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NAME
git-pack-objects - Create a packed archive of objects
SYNOPSIS
git pack-objects [-q | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-progress-implied]
[--no-reuse-delta] [--delta-base-offset] [--non-empty]
[--local] [--incremental] [--window=<n>] [--depth=<n>]
[--revs [--unpacked | --all]] [--keep-pack=<pack-name>]
[--cruft] [--cruft-expiration=<time>]
[--stdout [--filter=<filter-spec>] | <base-name>]
[--shallow] [--keep-true-parents] [--[no-]sparse] < <object-list>
DESCRIPTION
Reads list of objects from the standard input, and writes either one or more packed
archives with the specified base-name to disk, or a packed archive to the standard output.
A packed archive is an efficient way to transfer a set of objects between two repositories
as well as an access efficient archival format. In a packed archive, an object is either
stored as a compressed whole or as a difference from some other object. The latter is
often called a delta.
The packed archive format (.pack) is designed to be self-contained so that it can be
unpacked without any further information. Therefore, each object that a delta depends upon
must be present within the pack.
A pack index file (.idx) is generated for fast, random access to the objects in the pack.
Placing both the index file (.idx) and the packed archive (.pack) in the pack/
subdirectory of $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY (or any of the directories on
$GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES) enables Git to read from the pack archive.
The git unpack-objects command can read the packed archive and expand the objects
contained in the pack into "one-file one-object" format; this is typically done by the
smart-pull commands when a pack is created on-the-fly for efficient network transport by
their peers.
OPTIONS
base-name
Write into pairs of files (.pack and .idx), using <base-name> to determine the name of
the created file. When this option is used, the two files in a pair are written in
<base-name>-<SHA-1>.{pack,idx} files. <SHA-1> is a hash based on the pack content and
is written to the standard output of the command.
--stdout
Write the pack contents (what would have been written to .pack file) out to the
standard output.
--revs
Read the revision arguments from the standard input, instead of individual object
names. The revision arguments are processed the same way as git rev-list with the
--objects flag uses its commit arguments to build the list of objects it outputs. The
objects on the resulting list are packed. Besides revisions, --not or --shallow
<SHA-1> lines are also accepted.
--unpacked
This implies --revs. When processing the list of revision arguments read from the
standard input, limit the objects packed to those that are not already packed.
--all
This implies --revs. In addition to the list of revision arguments read from the
standard input, pretend as if all refs under refs/ are specified to be included.
--include-tag
Include unasked-for annotated tags if the object they reference was included in the
resulting packfile. This can be useful to send new tags to native Git clients.
--stdin-packs
Read the basenames of packfiles (e.g., pack-1234abcd.pack) from the standard input,
instead of object names or revision arguments. The resulting pack contains all objects
listed in the included packs (those not beginning with ^), excluding any objects
listed in the excluded packs (beginning with ^).
Incompatible with --revs, or options that imply --revs (such as --all), with the
exception of --unpacked, which is compatible.
--cruft
Packs unreachable objects into a separate "cruft" pack, denoted by the existence of a
.mtimes file. Typically used by git repack --cruft. Callers provide a list of pack
names and indicate which packs will remain in the repository, along with which packs
will be deleted (indicated by the - prefix). The contents of the cruft pack are all
objects not contained in the surviving packs which have not exceeded the grace period
(see --cruft-expiration below), or which have exceeded the grace period, but are
reachable from an other object which hasn’t.
When the input lists a pack containing all reachable objects (and lists all other
packs as pending deletion), the corresponding cruft pack will contain all unreachable
objects (with mtime newer than the --cruft-expiration) along with any unreachable
objects whose mtime is older than the --cruft-expiration, but are reachable from an
unreachable object whose mtime is newer than the --cruft-expiration).
Incompatible with --unpack-unreachable, --keep-unreachable, --pack-loose-unreachable,
--stdin-packs, as well as any other options which imply --revs.
--cruft-expiration=<approxidate>
If specified, objects are eliminated from the cruft pack if they have an mtime older
than <approxidate>. If unspecified (and given --cruft), then no objects are
eliminated.
--window=<n>, --depth=<n>
These two options affect how the objects contained in the pack are stored using delta
compression. The objects are first internally sorted by type, size and optionally
names and compared against the other objects within --window to see if using delta
compression saves space. --depth limits the maximum delta depth; making it too deep
affects the performance on the unpacker side, because delta data needs to be applied
that many times to get to the necessary object.
The default value for --window is 10 and --depth is 50. The maximum depth is 4095.
--window-memory=<n>
This option provides an additional limit on top of --window; the window size will
dynamically scale down so as to not take up more than <n> bytes in memory. This is
useful in repositories with a mix of large and small objects to not run out of memory
with a large window, but still be able to take advantage of the large window for the
smaller objects. The size can be suffixed with "k", "m", or "g". --window-memory=0
makes memory usage unlimited. The default is taken from the pack.windowMemory
configuration variable.
--max-pack-size=<n>
In unusual scenarios, you may not be able to create files larger than a certain size
on your filesystem, and this option can be used to tell the command to split the
output packfile into multiple independent packfiles, each not larger than the given
size. The size can be suffixed with "k", "m", or "g". The minimum size allowed is
limited to 1 MiB. The default is unlimited, unless the config variable
pack.packSizeLimit is set. Note that this option may result in a larger and slower
repository; see the discussion in pack.packSizeLimit.
--honor-pack-keep
This flag causes an object already in a local pack that has a .keep file to be
ignored, even if it would have otherwise been packed.
--keep-pack=<pack-name>
This flag causes an object already in the given pack to be ignored, even if it would
have otherwise been packed. <pack-name> is the pack file name without leading
directory (e.g. pack-123.pack). The option could be specified multiple times to keep
multiple packs.
--incremental
This flag causes an object already in a pack to be ignored even if it would have
otherwise been packed.
--local
This flag causes an object that is borrowed from an alternate object store to be
ignored even if it would have otherwise been packed.
--non-empty
Only create a packed archive if it would contain at least one object.
--progress
Progress status is reported on the standard error stream by default when it is
attached to a terminal, unless -q is specified. This flag forces progress status even
if the standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.
--all-progress
When --stdout is specified then progress report is displayed during the object count
and compression phases but inhibited during the write-out phase. The reason is that in
some cases the output stream is directly linked to another command which may wish to
display progress status of its own as it processes incoming pack data. This flag is
like --progress except that it forces progress report for the write-out phase as well
even if --stdout is used.
--all-progress-implied
This is used to imply --all-progress whenever progress display is activated. Unlike
--all-progress this flag doesn’t actually force any progress display by itself.
-q
This flag makes the command not to report its progress on the standard error stream.
--no-reuse-delta
When creating a packed archive in a repository that has existing packs, the command
reuses existing deltas. This sometimes results in a slightly suboptimal pack. This
flag tells the command not to reuse existing deltas but compute them from scratch.
--no-reuse-object
This flag tells the command not to reuse existing object data at all, including non
deltified object, forcing recompression of everything. This implies --no-reuse-delta.
Useful only in the obscure case where wholesale enforcement of a different compression
level on the packed data is desired.
--compression=<n>
Specifies compression level for newly-compressed data in the generated pack. If not
specified, pack compression level is determined first by pack.compression, then by
core.compression, and defaults to -1, the zlib default, if neither is set. Add
--no-reuse-object if you want to force a uniform compression level on all data no
matter the source.
--[no-]sparse
Toggle the "sparse" algorithm to determine which objects to include in the pack, when
combined with the "--revs" option. This algorithm only walks trees that appear in
paths that introduce new objects. This can have significant performance benefits when
computing a pack to send a small change. However, it is possible that extra objects
are added to the pack-file if the included commits contain certain types of direct
renames. If this option is not included, it defaults to the value of pack.useSparse,
which is true unless otherwise specified.
--thin
Create a "thin" pack by omitting the common objects between a sender and a receiver in
order to reduce network transfer. This option only makes sense in conjunction with
--stdout.
Note: A thin pack violates the packed archive format by omitting required objects and
is thus unusable by Git without making it self-contained. Use git index-pack
--fix-thin (see git-index-pack(1)) to restore the self-contained property.
--shallow
Optimize a pack that will be provided to a client with a shallow repository. This
option, combined with --thin, can result in a smaller pack at the cost of speed.
--delta-base-offset
A packed archive can express the base object of a delta as either a 20-byte object
name or as an offset in the stream, but ancient versions of Git don’t understand the
latter. By default, git pack-objects only uses the former format for better
compatibility. This option allows the command to use the latter format for
compactness. Depending on the average delta chain length, this option typically
shrinks the resulting packfile by 3-5 per-cent.
Note: Porcelain commands such as git gc (see git-gc(1)), git repack (see git-
repack(1)) pass this option by default in modern Git when they put objects in your
repository into pack files. So does git bundle (see git-bundle(1)) when it creates a
bundle.
--threads=<n>
Specifies the number of threads to spawn when searching for best delta matches. This
requires that pack-objects be compiled with pthreads otherwise this option is ignored
with a warning. This is meant to reduce packing time on multiprocessor machines. The
required amount of memory for the delta search window is however multiplied by the
number of threads. Specifying 0 will cause Git to auto-detect the number of CPU’s and
set the number of threads accordingly.
--index-version=<version>[,<offset>]
This is intended to be used by the test suite only. It allows to force the version for
the generated pack index, and to force 64-bit index entries on objects located above
the given offset.
--keep-true-parents
With this option, parents that are hidden by grafts are packed nevertheless.
--filter=<filter-spec>
Omits certain objects (usually blobs) from the resulting packfile. See git-rev-list(1)
for valid <filter-spec> forms.
--no-filter
Turns off any previous --filter= argument.
--missing=<missing-action>
A debug option to help with future "partial clone" development. This option specifies
how missing objects are handled.
The form --missing=error requests that pack-objects stop with an error if a missing
object is encountered. If the repository is a partial clone, an attempt to fetch
missing objects will be made before declaring them missing. This is the default
action.
The form --missing=allow-any will allow object traversal to continue if a missing
object is encountered. No fetch of a missing object will occur. Missing objects will
silently be omitted from the results.
The form --missing=allow-promisor is like allow-any, but will only allow object
traversal to continue for EXPECTED promisor missing objects. No fetch of a missing
object will occur. An unexpected missing object will raise an error.
--exclude-promisor-objects
Omit objects that are known to be in the promisor remote. (This option has the purpose
of operating only on locally created objects, so that when we repack, we still
maintain a distinction between locally created objects [without .promisor] and objects
from the promisor remote [with .promisor].) This is used with partial clone.
--keep-unreachable
Objects unreachable from the refs in packs named with --unpacked= option are added to
the resulting pack, in addition to the reachable objects that are not in packs marked
with *.keep files. This implies --revs.
--pack-loose-unreachable
Pack unreachable loose objects (and their loose counterparts removed). This implies
--revs.
--unpack-unreachable
Keep unreachable objects in loose form. This implies --revs.
--delta-islands
Restrict delta matches based on "islands". See DELTA ISLANDS below.
DELTA ISLANDS
When possible, pack-objects tries to reuse existing on-disk deltas to avoid having to
search for new ones on the fly. This is an important optimization for serving fetches,
because it means the server can avoid inflating most objects at all and just send the
bytes directly from disk. This optimization can’t work when an object is stored as a delta
against a base which the receiver does not have (and which we are not already sending). In
that case the server "breaks" the delta and has to find a new one, which has a high CPU
cost. Therefore it’s important for performance that the set of objects in on-disk delta
relationships match what a client would fetch.
In a normal repository, this tends to work automatically. The objects are mostly reachable
from the branches and tags, and that’s what clients fetch. Any deltas we find on the
server are likely to be between objects the client has or will have.
But in some repository setups, you may have several related but separate groups of ref
tips, with clients tending to fetch those groups independently. For example, imagine that
you are hosting several "forks" of a repository in a single shared object store, and
letting clients view them as separate repositories through GIT_NAMESPACE or separate repos
using the alternates mechanism. A naive repack may find that the optimal delta for an
object is against a base that is only found in another fork. But when a client fetches,
they will not have the base object, and we’ll have to find a new delta on the fly.
A similar situation may exist if you have many refs outside of refs/heads/ and refs/tags/
that point to related objects (e.g., refs/pull or refs/changes used by some hosting
providers). By default, clients fetch only heads and tags, and deltas against objects
found only in those other groups cannot be sent as-is.
Delta islands solve this problem by allowing you to group your refs into distinct
"islands". Pack-objects computes which objects are reachable from which islands, and
refuses to make a delta from an object A against a base which is not present in all of A's
islands. This results in slightly larger packs (because we miss some delta opportunities),
but guarantees that a fetch of one island will not have to recompute deltas on the fly due
to crossing island boundaries.
When repacking with delta islands the delta window tends to get clogged with candidates
that are forbidden by the config. Repacking with a big --window helps (and doesn’t take as
long as it otherwise might because we can reject some object pairs based on islands before
doing any computation on the content).
Islands are configured via the pack.island option, which can be specified multiple times.
Each value is a left-anchored regular expressions matching refnames. For example:
[pack]
island = refs/heads/
island = refs/tags/
puts heads and tags into an island (whose name is the empty string; see below for more on
naming). Any refs which do not match those regular expressions (e.g., refs/pull/123) is
not in any island. Any object which is reachable only from refs/pull/ (but not heads or
tags) is therefore not a candidate to be used as a base for refs/heads/.
Refs are grouped into islands based on their "names", and two regexes that produce the
same name are considered to be in the same island. The names are computed from the regexes
by concatenating any capture groups from the regex, with a - dash in between. (And if
there are no capture groups, then the name is the empty string, as in the above example.)
This allows you to create arbitrary numbers of islands. Only up to 14 such capture groups
are supported though.
For example, imagine you store the refs for each fork in refs/virtual/ID, where ID is a
numeric identifier. You might then configure:
[pack]
island = refs/virtual/([0-9]+)/heads/
island = refs/virtual/([0-9]+)/tags/
island = refs/virtual/([0-9]+)/(pull)/
That puts the heads and tags for each fork in their own island (named "1234" or similar),
and the pull refs for each go into their own "1234-pull".
Note that we pick a single island for each regex to go into, using "last one wins"
ordering (which allows repo-specific config to take precedence over user-wide config, and
so forth).
CONFIGURATION
Various configuration variables affect packing, see git-config(1) (search for "pack" and
"delta").
Notably, delta compression is not used on objects larger than the core.bigFileThreshold
configuration variable and on files with the attribute delta set to false.
SEE ALSO
git-rev-list(1) git-repack(1) git-prune-packed(1)
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite