Provided by: git-man_2.43.0-1ubuntu7.3_all 
NAME
git-filter-branch - Rewrite branches
SYNOPSIS
git filter-branch [--setup <command>] [--subdirectory-filter <directory>]
[--env-filter <command>] [--tree-filter <command>]
[--index-filter <command>] [--parent-filter <command>]
[--msg-filter <command>] [--commit-filter <command>]
[--tag-name-filter <command>] [--prune-empty]
[--original <namespace>] [-d <directory>] [-f | --force]
[--state-branch <branch>] [--] [<rev-list options>...]
WARNING
git filter-branch has a plethora of pitfalls that can produce non-obvious manglings of the intended
history rewrite (and can leave you with little time to investigate such problems since it has such
abysmal performance). These safety and performance issues cannot be backward compatibly fixed and as
such, its use is not recommended. Please use an alternative history filtering tool such as git
filter-repo[1]. If you still need to use git filter-branch, please carefully read the section called
“SAFETY” (and the section called “PERFORMANCE”) to learn about the land mines of filter-branch, and then
vigilantly avoid as many of the hazards listed there as reasonably possible.
DESCRIPTION
Lets you rewrite Git revision history by rewriting the branches mentioned in the <rev-list options>,
applying custom filters on each revision. Those filters can modify each tree (e.g. removing a file or
running a perl rewrite on all files) or information about each commit. Otherwise, all information
(including original commit times or merge information) will be preserved.
The command will only rewrite the positive refs mentioned in the command line (e.g. if you pass a..b,
only b will be rewritten). If you specify no filters, the commits will be recommitted without any
changes, which would normally have no effect. Nevertheless, this may be useful in the future for
compensating for some Git bugs or such, therefore such a usage is permitted.
NOTE: This command honors .git/info/grafts file and refs in the refs/replace/ namespace. If you have any
grafts or replacement refs defined, running this command will make them permanent.
WARNING! The rewritten history will have different object names for all the objects and will not converge
with the original branch. You will not be able to easily push and distribute the rewritten branch on top
of the original branch. Please do not use this command if you do not know the full implications, and
avoid using it anyway, if a simple single commit would suffice to fix your problem. (See the "RECOVERING
FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in git-rebase(1) for further information about rewriting published
history.)
Always verify that the rewritten version is correct: The original refs, if different from the rewritten
ones, will be stored in the namespace refs/original/.
Note that since this operation is very I/O expensive, it might be a good idea to redirect the temporary
directory off-disk with the -d option, e.g. on tmpfs. Reportedly the speedup is very noticeable.
Filters
The filters are applied in the order as listed below. The <command> argument is always evaluated in the
shell context using the eval command (with the notable exception of the commit filter, for technical
reasons). Prior to that, the $GIT_COMMIT environment variable will be set to contain the id of the commit
being rewritten. Also, GIT_AUTHOR_NAME, GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL, GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_NAME,
GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL, and GIT_COMMITTER_DATE are taken from the current commit and exported to the
environment, in order to affect the author and committer identities of the replacement commit created by
git-commit-tree(1) after the filters have run.
If any evaluation of <command> returns a non-zero exit status, the whole operation will be aborted.
A map function is available that takes an "original sha1 id" argument and outputs a "rewritten sha1 id"
if the commit has been already rewritten, and "original sha1 id" otherwise; the map function can return
several ids on separate lines if your commit filter emitted multiple commits.
OPTIONS
--setup <command>
This is not a real filter executed for each commit but a one time setup just before the loop.
Therefore no commit-specific variables are defined yet. Functions or variables defined here can be
used or modified in the following filter steps except the commit filter, for technical reasons.
--subdirectory-filter <directory>
Only look at the history which touches the given subdirectory. The result will contain that directory
(and only that) as its project root. Implies the section called “Remap to ancestor”.
--env-filter <command>
This filter may be used if you only need to modify the environment in which the commit will be
performed. Specifically, you might want to rewrite the author/committer name/email/time environment
variables (see git-commit-tree(1) for details).
--tree-filter <command>
This is the filter for rewriting the tree and its contents. The argument is evaluated in shell with
the working directory set to the root of the checked out tree. The new tree is then used as-is (new
files are auto-added, disappeared files are auto-removed - neither .gitignore files nor any other
ignore rules HAVE ANY EFFECT!).
--index-filter <command>
This is the filter for rewriting the index. It is similar to the tree filter but does not check out
the tree, which makes it much faster. Frequently used with git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch ..., see
EXAMPLES below. For hairy cases, see git-update-index(1).
--parent-filter <command>
This is the filter for rewriting the commit’s parent list. It will receive the parent string on stdin
and shall output the new parent string on stdout. The parent string is in the format described in
git-commit-tree(1): empty for the initial commit, "-p parent" for a normal commit and "-p parent1 -p
parent2 -p parent3 ..." for a merge commit.
--msg-filter <command>
This is the filter for rewriting the commit messages. The argument is evaluated in the shell with the
original commit message on standard input; its standard output is used as the new commit message.
--commit-filter <command>
This is the filter for performing the commit. If this filter is specified, it will be called instead
of the git commit-tree command, with arguments of the form "<TREE_ID> [(-p <PARENT_COMMIT_ID>)...]"
and the log message on stdin. The commit id is expected on stdout.
As a special extension, the commit filter may emit multiple commit ids; in that case, the rewritten
children of the original commit will have all of them as parents.
You can use the map convenience function in this filter, and other convenience functions, too. For
example, calling skip_commit "$@" will leave out the current commit (but not its changes! If you want
that, use git rebase instead).
You can also use the git_commit_non_empty_tree "$@" instead of git commit-tree "$@" if you don’t wish
to keep commits with a single parent and that makes no change to the tree.
--tag-name-filter <command>
This is the filter for rewriting tag names. When passed, it will be called for every tag ref that
points to a rewritten object (or to a tag object which points to a rewritten object). The original
tag name is passed via standard input, and the new tag name is expected on standard output.
The original tags are not deleted, but can be overwritten; use "--tag-name-filter cat" to simply
update the tags. In this case, be very careful and make sure you have the old tags backed up in case
the conversion has run afoul.
Nearly proper rewriting of tag objects is supported. If the tag has a message attached, a new tag
object will be created with the same message, author, and timestamp. If the tag has a signature
attached, the signature will be stripped. It is by definition impossible to preserve signatures. The
reason this is "nearly" proper, is because ideally if the tag did not change (points to the same
object, has the same name, etc.) it should retain any signature. That is not the case, signatures
will always be removed, buyer beware. There is also no support for changing the author or timestamp
(or the tag message for that matter). Tags which point to other tags will be rewritten to point to
the underlying commit.
--prune-empty
Some filters will generate empty commits that leave the tree untouched. This option instructs
git-filter-branch to remove such commits if they have exactly one or zero non-pruned parents; merge
commits will therefore remain intact. This option cannot be used together with --commit-filter,
though the same effect can be achieved by using the provided git_commit_non_empty_tree function in a
commit filter.
--original <namespace>
Use this option to set the namespace where the original commits will be stored. The default value is
refs/original.
-d <directory>
Use this option to set the path to the temporary directory used for rewriting. When applying a tree
filter, the command needs to temporarily check out the tree to some directory, which may consume
considerable space in case of large projects. By default it does this in the .git-rewrite/ directory
but you can override that choice by this parameter.
-f, --force
git filter-branch refuses to start with an existing temporary directory or when there are already
refs starting with refs/original/, unless forced.
--state-branch <branch>
This option will cause the mapping from old to new objects to be loaded from named branch upon
startup and saved as a new commit to that branch upon exit, enabling incremental of large trees. If
<branch> does not exist it will be created.
<rev-list options>...
Arguments for git rev-list. All positive refs included by these options are rewritten. You may also
specify options such as --all, but you must use -- to separate them from the git filter-branch
options. Implies the section called “Remap to ancestor”.
Remap to ancestor
By using git-rev-list(1) arguments, e.g., path limiters, you can limit the set of revisions which get
rewritten. However, positive refs on the command line are distinguished: we don’t let them be excluded by
such limiters. For this purpose, they are instead rewritten to point at the nearest ancestor that was not
excluded.
EXIT STATUS
On success, the exit status is 0. If the filter can’t find any commits to rewrite, the exit status is 2.
On any other error, the exit status may be any other non-zero value.
EXAMPLES
Suppose you want to remove a file (containing confidential information or copyright violation) from all
commits:
git filter-branch --tree-filter 'rm filename' HEAD
However, if the file is absent from the tree of some commit, a simple rm filename will fail for that tree
and commit. Thus you may instead want to use rm -f filename as the script.
Using --index-filter with git rm yields a significantly faster version. Like with using rm filename, git
rm --cached filename will fail if the file is absent from the tree of a commit. If you want to
"completely forget" a file, it does not matter when it entered history, so we also add --ignore-unmatch:
git filter-branch --index-filter 'git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch filename' HEAD
Now, you will get the rewritten history saved in HEAD.
To rewrite the repository to look as if foodir/ had been its project root, and discard all other history:
git filter-branch --subdirectory-filter foodir -- --all
Thus you can, e.g., turn a library subdirectory into a repository of its own. Note the -- that separates
filter-branch options from revision options, and the --all to rewrite all branches and tags.
To set a commit (which typically is at the tip of another history) to be the parent of the current
initial commit, in order to paste the other history behind the current history:
git filter-branch --parent-filter 'sed "s/^\$/-p <graft-id>/"' HEAD
(if the parent string is empty - which happens when we are dealing with the initial commit - add
graftcommit as a parent). Note that this assumes history with a single root (that is, no merge without
common ancestors happened). If this is not the case, use:
git filter-branch --parent-filter \
'test $GIT_COMMIT = <commit-id> && echo "-p <graft-id>" || cat' HEAD
or even simpler:
git replace --graft $commit-id $graft-id
git filter-branch $graft-id..HEAD
To remove commits authored by "Darl McBribe" from the history:
git filter-branch --commit-filter '
if [ "$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME" = "Darl McBribe" ];
then
skip_commit "$@";
else
git commit-tree "$@";
fi' HEAD
The function skip_commit is defined as follows:
skip_commit()
{
shift;
while [ -n "$1" ];
do
shift;
map "$1";
shift;
done;
}
The shift magic first throws away the tree id and then the -p parameters. Note that this handles merges
properly! In case Darl committed a merge between P1 and P2, it will be propagated properly and all
children of the merge will become merge commits with P1,P2 as their parents instead of the merge commit.
NOTE the changes introduced by the commits, and which are not reverted by subsequent commits, will still
be in the rewritten branch. If you want to throw out changes together with the commits, you should use
the interactive mode of git rebase.
You can rewrite the commit log messages using --msg-filter. For example, git svn-id strings in a
repository created by git svn can be removed this way:
git filter-branch --msg-filter '
sed -e "/^git-svn-id:/d"
'
If you need to add Acked-by lines to, say, the last 10 commits (none of which is a merge), use this
command:
git filter-branch --msg-filter '
cat &&
echo "Acked-by: Bugs Bunny <bunny@bugzilla.org>"
' HEAD~10..HEAD
The --env-filter option can be used to modify committer and/or author identity. For example, if you found
out that your commits have the wrong identity due to a misconfigured user.email, you can make a
correction, before publishing the project, like this:
git filter-branch --env-filter '
if test "$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL" = "root@localhost"
then
GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL=john@example.com
fi
if test "$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL" = "root@localhost"
then
GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL=john@example.com
fi
' -- --all
To restrict rewriting to only part of the history, specify a revision range in addition to the new branch
name. The new branch name will point to the top-most revision that a git rev-list of this range will
print.
Consider this history:
D--E--F--G--H
/ /
A--B-----C
To rewrite only commits D,E,F,G,H, but leave A, B and C alone, use:
git filter-branch ... C..H
To rewrite commits E,F,G,H, use one of these:
git filter-branch ... C..H --not D
git filter-branch ... D..H --not C
To move the whole tree into a subdirectory, or remove it from there:
git filter-branch --index-filter \
'git ls-files -s | sed "s-\t\"*-&newsubdir/-" |
GIT_INDEX_FILE=$GIT_INDEX_FILE.new \
git update-index --index-info &&
mv "$GIT_INDEX_FILE.new" "$GIT_INDEX_FILE"' HEAD
CHECKLIST FOR SHRINKING A REPOSITORY
git-filter-branch can be used to get rid of a subset of files, usually with some combination of
--index-filter and --subdirectory-filter. People expect the resulting repository to be smaller than the
original, but you need a few more steps to actually make it smaller, because Git tries hard not to lose
your objects until you tell it to. First make sure that:
• You really removed all variants of a filename, if a blob was moved over its lifetime. git log
--name-only --follow --all -- filename can help you find renames.
• You really filtered all refs: use --tag-name-filter cat -- --all when calling git-filter-branch.
Then there are two ways to get a smaller repository. A safer way is to clone, that keeps your original
intact.
• Clone it with git clone file:///path/to/repo. The clone will not have the removed objects. See git-
clone(1). (Note that cloning with a plain path just hardlinks everything!)
If you really don’t want to clone it, for whatever reasons, check the following points instead (in this
order). This is a very destructive approach, so make a backup or go back to cloning it. You have been
warned.
• Remove the original refs backed up by git-filter-branch: say git for-each-ref --format="%(refname)"
refs/original/ | xargs -n 1 git update-ref -d.
• Expire all reflogs with git reflog expire --expire=now --all.
• Garbage collect all unreferenced objects with git gc --prune=now (or if your git-gc is not new enough
to support arguments to --prune, use git repack -ad; git prune instead).
PERFORMANCE
The performance of git-filter-branch is glacially slow; its design makes it impossible for a
backward-compatible implementation to ever be fast:
• In editing files, git-filter-branch by design checks out each and every commit as it existed in the
original repo. If your repo has 10^5 files and 10^5 commits, but each commit only modifies five
files, then git-filter-branch will make you do 10^10 modifications, despite only having (at most)
5*10^5 unique blobs.
• If you try and cheat and try to make git-filter-branch only work on files modified in a commit, then
two things happen
• you run into problems with deletions whenever the user is simply trying to rename files (because
attempting to delete files that don’t exist looks like a no-op; it takes some chicanery to remap
deletes across file renames when the renames happen via arbitrary user-provided shell)
• even if you succeed at the map-deletes-for-renames chicanery, you still technically violate
backward compatibility because users are allowed to filter files in ways that depend upon
topology of commits instead of filtering solely based on file contents or names (though this has
not been observed in the wild).
• Even if you don’t need to edit files but only want to e.g. rename or remove some and thus can avoid
checking out each file (i.e. you can use --index-filter), you still are passing shell snippets for
your filters. This means that for every commit, you have to have a prepared git repo where those
filters can be run. That’s a significant setup.
• Further, several additional files are created or updated per commit by git-filter-branch. Some of
these are for supporting the convenience functions provided by git-filter-branch (such as map()),
while others are for keeping track of internal state (but could have also been accessed by user
filters; one of git-filter-branch’s regression tests does so). This essentially amounts to using the
filesystem as an IPC mechanism between git-filter-branch and the user-provided filters. Disks tend to
be a slow IPC mechanism, and writing these files also effectively represents a forced synchronization
point between separate processes that we hit with every commit.
• The user-provided shell commands will likely involve a pipeline of commands, resulting in the
creation of many processes per commit. Creating and running another process takes a widely varying
amount of time between operating systems, but on any platform it is very slow relative to invoking a
function.
• git-filter-branch itself is written in shell, which is kind of slow. This is the one performance
issue that could be backward-compatibly fixed, but compared to the above problems that are intrinsic
to the design of git-filter-branch, the language of the tool itself is a relatively minor issue.
• Side note: Unfortunately, people tend to fixate on the written-in-shell aspect and periodically
ask if git-filter-branch could be rewritten in another language to fix the performance issues.
Not only does that ignore the bigger intrinsic problems with the design, it’d help less than
you’d expect: if git-filter-branch itself were not shell, then the convenience functions (map(),
skip_commit(), etc) and the --setup argument could no longer be executed once at the beginning of
the program but would instead need to be prepended to every user filter (and thus re-executed
with every commit).
The git filter-repo[1] tool is an alternative to git-filter-branch which does not suffer from these
performance problems or the safety problems (mentioned below). For those with existing tooling which
relies upon git-filter-branch, git filter-repo also provides filter-lamely[2], a drop-in
git-filter-branch replacement (with a few caveats). While filter-lamely suffers from all the same safety
issues as git-filter-branch, it at least ameliorates the performance issues a little.
SAFETY
git-filter-branch is riddled with gotchas resulting in various ways to easily corrupt repos or end up
with a mess worse than what you started with:
• Someone can have a set of "working and tested filters" which they document or provide to a coworker,
who then runs them on a different OS where the same commands are not working/tested (some examples in
the git-filter-branch manpage are also affected by this). BSD vs. GNU userland differences can really
bite. If lucky, error messages are spewed. But just as likely, the commands either don’t do the
filtering requested, or silently corrupt by making some unwanted change. The unwanted change may only
affect a few commits, so it’s not necessarily obvious either. (The fact that problems won’t
necessarily be obvious means they are likely to go unnoticed until the rewritten history is in use
for quite a while, at which point it’s really hard to justify another flag-day for another rewrite.)
• Filenames with spaces are often mishandled by shell snippets since they cause problems for shell
pipelines. Not everyone is familiar with find -print0, xargs -0, git-ls-files -z, etc. Even people
who are familiar with these may assume such flags are not relevant because someone else renamed any
such files in their repo back before the person doing the filtering joined the project. And often,
even those familiar with handling arguments with spaces may not do so just because they aren’t in the
mindset of thinking about everything that could possibly go wrong.
• Non-ascii filenames can be silently removed despite being in a desired directory. Keeping only wanted
paths is often done using pipelines like git ls-files | grep -v ^WANTED_DIR/ | xargs git rm. ls-files
will only quote filenames if needed, so folks may not notice that one of the files didn’t match the
regex (at least not until it’s much too late). Yes, someone who knows about core.quotePath can avoid
this (unless they have other special characters like \t, \n, or "), and people who use ls-files -z
with something other than grep can avoid this, but that doesn’t mean they will.
• Similarly, when moving files around, one can find that filenames with non-ascii or special characters
end up in a different directory, one that includes a double quote character. (This is technically the
same issue as above with quoting, but perhaps an interesting different way that it can and has
manifested as a problem.)
• It’s far too easy to accidentally mix up old and new history. It’s still possible with any tool, but
git-filter-branch almost invites it. If lucky, the only downside is users getting frustrated that
they don’t know how to shrink their repo and remove the old stuff. If unlucky, they merge old and new
history and end up with multiple "copies" of each commit, some of which have unwanted or sensitive
files and others which don’t. This comes about in multiple different ways:
• the default to only doing a partial history rewrite (--all is not the default and few examples
show it)
• the fact that there’s no automatic post-run cleanup
• the fact that --tag-name-filter (when used to rename tags) doesn’t remove the old tags but just
adds new ones with the new name
• the fact that little educational information is provided to inform users of the ramifications of
a rewrite and how to avoid mixing old and new history. For example, this man page discusses how
users need to understand that they need to rebase their changes for all their branches on top of
new history (or delete and reclone), but that’s only one of multiple concerns to consider. See
the "DISCUSSION" section of the git filter-repo manual page for more details.
• Annotated tags can be accidentally converted to lightweight tags, due to either of two issues:
• Someone can do a history rewrite, realize they messed up, restore from the backups in
refs/original/, and then redo their git-filter-branch command. (The backup in refs/original/ is
not a real backup; it dereferences tags first.)
• Running git-filter-branch with either --tags or --all in your <rev-list options>. In order to
retain annotated tags as annotated, you must use --tag-name-filter (and must not have restored
from refs/original/ in a previously botched rewrite).
• Any commit messages that specify an encoding will become corrupted by the rewrite; git-filter-branch
ignores the encoding, takes the original bytes, and feeds it to commit-tree without telling it the
proper encoding. (This happens whether or not --msg-filter is used.)
• Commit messages (even if they are all UTF-8) by default become corrupted due to not being updated —
any references to other commit hashes in commit messages will now refer to no-longer-extant commits.
• There are no facilities for helping users find what unwanted crud they should delete, which means
they are much more likely to have incomplete or partial cleanups that sometimes result in confusion
and people wasting time trying to understand. (For example, folks tend to just look for big files to
delete instead of big directories or extensions, and once they do so, then sometime later folks using
the new repository who are going through history will notice a build artifact directory that has some
files but not others, or a cache of dependencies (node_modules or similar) which couldn’t have ever
been functional since it’s missing some files.)
• If --prune-empty isn’t specified, then the filtering process can create hoards of confusing empty
commits
• If --prune-empty is specified, then intentionally placed empty commits from before the filtering
operation are also pruned instead of just pruning commits that became empty due to filtering rules.
• If --prune-empty is specified, sometimes empty commits are missed and left around anyway (a somewhat
rare bug, but it happens...)
• A minor issue, but users who have a goal to update all names and emails in a repository may be led to
--env-filter which will only update authors and committers, missing taggers.
• If the user provides a --tag-name-filter that maps multiple tags to the same name, no warning or
error is provided; git-filter-branch simply overwrites each tag in some undocumented pre-defined
order resulting in only one tag at the end. (A git-filter-branch regression test requires this
surprising behavior.)
Also, the poor performance of git-filter-branch often leads to safety issues:
• Coming up with the correct shell snippet to do the filtering you want is sometimes difficult unless
you’re just doing a trivial modification such as deleting a couple files. Unfortunately, people often
learn if the snippet is right or wrong by trying it out, but the rightness or wrongness can vary
depending on special circumstances (spaces in filenames, non-ascii filenames, funny author names or
emails, invalid timezones, presence of grafts or replace objects, etc.), meaning they may have to
wait a long time, hit an error, then restart. The performance of git-filter-branch is so bad that
this cycle is painful, reducing the time available to carefully re-check (to say nothing about what
it does to the patience of the person doing the rewrite even if they do technically have more time
available). This problem is extra compounded because errors from broken filters may not be shown for
a long time and/or get lost in a sea of output. Even worse, broken filters often just result in
silent incorrect rewrites.
• To top it all off, even when users finally find working commands, they naturally want to share them.
But they may be unaware that their repo didn’t have some special cases that someone else’s does. So,
when someone else with a different repository runs the same commands, they get hit by the problems
above. Or, the user just runs commands that really were vetted for special cases, but they run it on
a different OS where it doesn’t work, as noted above.
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite
NOTES
1. git filter-repo
https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/
2. filter-lamely
https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/blob/master/contrib/filter-repo-demos/filter-lamely
Git 2.43.0 07/02/2025 GIT-FILTER-BRANCH(1)