Provided by: sudo-ldap_1.9.14p2-1ubuntu1_amd64 
NAME
sudo, sudoedit — execute a command as another user
SYNOPSIS
sudo -h | -K | -k | -V
sudo -v [-ABkNnS] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user]
sudo -l [-ABkNnS] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-U user] [-u user] [command [arg ...]]
sudo [-ABbEHnPS] [-C num] [-D directory] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-R directory]
[-r role] [-t type] [-T timeout] [-u user] [VAR=value] [-i | -s] [command [arg ...]]
sudoedit [-ABkNnS] [-C num] [-D directory] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-R directory]
[-r role] [-t type] [-T timeout] [-u user] file ...
DESCRIPTION
sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as
specified by the security policy. The invoking user's real (not effective) user-ID is used
to determine the user name with which to query the security policy.
sudo supports a plugin architecture for security policies, auditing, and input/output
logging. Third parties can develop and distribute their own plugins to work seamlessly with
the sudo front-end. The default security policy is sudoers, which is configured via the
file /etc/sudoers, or via LDAP. See the Plugins section for more information.
The security policy determines what privileges, if any, a user has to run sudo. The policy
may require that users authenticate themselves with a password or another authentication
mechanism. If authentication is required, sudo will exit if the user's password is not
entered within a configurable time limit. This limit is policy-specific; the default
password prompt timeout for the sudoers security policy is 0 minutes.
Security policies may support credential caching to allow the user to run sudo again for a
period of time without requiring authentication. By default, the sudoers policy caches
credentials on a per-terminal basis for 15 minutes. See the timestamp_type and
timestamp_timeout options in sudoers(5) for more information. By running sudo with the -v
option, a user can update the cached credentials without running a command.
On systems where sudo is the primary method of gaining superuser privileges, it is
imperative to avoid syntax errors in the security policy configuration files. For the
default security policy, sudoers(5), changes to the configuration files should be made using
the visudo(8) utility which will ensure that no syntax errors are introduced.
When invoked as sudoedit, the -e option (described below), is implied.
Security policies and audit plugins may log successful and failed attempts to run sudo. If
an I/O plugin is configured, the running command's input and output may be logged as well.
The options are as follows:
-A, --askpass
Normally, if sudo requires a password, it will read it from the user's terminal. If
the -A (askpass) option is specified, a (possibly graphical) helper program is
executed to read the user's password and output the password to the standard output.
If the SUDO_ASKPASS environment variable is set, it specifies the path to the helper
program. Otherwise, if sudo.conf(5) contains a line specifying the askpass program,
that value will be used. For example:
# Path to askpass helper program
Path askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh-askpass
If no askpass program is available, sudo will exit with an error.
-B, --bell
Ring the bell as part of the password prompt when a terminal is present. This
option has no effect if an askpass program is used.
-b, --background
Run the given command in the background. It is not possible to use shell job
control to manipulate background processes started by sudo. Most interactive
commands will fail to work properly in background mode.
-C num, --close-from=num
Close all file descriptors greater than or equal to num before executing a command.
Values less than three are not permitted. By default, sudo will close all open file
descriptors other than standard input, standard output, and standard error when
executing a command. The security policy may restrict the user's ability to use
this option. The sudoers policy only permits use of the -C option when the
administrator has enabled the closefrom_override option.
-D directory, --chdir=directory
Run the command in the specified directory instead of the current working directory.
The security policy may return an error if the user does not have permission to
specify the working directory.
-E, --preserve-env
Indicates to the security policy that the user wishes to preserve their existing
environment variables. The security policy may return an error if the user does not
have permission to preserve the environment.
--preserve-env=list
Indicates to the security policy that the user wishes to add the comma-separated
list of environment variables to those preserved from the user's environment. The
security policy may return an error if the user does not have permission to preserve
the environment. This option may be specified multiple times.
-e, --edit
Edit one or more files instead of running a command. In lieu of a path name, the
string "sudoedit" is used when consulting the security policy. If the user is
authorized by the policy, the following steps are taken:
1. Temporary copies are made of the files to be edited with the owner set to the
invoking user.
2. The editor specified by the policy is run to edit the temporary files. The
sudoers policy uses the SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL and EDITOR environment variables
(in that order). If none of SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or EDITOR are set, the first
program listed in the editor sudoers(5) option is used.
3. If they have been modified, the temporary files are copied back to their
original location and the temporary versions are removed.
To help prevent the editing of unauthorized files, the following restrictions are
enforced unless explicitly allowed by the security policy:
• Symbolic links may not be edited (version 1.8.15 and higher).
• Symbolic links along the path to be edited are not followed when the parent
directory is writable by the invoking user unless that user is root (version
1.8.16 and higher).
• Files located in a directory that is writable by the invoking user may not be
edited unless that user is root (version 1.8.16 and higher).
Users are never allowed to edit device special files.
If the specified file does not exist, it will be created. Unlike most commands run
by sudo, the editor is run with the invoking user's environment unmodified. If the
temporary file becomes empty after editing, the user will be prompted before it is
installed. If, for some reason, sudo is unable to update a file with its edited
version, the user will receive a warning and the edited copy will remain in a
temporary file.
-g group, --group=group
Run the command with the primary group set to group instead of the primary group
specified by the target user's password database entry. The group may be either a
group name or a numeric group-ID (GID) prefixed with the ‘#’ character (e.g., ‘#0’
for GID 0). When running a command as a GID, many shells require that the ‘#’ be
escaped with a backslash (‘\’). If no -u option is specified, the command will be
run as the invoking user. In either case, the primary group will be set to group.
The sudoers policy permits any of the target user's groups to be specified via the
-g option as long as the -P option is not in use.
-H, --set-home
Request that the security policy set the HOME environment variable to the home
directory specified by the target user's password database entry. Depending on the
policy, this may be the default behavior.
-h, --help
Display a short help message to the standard output and exit.
-h host, --host=host
Run the command on the specified host if the security policy plugin supports remote
commands. The sudoers plugin does not currently support running remote commands.
This may also be used in conjunction with the -l option to list a user's privileges
for the remote host.
-i, --login
Run the shell specified by the target user's password database entry as a login
shell. This means that login-specific resource files such as .profile,
.bash_profile, or .login will be read by the shell. If a command is specified, it
is passed to the shell as a simple command using the -c option. The command and any
args are concatenated, separated by spaces, after escaping each character (including
white space) with a backslash (‘\’) except for alphanumerics, underscores, hyphens,
and dollar signs. If no command is specified, an interactive shell is executed.
sudo attempts to change to that user's home directory before running the shell. The
command is run with an environment similar to the one a user would receive at log
in. Most shells behave differently when a command is specified as compared to an
interactive session; consult the shell's manual for details. The Command
environment section in the sudoers(5) manual documents how the -i option affects the
environment in which a command is run when the sudoers policy is in use.
-K, --remove-timestamp
Similar to the -k option, except that it removes every cached credential for the
user, regardless of the terminal or parent process ID. The next time sudo is run, a
password must be entered if the security policy requires authentication. It is not
possible to use the -K option in conjunction with a command or other option. This
option does not require a password. Not all security policies support credential
caching.
-k, --reset-timestamp
When used without a command, invalidates the user's cached credentials for the
current session. The next time sudo is run in the session, a password must be
entered if the security policy requires authentication. By default, the sudoers
policy uses a separate record in the credential cache for each terminal (or parent
process ID if no terminal is present). This prevents the -k option from interfering
with sudo commands run in a different terminal session. See the timestamp_type
option in sudoers(5) for more information. This option does not require a password,
and was added to allow a user to revoke sudo permissions from a .logout file.
When used in conjunction with a command or an option that may require a password,
this option will cause sudo to ignore the user's cached credentials. As a result,
sudo will prompt for a password (if one is required by the security policy) and will
not update the user's cached credentials.
Not all security policies support credential caching.
-l, --list
If no command is specified, list the privileges for the invoking user (or the user
specified by the -U option) on the current host. A longer list format is used if
this option is specified multiple times and the security policy supports a verbose
output format.
If a command is specified and is permitted by the security policy, the fully-
qualified path to the command is displayed along with any args. If a command is
specified but not allowed by the policy, sudo will exit with a status value of 1.
-N, --no-update
Do not update the user's cached credentials, even if the user successfully
authenticates. Unlike the -k flag, existing cached credentials are used if they are
valid. To detect when the user's cached credentials are valid (or when no
authentication is required), the following can be used:
sudo -Nnv
Not all security policies support credential caching.
-n, --non-interactive
Avoid prompting the user for input of any kind. If a password is required for the
command to run, sudo will display an error message and exit.
-P, --preserve-groups
Preserve the invoking user's group vector unaltered. By default, the sudoers policy
will initialize the group vector to the list of groups the target user is a member
of. The real and effective group-IDs, however, are still set to match the target
user.
-p prompt, --prompt=prompt
Use a custom password prompt with optional escape sequences. The following percent
(‘%’) escape sequences are supported by the sudoers policy:
%H expanded to the host name including the domain name (only if the machine's host
name is fully qualified or the fqdn option is set in sudoers(5))
%h expanded to the local host name without the domain name
%p expanded to the name of the user whose password is being requested (respects the
rootpw, targetpw, and runaspw flags in sudoers(5))
%U expanded to the login name of the user the command will be run as (defaults to
root unless the -u option is also specified)
%u expanded to the invoking user's login name
%% two consecutive ‘%’ characters are collapsed into a single ‘%’ character
The custom prompt will override the default prompt specified by either the security
policy or the SUDO_PROMPT environment variable. On systems that use PAM, the custom
prompt will also override the prompt specified by a PAM module unless the
passprompt_override flag is disabled in sudoers.
-R directory, --chroot=directory
Change to the specified root directory (see chroot(8)) before running the command.
The security policy may return an error if the user does not have permission to
specify the root directory.
-r role, --role=role
Run the command with an SELinux security context that includes the specified role.
-S, --stdin
Write the prompt to the standard error and read the password from the standard input
instead of using the terminal device.
-s, --shell
Run the shell specified by the SHELL environment variable if it is set or the shell
specified by the invoking user's password database entry. If a command is
specified, it is passed to the shell as a simple command using the -c option. The
command and any args are concatenated, separated by spaces, after escaping each
character (including white space) with a backslash (‘\’) except for alphanumerics,
underscores, hyphens, and dollar signs. If no command is specified, an interactive
shell is executed. Most shells behave differently when a command is specified as
compared to an interactive session; consult the shell's manual for details.
-t type, --type=type
Run the command with an SELinux security context that includes the specified type.
If no type is specified, the default type is derived from the role.
-U user, --other-user=user
Used in conjunction with the -l option to list the privileges for user instead of
for the invoking user. The security policy may restrict listing other users'
privileges. When using the sudoers policy, the -U option is restricted to the root
user and users with either the “list” priviege for the specified user or the ability
to run any command as root or user on the current host.
-T timeout, --command-timeout=timeout
Used to set a timeout for the command. If the timeout expires before the command
has exited, the command will be terminated. The security policy may restrict the
user's ability to set timeouts. The sudoers policy requires that user-specified
timeouts be explicitly enabled.
-u user, --user=user
Run the command as a user other than the default target user (usually root). The
user may be either a user name or a numeric user-ID (UID) prefixed with the ‘#’
character (e.g., ‘#0’ for UID 0). When running commands as a UID, many shells
require that the ‘#’ be escaped with a backslash (‘\’). Some security policies may
restrict UIDs to those listed in the password database. The sudoers policy allows
UIDs that are not in the password database as long as the targetpw option is not
set. Other security policies may not support this.
-V, --version
Print the sudo version string as well as the version string of any configured
plugins. If the invoking user is already root, the -V option will display the
options passed to configure when sudo was built; plugins may display additional
information such as default options.
-v, --validate
Update the user's cached credentials, authenticating the user if necessary. For the
sudoers plugin, this extends the sudo timeout for another 15 minutes by default, but
does not run a command. Not all security policies support cached credentials.
-- The -- is used to delimit the end of the sudo options. Subsequent options are
passed to the command.
Options that take a value may only be specified once unless otherwise indicated in the
description. This is to help guard against problems caused by poorly written scripts that
invoke sudo with user-controlled input.
Environment variables to be set for the command may also be passed as options to sudo in the
form VAR=value, for example LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/pkg/lib. Environment variables may
be subject to restrictions imposed by the security policy plugin. The sudoers policy
subjects environment variables passed as options to the same restrictions as existing
environment variables with one important difference. If the setenv option is set in
sudoers, the command to be run has the SETENV tag set or the command matched is ALL, the
user may set variables that would otherwise be forbidden. See sudoers(5) for more
information.
COMMAND EXECUTION
When sudo executes a command, the security policy specifies the execution environment for
the command. Typically, the real and effective user and group and IDs are set to match
those of the target user, as specified in the password database, and the group vector is
initialized based on the group database (unless the -P option was specified).
The following parameters may be specified by security policy:
• real and effective user-ID
• real and effective group-ID
• supplementary group-IDs
• the environment list
• current working directory
• file creation mode mask (umask)
• SELinux role and type
• scheduling priority (aka nice value)
Process model
There are two distinct ways sudo can run a command.
If an I/O logging plugin is configured to log terminal I/O, or if the security policy
explicitly requests it, a new pseudo-terminal (“pty”) is allocated and fork(2) is used to
create a second sudo process, referred to as the monitor. The monitor creates a new
terminal session with itself as the leader and the pty as its controlling terminal, calls
fork(2) again, sets up the execution environment as described above, and then uses the
execve(2) system call to run the command in the child process. The monitor exists to relay
job control signals between the user's terminal and the pty the command is being run in.
This makes it possible to suspend and resume the command normally. Without the monitor, the
command would be in what POSIX terms an “orphaned process group” and it would not receive
any job control signals from the kernel. When the command exits or is terminated by a
signal, the monitor passes the command's exit status to the main sudo process and exits.
After receiving the command's exit status, the main sudo process passes the command's exit
status to the security policy's close function, as well as the close function of any
configured audit plugin, and exits. This mode is the default for sudo versions 1.9.14 and
above when using the sudoers policy.
If no pty is used, sudo calls fork(2), sets up the execution environment as described above,
and uses the execve(2) system call to run the command in the child process. The main sudo
process waits until the command has completed, then passes the command's exit status to the
security policy's close function, as well as the close function of any configured audit
plugins, and exits. As a special case, if the policy plugin does not define a close
function, sudo will execute the command directly instead of calling fork(2) first. The
sudoers policy plugin will only define a close function when I/O logging is enabled, a pty
is required, an SELinux role is specified, the command has an associated timeout, or the
pam_session or pam_setcred options are enabled. Both pam_session and pam_setcred are
enabled by default on systems using PAM. This mode is the default for sudo versions prior
to 1.9.14 when using the sudoers policy.
On systems that use PAM, the security policy's close function is responsible for closing the
PAM session. It may also log the command's exit status.
Signal handling
When the command is run as a child of the sudo process, sudo will relay signals it receives
to the command. The SIGINT and SIGQUIT signals are only relayed when the command is being
run in a new pty or when the signal was sent by a user process, not the kernel. This
prevents the command from receiving SIGINT twice each time the user enters control-C. Some
signals, such as SIGSTOP and SIGKILL, cannot be caught and thus will not be relayed to the
command. As a general rule, SIGTSTP should be used instead of SIGSTOP when you wish to
suspend a command being run by sudo.
As a special case, sudo will not relay signals that were sent by the command it is running.
This prevents the command from accidentally killing itself. On some systems, the reboot(8)
utility sends SIGTERM to all non-system processes other than itself before rebooting the
system. This prevents sudo from relaying the SIGTERM signal it received back to reboot(8),
which might then exit before the system was actually rebooted, leaving it in a half-dead
state similar to single user mode. Note, however, that this check only applies to the
command run by sudo and not any other processes that the command may create. As a result,
running a script that calls reboot(8) or shutdown(8) via sudo may cause the system to end up
in this undefined state unless the reboot(8) or shutdown(8) are run using the exec() family
of functions instead of system() (which interposes a shell between the command and the
calling process).
Plugins
Plugins may be specified via Plugin directives in the sudo.conf(5) file. They may be loaded
as dynamic shared objects (on systems that support them), or compiled directly into the sudo
binary. If no sudo.conf(5) file is present, or if it doesn't contain any Plugin lines, sudo
will use sudoers(5) for the policy, auditing, and I/O logging plugins. See the sudo.conf(5)
manual for details of the /etc/sudo.conf file and the sudo_plugin(5) manual for more
information about the sudo plugin architecture.
EXIT VALUE
Upon successful execution of a command, the exit status from sudo will be the exit status of
the program that was executed. If the command terminated due to receipt of a signal, sudo
will send itself the same signal that terminated the command.
If the -l option was specified without a command, sudo will exit with a value of 0 if the
user is allowed to run sudo and they authenticated successfully (as required by the security
policy). If a command is specified with the -l option, the exit value will only be 0 if the
command is permitted by the security policy, otherwise it will be 1.
If there is an authentication failure, a configuration/permission problem, or if the given
command cannot be executed, sudo exits with a value of 1. In the latter case, the error
string is printed to the standard error. If sudo cannot stat(2) one or more entries in the
user's PATH, an error is printed to the standard error. (If the directory does not exist or
if it is not really a directory, the entry is ignored and no error is printed.) This should
not happen under normal circumstances. The most common reason for stat(2) to return
“permission denied” is if you are running an automounter and one of the directories in your
PATH is on a machine that is currently unreachable.
SECURITY NOTES
sudo tries to be safe when executing external commands.
To prevent command spoofing, sudo checks "." and "" (both denoting current directory) last
when searching for a command in the user's PATH (if one or both are in the PATH). Depending
on the security policy, the user's PATH environment variable may be modified, replaced, or
passed unchanged to the program that sudo executes.
Users should never be granted sudo privileges to execute files that are writable by the user
or that reside in a directory that is writable by the user. If the user can modify or
replace the command there is no way to limit what additional commands they can run.
By default, sudo will only log the command it explicitly runs. If a user runs a command
such as ‘sudo su’ or ‘sudo sh’, subsequent commands run from that shell are not subject to
sudo's security policy. The same is true for commands that offer shell escapes (including
most editors). If I/O logging is enabled, subsequent commands will have their input and/or
output logged, but there will not be traditional logs for those commands. Because of this,
care must be taken when giving users access to commands via sudo to verify that the command
does not inadvertently give the user an effective root shell. For information on ways to
address this, see the Preventing shell escapes section in sudoers(5).
To prevent the disclosure of potentially sensitive information, sudo disables core dumps by
default while it is executing (they are re-enabled for the command that is run). This
historical practice dates from a time when most operating systems allowed set-user-ID
processes to dump core by default. To aid in debugging sudo crashes, you may wish to re-
enable core dumps by setting “disable_coredump” to false in the sudo.conf(5) file as
follows:
Set disable_coredump false
See the sudo.conf(5) manual for more information.
ENVIRONMENT
sudo utilizes the following environment variables. The security policy has control over the
actual content of the command's environment.
EDITOR Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode if neither SUDO_EDITOR nor
VISUAL is set.
MAIL Set to the mail spool of the target user when the -i option is specified,
or when env_reset is enabled in sudoers (unless MAIL is present in the
env_keep list).
HOME Set to the home directory of the target user when the -i or -H options are
specified, when the -s option is specified and set_home is set in sudoers,
when always_set_home is enabled in sudoers, or when env_reset is enabled in
sudoers and HOME is not present in the env_keep list.
LOGNAME Set to the login name of the target user when the -i option is specified,
when the set_logname option is enabled in sudoers, or when the env_reset
option is enabled in sudoers (unless LOGNAME is present in the env_keep
list).
PATH May be overridden by the security policy.
SHELL Used to determine shell to run with -s option.
SUDO_ASKPASS Specifies the path to a helper program used to read the password if no
terminal is available or if the -A option is specified.
SUDO_COMMAND Set to the command run by sudo, including any args. The args are truncated
at 4096 characters to prevent a potential execution error.
SUDO_EDITOR Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode.
SUDO_GID Set to the group-ID of the user who invoked sudo.
SUDO_PROMPT Used as the default password prompt unless the -p option was specified.
SUDO_PS1 If set, PS1 will be set to its value for the program being run.
SUDO_UID Set to the user-ID of the user who invoked sudo.
SUDO_USER Set to the login name of the user who invoked sudo.
USER Set to the same value as LOGNAME, described above.
VISUAL Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode if SUDO_EDITOR is not set.
FILES
/etc/sudo.conf sudo front-end configuration
EXAMPLES
The following examples assume a properly configured security policy.
To get a file listing of an unreadable directory:
$ sudo ls /usr/local/protected
To list the home directory of user yaz on a machine where the file system holding ~yaz is
not exported as root:
$ sudo -u yaz ls ~yaz
To edit the index.html file as user www:
$ sudoedit -u www ~www/htdocs/index.html
To view system logs only accessible to root and users in the adm group:
$ sudo -g adm more /var/log/syslog
To run an editor as jim with a different primary group:
$ sudoedit -u jim -g audio ~jim/sound.txt
To shut down a machine:
$ sudo shutdown -r +15 "quick reboot"
To make a usage listing of the directories in the /home partition. The commands are run in
a sub-shell to allow the ‘cd’ command and file redirection to work.
$ sudo sh -c "cd /home ; du -s * | sort -rn > USAGE"
DIAGNOSTICS
Error messages produced by sudo include:
editing files in a writable directory is not permitted
By default, sudoedit does not permit editing a file when any of the parent directories
are writable by the invoking user. This avoids a race condition that could allow the
user to overwrite an arbitrary file. See the sudoedit_checkdir option in sudoers(5)
for more information.
editing symbolic links is not permitted
By default, sudoedit does not follow symbolic links when opening files. See the
sudoedit_follow option in sudoers(5) for more information.
effective uid is not 0, is sudo installed setuid root?
sudo was not run with root privileges. The sudo binary must be owned by the root user
and have the set-user-ID bit set. Also, it must not be located on a file system
mounted with the ‘nosuid’ option or on an NFS file system that maps uid 0 to an
unprivileged uid.
effective uid is not 0, is sudo on a file system with the 'nosuid' option set or an NFS file
system without root privileges?
sudo was not run with root privileges. The sudo binary has the proper owner and
permissions but it still did not run with root privileges. The most common reason for
this is that the file system the sudo binary is located on is mounted with the
‘nosuid’ option or it is an NFS file system that maps uid 0 to an unprivileged uid.
fatal error, unable to load plugins
An error occurred while loading or initializing the plugins specified in sudo.conf(5).
invalid environment variable name
One or more environment variable names specified via the -E option contained an equal
sign (‘=’). The arguments to the -E option should be environment variable names
without an associated value.
no password was provided
When sudo tried to read the password, it did not receive any characters. This may
happen if no terminal is available (or the -S option is specified) and the standard
input has been redirected from /dev/null.
a terminal is required to read the password
sudo needs to read the password but there is no mechanism available for it to do so.
A terminal is not present to read the password from, sudo has not been configured to
read from the standard input, the -S option was not used, and no askpass helper has
been specified either via the sudo.conf(5) file or the SUDO_ASKPASS environment
variable.
no writable temporary directory found
sudoedit was unable to find a usable temporary directory in which to store its
intermediate files.
The “no new privileges” flag is set, which prevents sudo from running as root.
sudo was run by a process that has the Linux “no new privileges” flag is set. This
causes the set-user-ID bit to be ignored when running an executable, which will
prevent sudo from functioning. The most likely cause for this is running sudo within
a container that sets this flag. Check the documentation to see if it is possible to
configure the container such that the flag is not set.
sudo must be owned by uid 0 and have the setuid bit set
sudo was not run with root privileges. The sudo binary does not have the correct
owner or permissions. It must be owned by the root user and have the set-user-ID bit
set.
sudoedit is not supported on this platform
It is only possible to run sudoedit on systems that support setting the effective
user-ID.
timed out reading password
The user did not enter a password before the password timeout (5 minutes by default)
expired.
you do not exist in the passwd database
Your user-ID does not appear in the system passwd database.
you may not specify environment variables in edit mode
It is only possible to specify environment variables when running a command. When
editing a file, the editor is run with the user's environment unmodified.
SEE ALSO
su(1), stat(2), login_cap(3), passwd(5), sudo.conf(5), sudo_plugin(5), sudoers(5),
sudoers_timestamp(5), sudoreplay(8), visudo(8)
HISTORY
See the HISTORY.md file in the sudo distribution (https://www.sudo.ws/about/history/) for a
brief history of sudo.
AUTHORS
Many people have worked on sudo over the years; this version consists of code written
primarily by:
Todd C. Miller
See the CONTRIBUTORS.md file in the sudo distribution
(https://www.sudo.ws/about/contributors/) for an exhaustive list of people who have
contributed to sudo.
CAVEATS
There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root shell if that user is allowed to
run arbitrary commands via sudo. Also, many programs (such as editors) allow the user to
run commands via shell escapes, thus avoiding sudo's checks. However, on most systems it is
possible to prevent shell escapes with the sudoers(5) plugin's noexec functionality.
It is not meaningful to run the ‘cd’ command directly via sudo, e.g.,
$ sudo cd /usr/local/protected
since when the command exits the parent process (your shell) will still be the same. The -D
option can be used to run a command in a specific directory.
Running shell scripts via sudo can expose the same kernel bugs that make set-user-ID shell
scripts unsafe on some operating systems (if your OS has a /dev/fd/ directory, set-user-ID
shell scripts are generally safe).
BUGS
If you believe you have found a bug in sudo, you can submit a bug report at
https://bugzilla.sudo.ws/
SUPPORT
Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, see
https://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search the archives.
DISCLAIMER
sudo is provided “AS IS” and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited
to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are
disclaimed. See the LICENSE.md file distributed with sudo or
https://www.sudo.ws/about/license/ for complete details.