status" mbox header is also stripped as that header makes no sense in a public
       archive.

THANKS

       Thanks to the Linux Foundation for sponsoring the development and testing of the v2
       format.

COPYRIGHT

       Copyright 2018-2021 all contributors <mailto:meta@public-inbox.org>

       License: AGPL-3.0+ <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.txt>

SEE ALSO

       gitrepository-layout(5), public-inbox-v1-format(5)