Ubuntu Manpage: gpg - OpenPGP encryption and signing tool

NAME

       gpg - OpenPGP encryption and signing tool

SYNOPSIS

       gpg [--homedir dir] [--options file] [options] command [args]

DESCRIPTION

       gpg  is the OpenPGP part of the GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG). It is a tool to provide digital
       encryption and signing services using the OpenPGP  standard.  gpg  features  complete  key
       management  and  all  the  bells  and  whistles  you  would  expect  from  a  full OpenPGP
       implementation.

       There are two main versions of GnuPG: GnuPG 1.x and GnuPG 2.x.  GnuPG 2.x supports  modern
       encryption  algorithms  and thus should be preferred over GnuPG 1.x.  You only need to use
       GnuPG 1.x if your platform doesn't support  GnuPG  2.x,  or  you  need  support  for  some
       features that GnuPG 2.x has deprecated, e.g., decrypting data created with PGP-2 keys.

       If  you  are looking for version 1 of GnuPG, you may find that version installed under the
       name gpg1.

RETURN VALUE

       The program returns 0 if there are no severe errors, 1 if at least a  signature  was  bad,
       and other error codes for fatal errors.

       Note  that  signature verification requires exact knowledge of what has been signed and by
       whom it has been signed.  Using only the return code is thus not  an  appropriate  way  to
       verify  a  signature  by  a script.  Either make proper use or the status codes or use the
       gpgv tool which has been designed to make signature verification easy for scripts.

WARNINGS

Use a good password for your user account and make sure that all security issues are
always fixed on your machine. Also employ diligent physical protection to your machine.
Consider to use a good passphrase as a last resort protection to your secret key in the
case your machine gets stolen. It is important that your secret key is never leaked.
Using an easy to carry around token or smartcard with the secret key is often a advisable.

If you are going to verify detached signatures, make sure that the program knows about it;
either give both filenames on the command line or use ‘-’ to specify STDIN.

For scripted or other unattended use of gpg make sure to use the machine-parseable
interface and not the default interface which is intended for direct use by humans. The
machine-parseable interface provides a stable and well documented API independent of the
locale or future changes of gpg. To enable this interface use the options --with-colons
and --status-fd. For certain operations the option --command-fd may come handy too. See
this man page and the file ‘DETAILS’ for the specification of the interface. Note that
the GnuPG ``info'' pages as well as the PDF version of the GnuPG manual features a chapter
on unattended use of GnuPG. As an alternative the library GPGME can be used as a high-
level abstraction on top of that interface.

INTEROPERABILITY

GnuPG tries to be a very flexible implementation of the OpenPGP standard. In particular,
GnuPG implements many of the optional parts of the standard, such as the SHA-512 hash, and
the ZLIB and BZIP2 compression algorithms. It is important to be aware that not all
OpenPGP programs implement these optional algorithms and that by forcing their use via the
--cipher-algo, --digest-algo, --cert-digest-algo, or --compress-algo options in GnuPG, it
is possible to create a perfectly valid OpenPGP message, but one that cannot be read by
the intended recipient.

There are dozens of variations of OpenPGP programs available, and each supports a slightly
different subset of these optional algorithms. For example, until recently, no (unhacked)
version of PGP supported the BLOWFISH cipher algorithm. A message using BLOWFISH simply
could not be read by a PGP user. By default, GnuPG uses the standard OpenPGP preferences
system that will always do the right thing and create messages that are usable by all
recipients, regardless of which OpenPGP program they use. Only override this safe default
if you really know what you are doing.

If you absolutely must override the safe default, or if the preferences on a given key are
invalid for some reason, you are far better off using the --pgp6, --pgp7, or --pgp8
options. These options are safe as they do not force any particular algorithms in
violation of OpenPGP, but rather reduce the available algorithms to a "PGP-safe" list.

COMMANDS

Commands are not distinguished from options except for the fact that only one command is
allowed. Generally speaking, irrelevant options are silently ignored, and may not be
checked for correctness.

gpg may be run with no commands. In this case it will print a warning perform a reasonable
action depending on the type of file it is given as input (an encrypted message is
decrypted, a signature is verified, a file containing keys is listed, etc.).

If you run into any problems, please add the option --verbose to the invocation to see
more diagnostics.

Commands not specific to the function

--version
Print the program version and licensing information. Note that you cannot
abbreviate this command.

--help
-h Print a usage message summarizing the most useful command-line options. Note that
you cannot arbitrarily abbreviate this command (though you can use its short form
-h).

--warranty
Print warranty information.

--dump-options
Print a list of all available options and commands. Note that you cannot
abbreviate this command.

Commands to select the type of operation

--sign
-s Sign a message. This command may be combined with --encrypt (to sign and encrypt a
message), --symmetric (to sign and symmetrically encrypt a message), or both
--encrypt and --symmetric (to sign and encrypt a message that can be decrypted
using a secret key or a passphrase). The signing key is chosen by default or can
be set explicitly using the --local-user and --default-key options.

--clear-sign
--clearsign
Make a cleartext signature. The content in a cleartext signature is readable
without any special software. OpenPGP software is only needed to verify the
signature. cleartext signatures may modify end-of-line whitespace for platform
independence and are not intended to be reversible. The signing key is chosen by
default or can be set explicitly using the --local-user and --default-key options.

--detach-sign
-b Make a detached signature.

--encrypt
-e Encrypt data to one or more public keys. This command may be combined with --sign
(to sign and encrypt a message), --symmetric (to encrypt a message that can be
decrypted using a secret key or a passphrase), or --sign and --symmetric together
(for a signed message that can be decrypted using a secret key or a passphrase).
--recipient and related options specify which public keys to use for encryption.

--symmetric
-c Encrypt with a symmetric cipher using a passphrase. The default symmetric cipher
used is AES-128, but may be chosen with the --cipher-algo option. This command may
be combined with --sign (for a signed and symmetrically encrypted message),
--encrypt (for a message that may be decrypted via a secret key or a passphrase),
or --sign and --encrypt together (for a signed message that may be decrypted via a
secret key or a passphrase). gpg caches the passphrase used for symmetric
encryption so that a decrypt operation may not require that the user needs to enter
the passphrase. The option --no-symkey-cache can be used to disable this feature.

--store
Store only (make a simple literal data packet).

--decrypt
-d Decrypt the file given on the command line (or STDIN if no file is specified) and
write it to STDOUT (or the file specified with --output). If the decrypted file is
signed, the signature is also verified. This command differs from the default
operation, as it never writes to the filename which is included in the file and it
rejects files that don't begin with an encrypted message.

--verify
Assume that the first argument is a signed file and verify it without generating
any output. With no arguments, the signature packet is read from STDIN. If only
one argument is given, the specified file is expected to include a complete
signature.

With more than one argument, the first argument should specify a file with a
detached signature and the remaining files should contain the signed data. To read
the signed data from STDIN, use ‘-’ as the second filename. For security reasons,
a detached signature will not read the signed material from STDIN if not explicitly
specified.

Note: If the option --batch is not used, gpg may assume that a single argument is a
file with a detached signature, and it will try to find a matching data file by
stripping certain suffixes. Using this historical feature to verify a detached
signature is strongly discouraged; you should always specify the data file
explicitly.

Note: When verifying a cleartext signature, gpg verifies only what makes up the
cleartext signed data and not any extra data outside of the cleartext signature or
the header lines directly following the dash marker line. The option --output may
be used to write out the actual signed data, but there are other pitfalls with this
format as well. It is suggested to avoid cleartext signatures in favor of detached
signatures.

Note: To check whether a file was signed by a certain key the option --assert-
signer can be used. As an alternative the gpgv tool can be used. gpgv is designed
to compare signed data against a list of trusted keys and returns with success only
for a good signature. It has its own manual page.

--multifile
This modifies certain other commands to accept multiple files for processing on the
command line or read from STDIN with each filename on a separate line. This allows
for many files to be processed at once. --multifile may currently be used along
with --verify, --encrypt, and --decrypt. Note that --multifile --verify may not be
used with detached signatures.

--verify-files
Identical to --multifile --verify.

--encrypt-files
Identical to --multifile --encrypt.

--decrypt-files
Identical to --multifile --decrypt.

--list-keys
-k
--list-public-keys
List the specified keys. If no keys are specified, then all keys from the
configured public keyrings are listed.

Never use the output of this command in scripts or other programs. The output is
intended only for humans and its format is likely to change. The --with-colons
option emits the output in a stable, machine-parseable format, which is intended
for use by scripts and other programs.

--list-secret-keys
-K List the specified secret keys. If no keys are specified, then all known secret
keys are listed. A # after the initial tags sec or ssb means that the secret key
or subkey is currently not usable. We also say that this key has been taken
offline (for example, a primary key can be taken offline by exporting the key using
the command --export-secret-subkeys). A > after these tags indicate that the key
is stored on a smartcard. See also --list-keys.

--check-signatures
--check-sigs
Same as --list-keys, but the key signatures are verified and listed too. Note that
for performance reasons the revocation status of a signing key is not shown. This
command has the same effect as using --list-keys with --with-sig-check.

The status of the verification is indicated by a flag directly following the "sig"
tag (and thus before the flags described below. A "!" indicates that the signature
has been successfully verified, a "-" denotes a bad signature and a "%" is used if
an error occurred while checking the signature (e.g. a non supported algorithm).
Signatures where the public key is not available are not listed; to see their
keyids the command --list-sigs can be used.

For each signature listed, there are several flags in between the signature status
flag and keyid. These flags give additional information about each key signature.
From left to right, they are the numbers 1-3 for certificate check level (see
--ask-cert-level), "L" for a local or non-exportable signature (see --lsign-key),
"R" for a nonRevocable signature (see the --edit-key command "nrsign"), "P" for a
signature that contains a policy URL (see --cert-policy-url), "N" for a signature
that contains a notation (see --cert-notation), "X" for an eXpired signature (see
--ask-cert-expire), and the numbers 1-9 or "T" for 10 and above to indicate trust
signature levels (see the --edit-key command "tsign").

--locate-keys
--locate-external-keys
Locate the keys given as arguments. This command basically uses the same algorithm
as used when locating keys for encryption and may thus be used to see what keys gpg
might use. In particular external methods as defined by --auto-key-locate are used
to locate a key if the arguments comain valid mail addresses. Only public keys are
listed.

The variant --locate-external-keys does not consider a locally existing key and can
thus be used to force the refresh of a key via the defined external methods. If a
fingerprint is given and and the methods defined by --auto-key-locate define LDAP
servers, the key is fetched from these resources; defined non-LDAP keyservers are
skipped.

--show-keys
This commands takes OpenPGP keys as input and prints information about them in the
same way the command --list-keys does for locally stored key. In addition the list
options show-unusable-uids, show-unusable-subkeys, show-notations and show-policy-
urls are also enabled. As usual for automated processing, this command should be
combined with the option --with-colons.

--fingerprint
List all keys (or the specified ones) along with their fingerprints. This is the
same output as --list-keys but with the additional output of a line with the
fingerprint. May also be combined with --check-signatures. If this command is
given twice, the fingerprints of all secondary keys are listed too. This command
also forces pretty printing of fingerprints if the keyid format has been set to
"none".

--list-packets
List only the sequence of packets. This command is only useful for debugging.
When used with option --verbose the actual MPI values are dumped and not only their
lengths. Note that the output of this command may change with new releases.

--edit-card
--card-edit
Present a menu to work with a smartcard. The subcommand "help" provides an overview
on available commands. For a detailed description, please see the Card HOWTO at
https://gnupg.org/documentation/howtos.html#GnuPG-cardHOWTO . Please note that the
command "openpgp" can be used to switch to the OpenPGP application of cards which
by default are presenting another application (e.g. PIV).

--card-status
Show the content of the smart card.

--change-pin
Present a menu to allow changing the PIN of a smartcard. This functionality is also
available as the subcommand "passwd" with the --edit-card command.

--delete-keys name
Remove key from the public keyring. In batch mode either --yes is required or the
key must be specified by fingerprint. This is a safeguard against accidental
deletion of multiple keys. If the exclamation mark syntax is used with the
fingerprint of a subkey only that subkey is deleted; if the exclamation mark is
used with the fingerprint of the primary key the entire public key is deleted.

--delete-secret-keys name
Remove key from the secret keyring. In batch mode the key must be specified by
fingerprint. The option --yes can be used to advise gpg-agent not to request a
confirmation. This extra pre-caution is done because gpg can't be sure that the
secret key (as controlled by gpg-agent) is only used for the given OpenPGP public
key. If the exclamation mark syntax is used with the fingerprint of a subkey only
the secret part of that subkey is deleted; if the exclamation mark is used with the
fingerprint of the primary key only the secret part of the primary key is deleted.

--delete-secret-and-public-key name
Same as --delete-key, but if a secret key exists, it will be removed first. In
batch mode the key must be specified by fingerprint. The option --yes can be used
to advise gpg-agent not to request a confirmation.

--export
Either export all keys from all keyrings (default keyring and those registered via
option --keyring), or if at least one name is given, those of the given name. The
exported keys are written to STDOUT or to the file given with option --output. Use
together with --armor to mail those keys.

--send-keys keyIDs
Similar to --export but sends the keys to a keyserver. Fingerprints may be used
instead of key IDs. Don't send your complete keyring to a keyserver --- select
only those keys which are new or changed by you. If no keyIDs are given, gpg does
nothing.

Take care: Keyservers are by design write only systems and thus it is not possible
to ever delete keys once they have been send to a keyserver.

--export-secret-keys
--export-secret-subkeys
Same as --export, but exports the secret keys instead. The exported keys are
written to STDOUT or to the file given with option --output. This command is often
used along with the option --armor to allow for easy printing of the key for paper
backup; however the external tool paperkey does a better job of creating backups on
paper. Note that exporting a secret key can be a security risk if the exported
keys are sent over an insecure channel.

The second form of the command has the special property to render the secret part
of the primary key useless; this is a GNU extension to OpenPGP and other
implementations can not be expected to successfully import such a key. Its
intended use is in generating a full key with an additional signing subkey on a
dedicated machine. This command then exports the key without the primary key to
the main machine.

GnuPG may ask you to enter the passphrase for the key. This is required, because
the internal protection method of the secret key is different from the one
specified by the OpenPGP protocol.

--export-ssh-key
This command is used to export a key in the OpenSSH public key format. It requires
the specification of one key by the usual means and exports the latest valid subkey
which has an authentication capability to STDOUT or to the file given with option
--output. That output can directly be added to ssh's ‘authorized_key’ file.

By specifying the key to export using a key ID or a fingerprint suffixed with an
exclamation mark (!), a specific subkey or the primary key can be exported. This
does not even require that the key has the authentication capability flag set.

--import
--fast-import
Import/merge keys. This adds the given keys to the keyring. The fast version is
currently just a synonym.

There are a few other options which control how this command works. Most notable
here is the --import-options merge-only option which does not insert new keys but
does only the merging of new signatures, user-IDs and subkeys.

--receive-keys keyIDs
--recv-keys keyIDs
Import the keys with the given keyIDs from a keyserver.

--refresh-keys
Request updates from a keyserver for keys that already exist on the local keyring.
This is useful for updating a key with the latest signatures, user IDs, etc.
Calling this with no arguments will refresh the entire keyring.

--search-keys names
Search the keyserver for the given names. Multiple names given here will be joined
together to create the search string for the keyserver. Note that keyservers
search for names in a different and simpler way than gpg does. The best choice is
to use a mail address. Due to data privacy reasons keyservers may even not even
allow searching by user id or mail address and thus may only return results when
being used with the --recv-key command to search by key fingerprint or keyid.

--fetch-keys URIs
Retrieve keys located at the specified URIs. Note that different installations of
GnuPG may support different protocols (HTTP, FTP, LDAP, etc.). When using HTTPS
the system provided root certificates are used by this command.

--update-trustdb
Do trust database maintenance. This command iterates over all keys and builds the
Web of Trust. This is an interactive command because it may have to ask for the
"ownertrust" values for keys. The user has to give an estimation of how far she
trusts the owner of the displayed key to correctly certify (sign) other keys. GnuPG
only asks for the ownertrust value if it has not yet been assigned to a key. Using
the --edit-key menu, the assigned value can be changed at any time.

--check-trustdb
Do trust database maintenance without user interaction. From time to time the trust
database must be updated so that expired keys or signatures and the resulting
changes in the Web of Trust can be tracked. Normally, GnuPG will calculate when
this is required and do it automatically unless --no-auto-check-trustdb is set.
This command can be used to force a trust database check at any time. The
processing is identical to that of --update-trustdb but it skips keys with a not
yet defined "ownertrust".

For use with cron jobs, this command can be used together with --batch in which
case the trust database check is done only if a check is needed. To force a run
even in batch mode add the option --yes.

--export-ownertrust
Send the ownertrust values to STDOUT. This is useful for backup purposes as these
values are the only ones which can't be re-created from a corrupted trustdb.
Example:
gpg --export-ownertrust > otrust.txt

--import-ownertrust
Update the trustdb with the ownertrust values stored in files (or STDIN if not
given); existing values will be overwritten. In case of a severely damaged trustdb
and if you have a recent backup of the ownertrust values (e.g. in the file
‘otrust.txt’), you may re-create the trustdb using these commands:
cd ~/.gnupg
rm trustdb.gpg
gpg --import-ownertrust < otrust.txt

--rebuild-keydb-caches
When updating from version 1.0.6 to 1.0.7 this command should be used to create
signature caches in the keyring. It might be handy in other situations too.

--print-md algo
--print-mds
Print message digest of algorithm algo for all given files or STDIN. With the
second form (or a deprecated "*" for algo) digests for all available algorithms are
printed.

--gen-random 0|1|2|16|30 count
Emit count random bytes of the given quality level 0, 1 or 2. If count is not given
or zero, an endless sequence of random bytes will be emitted. If used with --armor
the output will be base64 encoded. The special level 16 uses a quality level of 1
and outputs an endless stream of hex-encoded octets. The special level 30 outputs
random as 30 zBase-32 characters.

--gen-prime mode bits
Use the source, Luke :-). The output format is subject to change with any release.

--enarmor
--dearmor
Pack or unpack an arbitrary input into/from an OpenPGP ASCII armor. This is a
GnuPG extension to OpenPGP and in general not very useful. The --dearmor command
can also be used to dearmor PEM armors.

--unwrap
This option modifies the command --decrypt to output the original message with the
encryption layer removed. Thus the output will be an OpenPGP data structure which
often means a signed OpenPGP message. Note that this option may or may not remove
a compression layer which is often found beneath the encryption layer.

--tofu-policy {auto|good|unknown|bad|ask} keys
Set the TOFU policy for all the bindings associated with the specified keys. For
more information about the meaning of the policies, see: [trust-model-tofu]. The
keys may be specified either by their fingerprint (preferred) or their keyid.

How to manage your keys

This section explains the main commands for key management.

--quick-generate-key user-id [algo [usage [expire]]]
--quick-gen-key
This is a simple command to generate a standard key with one user id. In contrast
to --generate-key the key is generated directly without the need to answer a bunch
of prompts. Unless the option --yes is given, the key creation will be canceled if
the given user id already exists in the keyring.

If invoked directly on the console without any special options an answer to a
``Continue?'' style confirmation prompt is required. In case the user id already
exists in the keyring a second prompt to force the creation of the key will show
up.

If algo or usage are given, only the primary key is created and no prompts are
shown. To specify an expiration date but still create a primary and subkey use
``default'' or ``future-default'' for algo and ``default'' for usage. For a
description of these optional arguments see the command --quick-add-key. The usage
accepts also the value ``cert'' which can be used to create a certification only
primary key; the default is to a create certification and signing key.

The expire argument can be used to specify an expiration date for the key. Several
formats are supported; commonly the ISO formats ``YYYY-MM-DD'' or
``YYYYMMDDThhmmss'' are used. To make the key expire in N seconds, N days, N
weeks, N months, or N years use ``seconds=N'', ``Nd'', ``Nw'', ``Nm'', or ``Ny''
respectively. Not specifying a value, or using ``-'' results in a key expiring in
a reasonable default interval. The values ``never'', ``none'' can be used for no
expiration date.

If this command is used with --batch, --pinentry-mode has been set to loopback, and
one of the passphrase options (--passphrase, --passphrase-fd, or --passphrase-file)
is used, the supplied passphrase is used for the new key and the agent does not ask
for it. To create a key without any protection --passphrase '' may be used.

To create an OpenPGP key from the keys available on the currently inserted
smartcard, the special string ``card'' can be used for algo. If the card features
an encryption and a signing key, gpg will figure them out and creates an OpenPGP
key consisting of the usual primary key and one subkey. This works only with
certain smartcards. Note that the interactive --full-gen-key command allows one to
do the same but with greater flexibility in the selection of the smartcard keys.

Note that it is possible to create a primary key and a subkey using non-default
algorithms by using ``default'' and changing the default parameters using the
option --default-new-key-algo.

--quick-set-expire fpr expire [*|subfprs]
With two arguments given, directly set the expiration time of the primary key
identified by fpr to expire. To remove the expiration time 0 can be used. With
three arguments and the third given as an asterisk, the expiration time of all non-
revoked and not yet expired subkeys are set to expire. With more than two
arguments and a list of fingerprints given for subfprs, all non-revoked subkeys
matching these fingerprints are set to expire.

--quick-add-key fpr [algo [usage [expire]]]
Directly add a subkey to the key identified by the fingerprint fpr. Without the
optional arguments an encryption subkey is added. If any of the arguments are
given a more specific subkey is added.

algo may be any of the supported algorithms or curve names given in the format as
used by key listings. To use the default algorithm the string ``default'' or ``-''
can be used. Supported algorithms are ``rsa'', ``dsa'', ``elg'', ``ed25519'',
``cv25519'', and other ECC curves. For example the string ``rsa'' adds an RSA key
with the default key length; a string ``rsa4096'' requests that the key length is
4096 bits. The string ``future-default'' is an alias for the algorithm which will
likely be used as default algorithm in future versions of gpg. To list the
supported ECC curves the command gpg --with-colons --list-config curve can be used.

Depending on the given algo the subkey may either be an encryption subkey or a
signing subkey. If an algorithm is capable of signing and encryption and such a
subkey is desired, a usage string must be given. This string is either ``default''
or ``-'' to keep the default or a comma delimited list (or space delimited list) of
keywords: ``sign'' for a signing subkey, ``auth'' for an authentication subkey, and
``encr'' for an encryption subkey (``encrypt'' can be used as alias for ``encr'').
The valid combinations depend on the algorithm.

--quick-add-adsk fpr adskfpr
Directly add an Additional Decryption Subkey to the key identified by the
fingerprint fpr. adskfpr is the fingerprint of another key's encryption subkey. A
subkey is commonly used here because by default a primary key has no encryption
capability. Use the option --with-subkey-fingerprint with a list command to
display the subkey fingerprints.

--generate-key
--gen-key
Generate a new key pair using the current default parameters. This is the standard
command to create a new key. In addition to the key a revocation certificate is
created and stored in the ‘openpgp-revocs.d’ directory below the GnuPG home
directory.

--full-generate-key
--full-gen-key
Generate a new key pair with dialogs for all options. This is an extended version
of --generate-key.

There is also a feature which allows you to create keys in batch mode. See the
manual section ``Unattended key generation'' on how to use this.

--generate-revocation name
--gen-revoke name
Generate a revocation certificate for the complete key. To only revoke a subkey or
a key signature, use the --edit command.

This command merely creates the revocation certificate so that it can be used to
revoke the key if that is ever needed. To actually revoke a key the created
revocation certificate needs to be merged with the key to revoke. This is done by
importing the revocation certificate using the --import command. Then the revoked
key needs to be published, which is best done by sending the key to a keyserver
(command --send-key) and by exporting (--export) it to a file which is then send to
frequent communication partners.

--generate-designated-revocation name
--desig-revoke name
Generate a designated revocation certificate for a key. This allows a user (with
the permission of the keyholder) to revoke someone else's key.

--edit-key
Present a menu which enables you to do most of the key management related tasks.
It expects the specification of a key on the command line.

uid n Toggle selection of user ID or photographic user ID with index n. Use * to
select all and 0 to deselect all.

key n Toggle selection of subkey with index n or key ID n. Use * to select all
and 0 to deselect all.

sign Make a signature on key of user name. If the key is not yet signed by the
default user (or the users given with -u), the program displays the
information of the key again, together with its fingerprint and asks whether
it should be signed. This question is repeated for all users specified with
-u.

lsign Same as "sign" but the signature is marked as non-exportable and will
therefore never be used by others. This may be used to make keys valid only
in the local environment.

nrsign Same as "sign" but the signature is marked as non-revocable and can
therefore never be revoked.

tsign Make a trust signature. This is a signature that combines the notions of
certification (like a regular signature), and trust (like the "trust"
command). It is generally useful in distinct communities or groups to
implement the concept of a Trusted Introducer. For more information please
read the sections ``Trust Signature'' and ``Regular Expression'' in
RFC-4880.

Note that "l" (for local / non-exportable), "nr" (for non-revocable, and "t" (for
trust) may be freely mixed and prefixed to "sign" to create a signature of any type
desired.

If the option --only-sign-text-ids is specified, then any non-text based user ids (e.g.,
photo IDs) will not be selected for signing.

delsig Delete a signature. Note that it is not possible to retract a signature,
once it has been send to the public (i.e. to a keyserver). In that case you
better use revsig.

revsig Revoke a signature. For every signature which has been generated by one of
the secret keys, GnuPG asks whether a revocation certificate should be
generated.

check Check the signatures on all selected user IDs. With the extra option
selfsig only self-signatures are shown.

adduid Create an additional user ID.

addphoto
Create a photographic user ID. This will prompt for a JPEG file that will be
embedded into the user ID. Note that a very large JPEG will make for a very
large key. Also note that some programs will display your JPEG unchanged
(GnuPG), and some programs will scale it to fit in a dialog box (PGP).

showphoto
Display the selected photographic user ID.

deluid Delete a user ID or photographic user ID. Note that it is not possible to
retract a user id, once it has been send to the public (i.e. to a
keyserver). In that case you better use revuid.

revuid Revoke a user ID or photographic user ID.

primary
Flag the current user id as the primary one, removes the primary user id
flag from all other user ids and sets the timestamp of all affected self-
signatures one second ahead. Note that setting a photo user ID as primary
makes it primary over other photo user IDs, and setting a regular user ID as
primary makes it primary over other regular user IDs.

keyserver
Set a preferred keyserver for the specified user ID(s). This allows other
users to know where you prefer they get your key from. See --keyserver-
options honor-keyserver-url for more on how this works. Setting a value of
"none" removes an existing preferred keyserver.

notation
Set a name=value notation for the specified user ID(s). See --cert-notation
for more on how this works. Setting a value of "none" removes all notations,
setting a notation prefixed with a minus sign (-) removes that notation, and
setting a notation name (without the =value) prefixed with a minus sign
removes all notations with that name.

pref List preferences from the selected user ID. This shows the actual
preferences, without including any implied preferences.

showpref
More verbose preferences listing for the selected user ID. This shows the
preferences in effect by including the implied preferences of 3DES (cipher),
SHA-1 (digest), and Uncompressed (compression) if they are not already
included in the preference list. In addition, the preferred keyserver and
signature notations (if any) are shown.

setpref string
Set the list of user ID preferences to string for all (or just the selected)
user IDs. Calling setpref with no arguments sets the preference list to the
default (either built-in or set via --default-preference-list), and calling
setpref with "none" as the argument sets an empty preference list. Use gpg
--version to get a list of available algorithms. Note that while you can
change the preferences on an attribute user ID (aka "photo ID"), GnuPG does
not select keys via attribute user IDs so these preferences will not be used
by GnuPG. Note that an unattended version of this command is available as
--quick-update-pref.

When setting preferences, you should list the algorithms in the order which
you'd like to see them used by someone else when encrypting a message to
your key. If you don't include 3DES, it will be automatically added at the
end. Note that there are many factors that go into choosing an algorithm
(for example, your key may not be the only recipient), and so the remote
OpenPGP application being used to send to you may or may not follow your
exact chosen order for a given message. It will, however, only choose an
algorithm that is present on the preference list of every recipient key.
See also the INTEROPERABILITY WITH OTHER OPENPGP PROGRAMS section below.

addkey Add a subkey to this key.

addcardkey
Generate a subkey on a card and add it to this key.

keytocard
Transfer the selected secret subkey (or the primary key if no subkey has
been selected) to a smartcard. The secret key in the keyring will be
replaced by a stub if the key could be stored successfully on the card and
you use the save command later. Only certain key types may be transferred to
the card. A sub menu allows you to select on what card to store the key.
Note that it is not possible to get that key back from the card - if the
card gets broken your secret key will be lost unless you have a backup
somewhere.

bkuptocard file
Restore the given file to a card. This command may be used to restore a
backup key (as generated during card initialization) to a new card. In
almost all cases this will be the encryption key. You should use this
command only with the corresponding public key and make sure that the file
given as argument is indeed the backup to restore. You should then select 2
to restore as encryption key. You will first be asked to enter the
passphrase of the backup key and then for the Admin PIN of the card.

keytotpm
Transfer the selected secret subkey (or the primary key if no subkey has
been selected) to TPM form. The secret key in the keyring will be replaced
by the TPM representation of that key, which can only be read by the
particular TPM that created it (so the keyfile now becomes locked to the
laptop containing the TPM). Only certain key types may be transferred to
the TPM (all TPM 2.0 systems are mandated to have the rsa2048 and nistp256
algorithms but newer TPMs may have more). Note that the key itself is not
transferred into the TPM, merely encrypted by the TPM in-place, so if the
keyfile is deleted, the key will be lost. Once transferred to TPM
representation, the key file can never be converted back to non-TPM form and
the key will die when the TPM does, so you should first have a backup on
secure offline storage of the actual secret key file before conversion. It
is essential to use the physical system TPM that you have rw permission on
the TPM resource manager device (/dev/tpmrm0). Usually this means you must
be a member of the tss group.

delkey Remove a subkey (secondary key). Note that it is not possible to retract a
subkey, once it has been send to the public (i.e. to a keyserver). In that
case you better use revkey. Also note that this only deletes the public
part of a key.

revkey Revoke a subkey.

expire Change the key or subkey expiration time. If a subkey is selected, the
expiration time of this subkey will be changed. With no selection, the key
expiration of the primary key is changed.

trust Change the owner trust value for the key. This updates the trust-db
immediately and no save is required.

disable
enable Disable or enable an entire key. A disabled key can not normally be used for
encryption.

addrevoker
Add a designated revoker to the key. This takes one optional argument:
"sensitive". If a designated revoker is marked as sensitive, it will not be
exported by default (see export-options).

addadsk
Add an Additional Decryption Subkey. The user is asked to enter the
fingerprint of another encryption subkey. Note that the exact fingerprint
of another key's encryption subkey needs to be entered. This is because
commonly the primary key has no encryption capability. Use the option
--with-subkey-fingerprint with a list command to display the subkey
fingerprints.

passwd Change the passphrase of the secret key.

toggle This is dummy command which exists only for backward compatibility.

clean Compact (by removing all signatures except the selfsig) any user ID that is
no longer usable (e.g. revoked, or expired). Then, remove any signatures
that are not usable by the trust calculations. Specifically, this removes
any signature that does not validate, any signature that is superseded by a
later signature, revoked signatures, and signatures issued by keys that are
not present on the keyring.

minimize
Make the key as small as possible. This removes all signatures from each
user ID except for the most recent self-signature.

change-usage
Change the usage flags (capabilities) of the primary key or of subkeys.
These usage flags (e.g. Certify, Sign, Authenticate, Encrypt) are set during
key creation. Sometimes it is useful to have the opportunity to change them
(for example to add Authenticate) after they have been created. Please take
care when doing this; the allowed usage flags depend on the key algorithm.

cross-certify
Add cross-certification signatures to signing subkeys that may not currently
have them. Cross-certification signatures protect against a subtle attack
against signing subkeys. See --require-cross-certification. All new keys
generated have this signature by default, so this command is only useful to
bring older keys up to date.

save Save all changes to the keyring and quit.

quit Quit the program without updating the keyring.

The listing shows you the key with its secondary keys and all user IDs. The
primary user ID is indicated by a dot, and selected keys or user IDs are indicated
by an asterisk. The trust value is displayed with the primary key: "trust" is the
assigned owner trust and "validity" is the calculated validity of the key.
Validity values are also displayed for all user IDs. For possible values of trust,
see: [trust-values].

--sign-key name
Signs a public key with your secret key. This is a shortcut version of the
subcommand "sign" from --edit-key.

--lsign-key name
Signs a public key with your secret key but marks it as non-exportable. This is a
shortcut version of the subcommand "lsign" from --edit-key.

--quick-sign-key fpr [names]
--quick-lsign-key fpr [names]
Directly sign a key from the passphrase without any further user interaction. The
fpr must be the verified primary fingerprint of a key in the local keyring. If no
names are given, all useful user ids are signed; with given [names] only useful
user ids matching one of these names are signed. By default, or if a name is
prefixed with a '*', a case insensitive substring match is used. If a name is
prefixed with a '=' a case sensitive exact match is done.

The command --quick-lsign-key marks the signatures as non-exportable. If such a
non-exportable signature already exists the --quick-sign-key turns it into a
exportable signature. If you need to update an existing signature, for example to
add or change notation data, you need to use the option --force-sign-key.

This command uses reasonable defaults and thus does not provide the full
flexibility of the "sign" subcommand from --edit-key. Its intended use is to help
unattended key signing by utilizing a list of verified fingerprints.

--quick-add-uid user-id new-user-id
This command adds a new user id to an existing key. In contrast to the interactive
sub-command adduid of --edit-key the new-user-id is added verbatim with only
leading and trailing white space removed, it is expected to be UTF-8 encoded, and
no checks on its form are applied.

--quick-revoke-uid user-id user-id-to-revoke
This command revokes a user ID on an existing key. It cannot be used to revoke the
last user ID on key (some non-revoked user ID must remain), with revocation reason
``User ID is no longer valid''. If you want to specify a different revocation
reason, or to supply supplementary revocation text, you should use the interactive
sub-command revuid of --edit-key.

--quick-revoke-sig fpr signing-fpr [names]
This command revokes the key signatures made by signing-fpr from the key specified
by the fingerprint fpr. With names given only the signatures on user ids of the
key matching any of the given names are affected (see --quick-sign-key). If a
revocation already exists a notice is printed instead of creating a new revocation;
no error is returned in this case. Note that key signature revocations may be
superseded by a newer key signature and in turn again revoked.

--quick-set-primary-uid user-id primary-user-id
This command sets or updates the primary user ID flag on an existing key. user-id
specifies the key and primary-user-id the user ID which shall be flagged as the
primary user ID. The primary user ID flag is removed from all other user ids and
the timestamp of all affected self-signatures is set one second ahead.

--quick-update-pref user-id
This command updates the preference list of the key to the current default value
(either built-in or set via --default-preference-list). This is the unattended
version of of using "setpref" in the --key-edit menu without giving a list. Note
that you can show the preferences in a key listing by using --list-options show-
pref or --list-options show-pref-verbose. You should also re-distribute updated
keys to your peers.

--change-passphrase user-id
--passwd user-id
Change the passphrase of the secret key belonging to the certificate specified as
user-id. This is a shortcut for the sub-command passwd of the --edit-key menu.
When using together with the option --dry-run this will not actually change the
passphrase but check that the current passphrase is correct.

OPTIONS

gpg features a bunch of options to control the exact behaviour and to change the default
configuration.

Long options can be put in an options file (default "~/.gnupg/gpg.conf"). Short option
names will not work - for example, "armor" is a valid option for the options file, while
"a" is not. Do not write the 2 dashes, but simply the name of the option and any required
arguments. Lines with a hash ('#') as the first non-white-space character are ignored.
Commands may be put in this file too, but that is not generally useful as the command will
execute automatically with every execution of gpg.

Please remember that option parsing stops as soon as a non-option is encountered, you can
explicitly stop parsing by using the special option --.

How to change the configuration

These options are used to change the configuration and most of them are usually found in
the option file.

--default-key name
Use name as the default key to sign with. If this option is not used, the default
key is the first key found in the secret keyring. Note that -u or --local-user
overrides this option. This option may be given multiple times. In this case, the
last key for which a secret key is available is used. If there is no secret key
available for any of the specified values, GnuPG will not emit an error message but
continue as if this option wasn't given.

--default-recipient name
Use name as default recipient if option --recipient is not used and don't ask if
this is a valid one. name must be non-empty.

--default-recipient-self
Use the default key as default recipient if option --recipient is not used and
don't ask if this is a valid one. The default key is the first one from the secret
keyring or the one set with --default-key.

--no-default-recipient
Reset --default-recipient and --default-recipient-self. Should not be used in an
option file.

-v, --verbose
Give more information during processing. If used twice, the input data is listed in
detail.

--no-verbose
Reset verbose level to 0. Should not be used in an option file.

-q, --quiet
Try to be as quiet as possible. Should not be used in an option file.

--batch
--no-batch
Use batch mode. Never ask, do not allow interactive commands. --no-batch disables
this option. Note that even with a filename given on the command line, gpg might
still need to read from STDIN (in particular if gpg figures that the input is a
detached signature and no data file has been specified). Thus if you do not want
to feed data via STDIN, you should connect STDIN to ‘/dev/null’.

It is highly recommended to use this option along with the options --status-fd and
--with-colons for any unattended use of gpg. Should not be used in an option file.

--no-tty
Make sure that the TTY (terminal) is never used for any output. This option is
needed in some cases because GnuPG sometimes prints warnings to the TTY even if
--batch is used.

--yes Assume "yes" on most questions. Should not be used in an option file.

--no Assume "no" on most questions. Should not be used in an option file.

--list-filter {select=expr}
A list filter can be used to output only certain keys during key listing commands.
For the available property names, see the description of --import-filter.

--list-options parameters
This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options used when listing keys
and signatures (that is, --list-keys, --check-signatures, --list-public-keys,
--list-secret-keys, and the --edit-key functions). Options can be prepended with a
no- (after the two dashes) to give the opposite meaning. The options are:

show-photos
Causes --list-keys, --check-signatures, --list-public-keys, and --list-
secret-keys to display any photo IDs attached to the key. Defaults to no.
See also --photo-viewer. Does not work with --with-colons: see --attribute-
fd for the appropriate way to get photo data for scripts and other
frontends.

show-usage
Show usage information for keys and subkeys in the standard key listing.
This is a list of letters indicating the allowed usage for a key
(E=encryption, S=signing, C=certification, A=authentication). Defaults to
yes.

show-policy-urls
Show policy URLs in the --check-signatures listings. Defaults to no.

show-notations
show-std-notations
show-user-notations
Show all, IETF standard, or user-defined signature notations in the --check-
signatures listings. Defaults to no.

show-keyserver-urls
Show any preferred keyserver URL in the --check-signatures listings.
Defaults to no.

show-uid-validity
Display the calculated validity of user IDs during key listings. Defaults
to yes.

show-unusable-uids
Show revoked and expired user IDs in key listings. Defaults to no.

show-unusable-subkeys
Show revoked and expired subkeys in key listings. Defaults to no.

show-unusable-sigs
Show key signature made using weak or unsupported algorithms.

show-keyring
Display the keyring name at the head of key listings to show which keyring a
given key resides on. Defaults to no.

show-sig-expire
Show signature expiration dates (if any) during --check-signatures listings.
Defaults to no.

show-sig-subpackets
Include signature subpackets in the key listing. This option can take an
optional argument list of the subpackets to list. If no argument is passed,
list all subpackets. Defaults to no. This option is only meaningful when
using --with-colons along with --check-signatures.

show-only-fpr-mbox
For each user-id which has a valid mail address print only the fingerprint
followed by the mail address.

sort-sigs
With --list-sigs and --check-sigs sort the signatures by keyID and creation
time to make it easier to view the history of these signatures. The self-
signature is also listed before other signatures. Defaults to yes.

--verify-options parameters
This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options used when verifying
signatures. Options can be prepended with a `no-' to give the opposite meaning. The
options are:

show-photos
Display any photo IDs present on the key that issued the signature.
Defaults to no. See also --photo-viewer.

show-policy-urls
Show policy URLs in the signature being verified. Defaults to yes.

show-notations
show-std-notations
show-user-notations
Show all, IETF standard, or user-defined signature notations in the
signature being verified. Defaults to IETF standard.

show-keyserver-urls
Show any preferred keyserver URL in the signature being verified. Defaults
to yes.

show-uid-validity
Display the calculated validity of the user IDs on the key that issued the
signature. Defaults to yes.

show-unusable-uids
Show revoked and expired user IDs during signature verification. Defaults
to no.

show-primary-uid-only
Show only the primary user ID during signature verification. That is all
the AKA lines as well as photo Ids are not shown with the signature
verification status.

--enable-large-rsa
--disable-large-rsa
With --generate-key and --batch, enable the creation of RSA secret keys as large as
8192 bit. Note: 8192 bit is more than is generally recommended. These large keys
don't significantly improve security, but they are more expensive to use, and their
signatures and certifications are larger. This option is only available if the
binary was build with large-secmem support.

--enable-dsa2
--disable-dsa2
Enable hash truncation for all DSA keys even for old DSA Keys up to 1024 bit. This
is also the default with --openpgp. Note that older versions of GnuPG also
required this flag to allow the generation of DSA larger than 1024 bit.

--photo-viewer string
This is the command line that should be run to view a photo ID. "%i" will be
expanded to a filename containing the photo. "%I" does the same, except the file
will not be deleted once the viewer exits. Other flags are "%k" for the key ID,
"%K" for the long key ID, "%f" for the key fingerprint, "%t" for the extension of
the image type (e.g. "jpg"), "%T" for the MIME type of the image (e.g.
"image/jpeg"), "%v" for the single-character calculated validity of the image being
viewed (e.g. "f"), "%V" for the calculated validity as a string (e.g. "full"),
"%U" for a base32 encoded hash of the user ID, and "%%" for an actual percent sign.
If neither %i or %I are present, then the photo will be supplied to the viewer on
standard input.

On Unix the default viewer is xloadimage -fork -quiet -title 'KeyID 0x%k' STDIN
with a fallback to display -title 'KeyID 0x%k' %i and finally to xdg-open %i. On
Windows !ShellExecute 400 %i is used; here the command is a meta command to use
that API call followed by a wait time in milliseconds which is used to give the
viewer time to read the temporary image file before gpg deletes it again. Note
that if your image viewer program is not secure, then executing it from gpg does
not make it secure.

--exec-path string
Sets a list of directories to search for photo viewers If not provided photo
viewers use the PATH environment variable.

--keyring file
Add file to the current list of keyrings. If file begins with a tilde and a slash,
these are replaced by the $HOME directory. If the filename does not contain a
slash, it is assumed to be in the GnuPG home directory ("~/.gnupg" unless --homedir
or $GNUPGHOME is used).

Note that this adds a keyring to the current list. If the intent is to use the
specified keyring alone, use --keyring along with --no-default-keyring.

If the option --no-keyring has been used no keyrings will be used at all.

Note that if the option use-keyboxd is enabled in ‘common.conf’, no keyrings are
used at all and keys are all maintained by the keyboxd process in its own database.

--primary-keyring file
This is a varian of --keyring and designates file as the primary public keyring.
This means that newly imported keys (via --import or keyserver --recv-from) will go
to this keyring.

--secret-keyring file
This is an obsolete option and ignored. All secret keys are stored in the
‘private-keys-v1.d’ directory below the GnuPG home directory.

--trustdb-name file
Use file instead of the default trustdb. If file begins with a tilde and a slash,
these are replaced by the $HOME directory. If the filename does not contain a
slash, it is assumed to be in the GnuPG home directory (‘~/.gnupg’ if --homedir or
$GNUPGHOME is not used).

--homedir dir
Set the name of the home directory to dir. If this option is not used, the home
directory defaults to ‘~/.gnupg’. It is only recognized when given on the command
line. It also overrides any home directory stated through the environment variable
‘GNUPGHOME’ or (on Windows systems) by means of the Registry entry
HKCU\Software\GNU\GnuPG:HomeDir.

On Windows systems it is possible to install GnuPG as a portable application. In
this case only this command line option is considered, all other ways to set a home
directory are ignored.

--display-charset name
Set the name of the native character set. This is used to convert some
informational strings like user IDs to the proper UTF-8 encoding. Note that this
has nothing to do with the character set of data to be encrypted or signed; GnuPG
does not recode user-supplied data. If this option is not used, the default
character set is determined from the current locale. A verbosity level of 3 shows
the chosen set. This option should not be used on Windows. Valid values for name
are:

iso-8859-1
This is the Latin 1 set.

iso-8859-2
The Latin 2 set.

iso-8859-15
This is currently an alias for the Latin 1 set.

koi8-r The usual Russian set (RFC-1489).

utf-8 Bypass all translations and assume that the OS uses native UTF-8 encoding.

--utf8-strings
--no-utf8-strings
Assume that command line arguments are given as UTF-8 strings. The default (--no-
utf8-strings) is to assume that arguments are encoded in the character set as
specified by --display-charset. These options affect all following arguments. Both
options may be used multiple times. This option should not be used in an option
file.

This option has no effect on Windows. There the internal used UTF-8 encoding is
translated for console input and output. The command line arguments are expected
as Unicode and translated to UTF-8. Thus when calling this program from another,
make sure to use the Unicode version of CreateProcess.

--options file
Read options from file and do not try to read them from the default options file in
the homedir (see --homedir). This option is ignored if used in an options file.

--no-options
Shortcut for --options /dev/null. This option is detected before an attempt to open
an option file. Using this option will also prevent the creation of a ‘~/.gnupg’
homedir.

-z n
--compress-level n
--bzip2-compress-level n
--no-compress
Set compression level to n for the ZIP and ZLIB compression algorithms. The default
is to use the default compression level of zlib (normally 6). --bzip2-compress-
level sets the compression level for the BZIP2 compression algorithm (defaulting to
6 as well). This is a different option from --compress-level since BZIP2 uses a
significant amount of memory for each additional compression level.

Option -z sets both. A value of 0 for n disables compression. A value of -1 forces
compression using the default level. Option --no-compress is identical to -z0.

Except for the --store command compression is always used unless gpg detects that
the input is already compressed. To inhibit the use of compression use -z0 or
--no-compress; to force compression use -z-1 or option z with another compression
level than the default as indicated by -1. Note that this overriding of the
default deection works only with z and not with the long variant of this option.

--bzip2-decompress-lowmem
Use a different decompression method for BZIP2 compressed files. This alternate
method uses a bit more than half the memory, but also runs at half the speed. This
is useful under extreme low memory circumstances when the file was originally
compressed at a high --bzip2-compress-level.

--mangle-dos-filenames
--no-mangle-dos-filenames
Older version of Windows cannot handle filenames with more than one dot. --mangle-
dos-filenames causes GnuPG to replace (rather than add to) the extension of an
output filename to avoid this problem. This option is off by default and has no
effect on non-Windows platforms.

--ask-cert-level
--no-ask-cert-level
When making a key signature, prompt for a certification level. If this option is
not specified, the certification level used is set via --default-cert-level. See
--default-cert-level for information on the specific levels and how they are used.
--no-ask-cert-level disables this option. This option defaults to no.

--default-cert-level n
The default to use for the check level when signing a key.

0 means you make no particular claim as to how carefully you verified the key.

1 means you believe the key is owned by the person who claims to own it but you
could not, or did not verify the key at all. This is useful for a "persona"
verification, where you sign the key of a pseudonymous user.

2 means you did casual verification of the key. For example, this could mean that
you verified the key fingerprint and checked the user ID on the key against a photo
ID.

3 means you did extensive verification of the key. For example, this could mean
that you verified the key fingerprint with the owner of the key in person, and that
you checked, by means of a hard to forge document with a photo ID (such as a
passport) that the name of the key owner matches the name in the user ID on the
key, and finally that you verified (by exchange of email) that the email address on
the key belongs to the key owner.

Note that the examples given above for levels 2 and 3 are just that: examples. In
the end, it is up to you to decide just what "casual" and "extensive" mean to you.

This option defaults to 0 (no particular claim).

--min-cert-level
When building the trust database, treat any signatures with a certification level
below this as invalid. Defaults to 2, which disregards level 1 signatures. Note
that level 0 "no particular claim" signatures are always accepted.

--trusted-key long key ID or fingerprint
Assume that the specified key (which should be given as fingerprint) is as
trustworthy as one of your own secret keys. This option is useful if you don't want
to keep your secret keys (or one of them) online but still want to be able to check
the validity of a given recipient's or signator's key. If the given key is not
locally available but an LDAP keyserver is configured the missing key is imported
from that server.

--add-desig-revoker [sensitive:]fingerprint
Add the key specified by fingerprint as a designated revoker to newly created keys.
If the fingerprint is prefixed with the keyword ``sensitive:'' that info is
normally not exported wit the key. This option may be given several time to add
more than one designated revoker. If the keyword ``clear'' is used instead of a
fingerprint, all designated options previously encountered are discarded.
Designated revokers are marked on the key as non-revocable. Note that a designated
revoker specified using a parameter file will also be added to the key.

--trust-model {pgp|classic|tofu|tofu+pgp|direct|always|auto}
Set what trust model GnuPG should follow. The models are:

pgp This is the Web of Trust combined with trust signatures as used in PGP 5.x
and later. This is the default trust model when creating a new trust
database.

classic
This is the standard Web of Trust as introduced by PGP 2.

tofu

TOFU stands for Trust On First Use. In this experimental trust model, the
first time a key is seen, it is memorized. If later another key with a user
id with the same email address is seen, both keys are marked as suspect. In
that case, the next time either is used, a warning is displayed describing
the conflict, why it might have occurred (either the user generated a new
key and failed to cross sign the old and new keys, the key is forgery, or a
man-in-the-middle attack is being attempted), and the user is prompted to
manually confirm the validity of the key in question.

Because a potential attacker is able to control the email address and
thereby circumvent the conflict detection algorithm by using an email
address that is similar in appearance to a trusted email address, whenever a
message is verified, statistics about the number of messages signed with the
key are shown. In this way, a user can easily identify attacks using fake
keys for regular correspondents.

When compared with the Web of Trust, TOFU offers significantly weaker
security guarantees. In particular, TOFU only helps ensure consistency
(that is, that the binding between a key and email address doesn't change).
A major advantage of TOFU is that it requires little maintenance to use
correctly. To use the web of trust properly, you need to actively sign keys
and mark users as trusted introducers. This is a time-consuming process and
anecdotal evidence suggests that even security-conscious users rarely take
the time to do this thoroughly and instead rely on an ad-hoc TOFU process.

In the TOFU model, policies are associated with bindings between keys and
email addresses (which are extracted from user ids and normalized). There
are five policies, which can be set manually using the --tofu-policy option.
The default policy can be set using the --tofu-default-policy option.

The TOFU policies are: auto, good, unknown, bad and ask. The auto policy is
used by default (unless overridden by --tofu-default-policy) and marks a
binding as marginally trusted. The good, unknown and bad policies mark a
binding as fully trusted, as having unknown trust or as having trust never,
respectively. The unknown policy is useful for just using TOFU to detect
conflicts, but to never assign positive trust to a binding. The final
policy, ask prompts the user to indicate the binding's trust. If batch mode
is enabled (or input is inappropriate in the context), then the user is not
prompted and the undefined trust level is returned.

tofu+pgp
This experimental trust model combines TOFU with the Web of Trust. This is
done by computing the trust level for each model and then taking the maximum
trust level where the trust levels are ordered as follows: unknown <
undefined < marginal < fully < ultimate < expired < never.

By setting --tofu-default-policy=unknown, this model can be used to
implement the web of trust with TOFU's conflict detection algorithm, but
without its assignment of positive trust values, which some security-
conscious users don't like.

direct Key validity is set directly by the user and not calculated via the Web of
Trust. This model is solely based on the key and does not distinguish user
IDs. Note that when changing to another trust model the trust values
assigned to a key are transformed into ownertrust values, which also
indicate how you trust the owner of the key to sign other keys.

always Skip key validation and assume that used keys are always fully valid. You
generally won't use this unless you are using some external validation
scheme. This option also suppresses the "[uncertain]" tag printed with
signature checks when there is no evidence that the user ID is bound to the
key. Note that this trust model still does not allow the use of expired,
revoked, or disabled keys.

auto Select the trust model depending on whatever the internal trust database
says. This is the default model if such a database already exists. Note
that a tofu trust model is not considered here and must be enabled
explicitly.

--always-trust
Identical to --trust-model always.

--assert-signer fpr_or_file
This option checks whether at least one valid signature on a file has been made
with the specified key. The key is either specified as a fingerprint or a file
listing fingerprints. The fingerprint must be given or listed in compact format
(no colons or spaces in between). This option can be given multiple times and each
fingerprint is checked against the signing key as well as the corresponding primary
key. If fpr_or_file specifies a file, empty lines are ignored as well as all lines
starting with a hash sign. With this option gpg is guaranteed to return with an
exit code of 0 if and only if a signature has been encountered, is valid, and the
key matches one of the fingerprints given by this option.

--assert-pubkey-algo algolist
During data signature verification this options checks whether the used public key
algorithm matches the algorithms given by algolist. This option can be given
multiple times to concatenate more algorithms to the list; the delimiter of the
list are either commas or spaces.

The algorithm names given in the list may either be verbatim names like "ed25519"
with an optional leading single equal sign, or being prefixed with ">", ">=", "<=",
or "<". That prefix operator is applied to the number part of the algorithm name;
for example 2048 in "rsa2048" or 384 in "brainpoolP384r1". If the the leading non-
digits in the name matches, the prefix operator is used to compare the number part,
a trailing suffix is ignored in this case. For example an algorithm list
">rsa3000, >=brainpool384r1, =ed25519" allows RSA signatures with more that 3000
bits, Brainpool curves 384 and 512, and the ed25519 algorithm.

With this option gpg (and also gpgv) is guaranteed to return with an exit code of 0
if and only if all valid signatures on data are made using a matching algorithm
from the given list.

--auto-key-locate mechanisms
--no-auto-key-locate
GnuPG can automatically locate and retrieve keys as needed using this option. This
happens when encrypting to an email address (in the "user@example.com" form), and
there are no "user@example.com" keys on the local keyring. This option takes any
number of the mechanisms listed below, in the order they are to be tried. Instead
of listing the mechanisms as comma delimited arguments, the option may also be
given several times to add more mechanism. The option --no-auto-key-locate or the
mechanism "clear" resets the list. The default is "local,wkd".

cert Locate a key using DNS CERT, as specified in RFC-4398.

dane Locate a key using DANE, as specified in draft-ietf-dane-openpgpkey-05.txt.

wkd Locate a key using the Web Key Directory protocol.

ldap Using DNS Service Discovery, check the domain in question for any LDAP
keyservers to use. If this fails, attempt to locate the key using the PGP
Universal method of checking ‘ldap://keys.(thedomain)’.

ntds Locate the key using the Active Directory (Windows only). This method also
allows one to search by fingerprint using the command --locate-external-key.
Note that this mechanism is actually a shortcut for the mechanism
‘keyserver’ but using "ldap:///" as the keyserver.

keyserver
Locate a key using a keyserver. This method also allows one to search by
fingerprint using the command --locate-external-key if any of the configured
keyservers is an LDAP server.

keyserver-URL
In addition, a keyserver URL as used in the dirmngr configuration may be
used here to query that particular keyserver. This method also allows one
to search by fingerprint using the command --locate-external-key if the URL
specifies an LDAP server.

local Locate the key using the local keyrings. This mechanism allows the user to
select the order a local key lookup is done. Thus using ‘--auto-key-locate
local’ is identical to --no-auto-key-locate.

nodefault
This flag disables the standard local key lookup, done before any of the
mechanisms defined by the --auto-key-locate are tried. The position of this
mechanism in the list does not matter. It is not required if local is also
used.

clear Clear all defined mechanisms. This is useful to override mechanisms given
in a config file. Note that a nodefault in mechanisms will also be cleared
unless it is given after the clear.

--auto-key-import
--no-auto-key-import
This is an offline mechanism to get a missing key for signature verification and
for later encryption to this key. If this option is enabled and a signature
includes an embedded key, that key is used to verify the signature and on
verification success the key is imported. The default is --no-auto-key-import.

On the sender (signing) site the option --include-key-block needs to be used to put
the public part of the signing key as “Key Block subpacket” into the signature.

--auto-key-retrieve
--no-auto-key-retrieve
These options enable or disable the automatic retrieving of keys from a keyserver
when verifying signatures made by keys that are not on the local keyring. The
default is --no-auto-key-retrieve.

The order of methods tried to lookup the key is:

1. If the option --auto-key-import is set and the signatures includes an embedded
key, that key is used to verify the signature and on verification success that key
is imported.

2. If a preferred keyserver is specified in the signature and the option honor-
keyserver-url is active (which is not the default), that keyserver is tried. Note
that the creator of the signature uses the option --sig-keyserver-url to specify
the preferred keyserver for data signatures.

3. If the signature has the Signer's UID set (e.g. using --sender while creating
the signature) a Web Key Directory (WKD) lookup is done. This is the default
configuration but can be disabled by removing WKD from the auto-key-locate list or
by using the option --disable-signer-uid.

4. If any keyserver is configured and the Issuer Fingerprint is part of the
signature (since GnuPG 2.1.16), the configured keyservers are tried.

Note that this option makes a "web bug" like behavior possible. Keyserver or Web
Key Directory operators can see which keys you request, so by sending you a message
signed by a brand new key (which you naturally will not have on your local
keyring), the operator can tell both your IP address and the time when you verified
the signature.

--keyid-format {none|short|0xshort|long|0xlong}
Select how to display key IDs. "none" does not show the key ID at all but shows
the fingerprint in a separate line. "short" is the traditional 8-character key ID.
"long" is the more accurate (but less convenient) 16-character key ID. Add an "0x"
to either to include an "0x" at the beginning of the key ID, as in 0x99242560.
Note that this option is ignored if the option --with-colons is used.

--keyserver name
This option is deprecated - please use the --keyserver in ‘dirmngr.conf’ instead.

Use name as your keyserver. This is the server that --receive-keys, --send-keys,
and --search-keys will communicate with to receive keys from, send keys to, and
search for keys on. The format of the name is a URI:
`scheme:[//]keyservername[:port]' The scheme is the type of keyserver: "hkp"/"hkps"
for the HTTP (or compatible) keyservers or "ldap"/"ldaps" for the LDAP keyservers.
Note that your particular installation of GnuPG may have other keyserver types
available as well. Keyserver schemes are case-insensitive.

Most keyservers synchronize with each other, so there is generally no need to send
keys to more than one server. The keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net uses round robin
DNS to give a different keyserver each time you use it.

--keyserver-options {name=value}
This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options for the keyserver.
Options can be prefixed with a `no-' to give the opposite meaning. Valid import-
options or export-options may be used here as well to apply to importing (--recv-
key) or exporting (--send-key) a key from a keyserver. While not all options are
available for all keyserver types, some common options are:

include-revoked
When searching for a key with --search-keys, include keys that are marked on
the keyserver as revoked. Note that not all keyservers differentiate between
revoked and unrevoked keys, and for such keyservers this option is
meaningless. Note also that most keyservers do not have cryptographic
verification of key revocations, and so turning this option off may result
in skipping keys that are incorrectly marked as revoked.

include-disabled
When searching for a key with --search-keys, include keys that are marked on
the keyserver as disabled. Note that this option is not used with HKP
keyservers.

auto-key-retrieve
This is an obsolete alias for the option auto-key-retrieve. Please do not
use it; it will be removed in future versions..

honor-keyserver-url
When using --refresh-keys, if the key in question has a preferred keyserver
URL, then use that preferred keyserver to refresh the key from. In addition,
if auto-key-retrieve is set, and the signature being verified has a
preferred keyserver URL, then use that preferred keyserver to fetch the key
from. Note that this option introduces a "web bug": The creator of the key
can see when the keys is refreshed. Thus this option is not enabled by
default.

include-subkeys
When receiving a key, include subkeys as potential targets. Note that this
option is not used with HKP keyservers, as they do not support retrieving
keys by subkey id.

timeout
http-proxy=value
verbose
debug
check-cert

ca-cert-file
These options have no more function since GnuPG 2.1. Use the dirmngr
configuration options instead.

The default list of options is: "self-sigs-only, repair-keys, repair-pks-subkey-bug,
export-attributes". However, if the actual used source is an LDAP server "no-self-sigs-
only" is assumed unless "self-sigs-only" has been explicitly configured.

--completes-needed n
Number of completely trusted users to introduce a new key signer (defaults to 1).

--marginals-needed n
Number of marginally trusted users to introduce a new key signer (defaults to 3)

--tofu-default-policy {auto|good|unknown|bad|ask}
The default TOFU policy (defaults to auto). For more information about the meaning
of this option, see: [trust-model-tofu].

--max-cert-depth n
Maximum depth of a certification chain (default is 5).

--no-sig-cache
Do not cache the verification status of key signatures. Caching gives a much
better performance in key listings. However, if you suspect that your public
keyring is not safe against write modifications, you can use this option to disable
the caching. It probably does not make sense to disable it because all kind of
damage can be done if someone else has write access to your public keyring.

--auto-check-trustdb
--no-auto-check-trustdb
If GnuPG feels that its information about the Web of Trust has to be updated, it
automatically runs the --check-trustdb command internally. This may be a time
consuming process. --no-auto-check-trustdb disables this option.

--use-agent
--no-use-agent
This is dummy option. gpg always requires the agent.

--gpg-agent-info
This is dummy option. It has no effect when used with gpg.

--agent-program file
Specify an agent program to be used for secret key operations. The default value
is determined by running gpgconf with the option --list-dirs. Note that the pipe
symbol (|) is used for a regression test suite hack and may thus not be used in the
file name.

--dirmngr-program file
Specify a dirmngr program to be used for keyserver access. The default value is
‘/usr/bin/dirmngr’.

--disable-dirmngr
Entirely disable the use of the Dirmngr.

--no-autostart
Do not start the gpg-agent or the dirmngr if it has not yet been started and its
service is required. This option is mostly useful on machines where the connection
to gpg-agent has been redirected to another machines. If dirmngr is required on
the remote machine, it may be started manually using gpgconf --launch dirmngr.

--lock-once
Lock the databases the first time a lock is requested and do not release the lock
until the process terminates.

--lock-multiple
Release the locks every time a lock is no longer needed. Use this to override a
previous --lock-once from a config file.

--lock-never
Disable locking entirely. This option should be used only in very special
environments, where it can be assured that only one process is accessing those
files. A bootable floppy with a stand-alone encryption system will probably use
this. Improper usage of this option may lead to data and key corruption.

--exit-on-status-write-error
This option will cause write errors on the status FD to immediately terminate the
process. That should in fact be the default but it never worked this way and thus
we need an option to enable this, so that the change won't break applications which
close their end of a status fd connected pipe too early. Using this option along
with --enable-progress-filter may be used to cleanly cancel long running gpg
operations.

--limit-card-insert-tries n
With n greater than 0 the number of prompts asking to insert a smartcard gets
limited to N-1. Thus with a value of 1 gpg won't at all ask to insert a card if
none has been inserted at startup. This option is useful in the configuration file
in case an application does not know about the smartcard support and waits ad
infinitum for an inserted card.

--no-random-seed-file
GnuPG uses a file to store its internal random pool over invocations. This makes
random generation faster; however sometimes write operations are not desired. This
option can be used to achieve that with the cost of slower random generation.

--no-greeting
Suppress the initial copyright message.

--no-secmem-warning
Suppress the warning about "using insecure memory".

--no-permission-warning
Suppress the warning about unsafe file and home directory (--homedir) permissions.
Note that the permission checks that GnuPG performs are not intended to be
authoritative, but rather they simply warn about certain common permission
problems. Do not assume that the lack of a warning means that your system is
secure.

Note that the warning for unsafe --homedir permissions cannot be suppressed in the
gpg.conf file, as this would allow an attacker to place an unsafe gpg.conf file in
place, and use this file to suppress warnings about itself. The --homedir
permissions warning may only be suppressed on the command line.

--require-secmem
--no-require-secmem
Refuse to run if GnuPG cannot get secure memory. Defaults to no (i.e. run, but give
a warning).

--require-cross-certification
--no-require-cross-certification
When verifying a signature made from a subkey, ensure that the cross certification
"back signature" on the subkey is present and valid. This protects against a
subtle attack against subkeys that can sign. Defaults to --require-cross-
certification for gpg.

--expert
--no-expert
Allow the user to do certain nonsensical or "silly" things like signing an expired
or revoked key, or certain potentially incompatible things like generating unusual
key types. This also disables certain warning messages about potentially
incompatible actions. As the name implies, this option is for experts only. If you
don't fully understand the implications of what it allows you to do, leave this
off. --no-expert disables this option.

Key related options

--recipient name
-r Encrypt for user id name. If this option or --hidden-recipient is not specified,
GnuPG asks for the user-id unless --default-recipient is given.

--hidden-recipient name
-R Encrypt for user ID name, but hide the key ID of this user's key. This option helps
to hide the receiver of the message and is a limited countermeasure against traffic
analysis. If this option or --recipient is not specified, GnuPG asks for the user
ID unless --default-recipient is given.

--recipient-file file
-f This option is similar to --recipient except that it encrypts to a key stored in
the given file. file must be the name of a file containing exactly one key. gpg
assumes that the key in this file is fully valid.

--hidden-recipient-file file
-F This option is similar to --hidden-recipient except that it encrypts to a key
stored in the given file. file must be the name of a file containing exactly one
key. gpg assumes that the key in this file is fully valid.

--encrypt-to name
Same as --recipient but this one is intended for use in the options file and may be
used with your own user-id as an "encrypt-to-self". These keys are only used when
there are other recipients given either by use of --recipient or by the asked user
id. No trust checking is performed for these user ids and even disabled keys can
be used.

--hidden-encrypt-to name
Same as --hidden-recipient but this one is intended for use in the options file and
may be used with your own user-id as a hidden "encrypt-to-self". These keys are
only used when there are other recipients given either by use of --recipient or by
the asked user id. No trust checking is performed for these user ids and even
disabled keys can be used.

--no-encrypt-to
Disable the use of all --encrypt-to and --hidden-encrypt-to keys.

--group {name=value}
Sets up a named group, which is similar to aliases in email programs. Any time the
group name is a recipient (-r or --recipient), it will be expanded to the values
specified. Multiple groups with the same name are automatically merged into a
single group.

The values are key IDs or fingerprints, but any key description is accepted. Note
that a value with spaces in it will be treated as two different values. Note also
there is only one level of expansion --- you cannot make an group that points to
another group. When used from the command line, it may be necessary to quote the
argument to this option to prevent the shell from treating it as multiple
arguments.

--ungroup name
Remove a given entry from the --group list.

--no-groups
Remove all entries from the --group list.

--local-user name
-u Use name as the key to sign with. Note that this option overrides --default-key.

--sender mbox
This option has two purposes. mbox must either be a complete user ID containing a
proper mail address or just a plain mail address. The option can be given multiple
times.

When creating a signature this option tells gpg the signing key's user id used to
make the signature and embeds that user ID into the created signature (using
OpenPGP's ``Signer's User ID'' subpacket). If the option is given multiple times a
suitable user ID is picked. However, if the signing key was specified directly by
using a mail address (i.e. not by using a fingerprint or key ID) this option is
used and the mail address is embedded in the created signature.

When verifying a signature mbox is used to restrict the information printed by the
TOFU code to matching user IDs. If the option is used and the signature contains a
``Signer's User ID'' subpacket that information is is also used to restrict the
printed information. Note that GnuPG considers only the mail address part of a
User ID.

If this option or the said subpacket is available the TRUST lines as printed by
option status-fd correspond to the corresponding User ID; if no User ID is known
the TRUST lines are computed directly on the key and do not give any information
about the User ID. In the latter case it his highly recommended to scripts and
other frontends to evaluate the VALIDSIG line, retrieve the key and print all User
IDs along with their validity (trust) information.

--try-secret-key name
For hidden recipients GPG needs to know the keys to use for trial decryption. The
key set with --default-key is always tried first, but this is often not sufficient.
This option allows setting more keys to be used for trial decryption. Although any
valid user-id specification may be used for name it makes sense to use at least the
long keyid to avoid ambiguities. Note that gpg-agent might pop up a pinentry for a
lot keys to do the trial decryption. If you want to stop all further trial
decryption you may use close-window button instead of the cancel button.

--try-all-secrets
Don't look at the key ID as stored in the message but try all secret keys in turn
to find the right decryption key. This option forces the behaviour as used by
anonymous recipients (created by using --throw-keyids or --hidden-recipient) and
might come handy in case where an encrypted message contains a bogus key ID.

--skip-hidden-recipients
--no-skip-hidden-recipients
During decryption skip all anonymous recipients. This option helps in the case
that people use the hidden recipients feature to hide their own encrypt-to key from
others. If one has many secret keys this may lead to a major annoyance because all
keys are tried in turn to decrypt something which was not really intended for it.
The drawback of this option is that it is currently not possible to decrypt a
message which includes real anonymous recipients.

Input and Output

--armor
-a Create ASCII armored output. The default is to create the binary OpenPGP format.

--no-armor
Assume the input data is not in ASCII armored format.

--output file
-o file
Write output to file. To write to stdout use - as the filename.

--max-output n
This option sets a limit on the number of bytes that will be generated when
processing a file. Since OpenPGP supports various levels of compression, it is
possible that the plaintext of a given message may be significantly larger than the
original OpenPGP message. While GnuPG works properly with such messages, there is
often a desire to set a maximum file size that will be generated before processing
is forced to stop by the OS limits. Defaults to 0, which means "no limit".

--chunk-size n
The AEAD encryption mode encrypts the data in chunks so that a receiving side can
check for transmission errors or tampering at the end of each chunk and does not
need to delay this until all data has been received. The used chunk size is 2^n
byte. The lowest allowed value for n is 6 (64 byte) and the largest is the default
of 22 which creates chunks not larger than 4 MiB.

--input-size-hint n
This option can be used to tell GPG the size of the input data in bytes. n must be
a positive base-10 number. This option is only useful if the input is not taken
from a file. GPG may use this hint to optimize its buffer allocation strategy. It
is also used by the --status-fd line ``PROGRESS'' to provide a value for ``total''
if that is not available by other means.

--key-origin string[,url]
gpg can track the origin of a key. Certain origins are implicitly known (e.g.
keyserver, web key directory) and set. For a standard import the origin of the
keys imported can be set with this option. To list the possible values use "help"
for string. Some origins can store an optional url argument. That URL can
appended to string after a comma.

--import-options parameters
This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options for importing keys.
Options can be prepended with a `no-' to give the opposite meaning. The options
are:

import-local-sigs
Allow importing key signatures marked as "local". This is not generally
useful unless a shared keyring scheme is being used. Defaults to no.

keep-ownertrust
Normally possible still existing ownertrust values of a key are cleared if a
key is imported. This is in general desirable so that a formerly deleted
key does not automatically gain an ownertrust values merely due to import.
On the other hand it is sometimes necessary to re-import a trusted set of
keys again but keeping already assigned ownertrust values. This can be
achieved by using this option.

repair-pks-subkey-bug
During import, attempt to repair the damage caused by the PKS keyserver bug
(pre version 0.9.6) that mangles keys with multiple subkeys. Note that this
cannot completely repair the damaged key as some crucial data is removed by
the keyserver, but it does at least give you back one subkey. Defaults to no
for regular --import and to yes for keyserver --receive-keys.

import-show
show-only
Show a listing of the key as imported right before it is stored. This can
be combined with the option --dry-run to only look at keys; the option show-
only is a shortcut for this combination. The command --show-keys is another
shortcut for this. Note that suffixes like '#' for "sec" and "sbb" lines
may or may not be printed.

import-export
Run the entire import code but instead of storing the key to the local
keyring write it to the output. The export option export-dane affect the
output. This option can for example be used to remove all invalid parts
from a key without the need to store it.

merge-only
During import, allow key updates to existing keys, but do not allow any new
keys to be imported. Defaults to no.

import-clean
After import, compact (remove all signatures except the self-signature) any
user IDs from the new key that are not usable. Then, remove any signatures
from the new key that are not usable. This includes signatures that were
issued by keys that are not present on the keyring. This option is the same
as running the --edit-key command "clean" after import. Defaults to no.

self-sigs-only
Accept only self-signatures while importing a key. All other key signatures
are skipped at an early import stage. This option can be used with
keyserver-options to mitigate attempts to flood a key with bogus signatures
from a keyserver. The drawback is that all other valid key signatures, as
required by the Web of Trust are also not imported. Note that when using
this option along with import-clean it suppresses the final clean step after
merging the imported key into the existing key.

ignore-attributes
Ignore all attribute user IDs (photo IDs) and their signatures while
importing a key.

repair-keys
After import, fix various problems with the keys. For example, this
reorders signatures, and strips duplicate signatures. Defaults to yes.

bulk-import
When used the keyboxd (option use-keyboxd in ‘common.conf’) does the import
within a single transaction.

import-minimal
Import the smallest key possible. This removes all signatures except the
most recent self-signature on each user ID. This option is the same as
running the --edit-key command "minimize" after import. Defaults to no.

restore
import-restore
Import in key restore mode. This imports all data which is usually skipped
during import; including all GnuPG specific data. All other contradicting
options are overridden.

--import-filter {name=expr}
--export-filter {name=expr}
These options define an import/export filter which are applied to the
imported/exported keyblock right before it will be stored/written. name defines
the type of filter to use, expr the expression to evaluate. The option can be used
several times which then appends more expression to the same name.

The available filter types are:

keep-uid
This filter will keep a user id packet and its dependent packets in the
keyblock if the expression evaluates to true.

drop-subkey
This filter drops the selected subkeys. Currently only implemented for
--export-filter.

drop-sig
This filter drops the selected key signatures on user ids. Self-signatures
are not considered. Currently only implemented for --import-filter.

select This filter is only implemented by --list-filter. All property names may be
used.

For the syntax of the expression see the chapter "FILTER EXPRESSIONS". The property names
for the expressions depend on the actual filter type and are indicated in the following
table. Note that all property names may also be used by --list-filter.

Property names may be prefix with a scope delimited by a slash. Valid scopes are "pub"
for public and secret primary keys, "sub" for public and secret subkeys, "uid" for for
user-ID packets, and "sig" for signature packets. Invalid scopes are currently ignored.

The available properties are:

uid A string with the user id. (keep-uid)

mbox The addr-spec part of a user id with mailbox or the empty string. (keep-
uid)

algostr
A string with the key algorithm description. For example "rsa3072" or
"ed25519".

key_algo
A number with the public key algorithm of a key or subkey packet. (drop-
subkey)

key_size
A number with the effective key size of a key or subkey packet. (drop-
subkey)

key_created
key_created_d
The first is the timestamp a public key or subkey packet was created. The
second is the same but given as an ISO string, e.g. "2016-08-17". (drop-
subkey)

key_expires
key_expires_d
The expiration time of a public key or subkey or 0 if it does not expire.
The second is the same but given as an ISO date string or an empty string
e.g. "2038-01-19".

fpr The hexified fingerprint of the current subkey or primary key. (drop-
subkey)

primary
Boolean indicating whether the user id is the primary one. (keep-uid)

expired
Boolean indicating whether a user id (keep-uid), a key (drop-subkey), or a
signature (drop-sig) expired.

revoked
Boolean indicating whether a user id (keep-uid) or a key (drop-subkey) has
been revoked.

disabled
Boolean indicating whether a primary key is disabled.

secret Boolean indicating whether a key or subkey is a secret one. (drop-subkey)

usage A string indicating the usage flags for the subkey, from the sequence
``ecsa?''. For example, a subkey capable of just signing and authentication
would be an exact match for ``sa''. (drop-subkey)

sig_created
sig_created_d
The first is the timestamp a signature packet was created. The second is
the same but given as an ISO date string, e.g. "2016-08-17". (drop-sig)

sig_expires
sig_expires_d
The expiration time of a signature packet or 0 if it does not expire. The
second is the same but given as an ISO date string or an empty string e.g.
"2038-01-19".

sig_algo
A number with the public key algorithm of a signature packet. (drop-sig)

sig_digest_algo
A number with the digest algorithm of a signature packet. (drop-sig)

origin A string with the key origin or a question mark. For example the string
``wkd'' is used if a key originated from a Web Key Directory lookup.

lastupd
The timestamp the key was last updated from a keyserver or the Web Key
Directory.

url A string with the the URL associated wit the last key lookup.

--export-options parameters
This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options for exporting keys.
Options can be prepended with a `no-' to give the opposite meaning. The options
are:

export-local-sigs
Allow exporting key signatures marked as "local". This is not generally
useful unless a shared keyring scheme is being used. Defaults to no.

export-attributes
Include attribute user IDs (photo IDs) while exporting. Not including
attribute user IDs is useful to export keys that are going to be used by an
OpenPGP program that does not accept attribute user IDs. Defaults to yes.

export-sensitive-revkeys
Include designated revoker information that was marked as "sensitive".
Defaults to no.

backup
export-backup
Export for use as a backup. The exported data includes all data which is
needed to restore the key or keys later with GnuPG. The format is basically
the OpenPGP format but enhanced with GnuPG specific data. All other
contradicting options are overridden.

export-clean
Compact (remove all signatures from) user IDs on the key being exported if
the user IDs are not usable. Also, do not export any signatures that are not
usable. This includes signatures that were issued by keys that are not
present on the keyring. This option is the same as running the --edit-key
command "clean" before export except that the local copy of the key is not
modified. Defaults to no.

export-minimal
Export the smallest key possible. This removes all signatures except the
most recent self-signature on each user ID. This option is the same as
running the --edit-key command "minimize" before export except that the
local copy of the key is not modified. Defaults to no.

export-revocs
Export only standalone revocation certificates of the key. This option does
not export revocations of 3rd party certificate revocations.

export-dane
Instead of outputting the key material output OpenPGP DANE records suitable
to put into DNS zone files. An ORIGIN line is printed before each record to
allow diverting the records to the corresponding zone file.

mode1003
Enable the use of a new secret key export format. This format avoids the
re-encryption as required with the current OpenPGP format and also improves
the security of the secret key if it has been protected with a passphrase.
Note that an unprotected key is exported as-is and thus not secure; the
general rule to convey secret keys in an OpenPGP encrypted file still
applies with this mode. Versions of GnuPG before 2.4.0 are not able to
import such a secret file.

--with-colons
Print key listings delimited by colons. Note that the output will be encoded in
UTF-8 regardless of any --display-charset setting. This format is useful when GnuPG
is called from scripts and other programs as it is easily machine parsed. The
details of this format are documented in the file ‘doc/DETAILS’, which is included
in the GnuPG source distribution.

--fixed-list-mode
Do not merge primary user ID and primary key in --with-colon listing mode and print
all timestamps as seconds since 1970-01-01. Since GnuPG 2.0.10, this mode is
always used and thus this option is obsolete; it does not harm to use it though.

--legacy-list-mode
Revert to the pre-2.1 public key list mode. This only affects the human readable
output and not the machine interface (i.e. --with-colons). Note that the legacy
format does not convey suitable information for elliptic curves.

--with-fingerprint
Same as the command --fingerprint but changes only the format of the output and may
be used together with another command.

--with-subkey-fingerprint
If a fingerprint is printed for the primary key, this option forces printing of the
fingerprint for all subkeys. This could also be achieved by using the --with-
fingerprint twice but by using this option along with keyid-format "none" a compact
fingerprint is printed.

--with-v5-fingerprint
In a colon mode listing emit "fp2" lines for version 4 OpenPGP keys having a v5
style fingerprint of the key.

--with-icao-spelling
Print the ICAO spelling of the fingerprint in addition to the hex digits.

--with-keygrip
Include the keygrip in the key listings. In --with-colons mode this is implicitly
enable for secret keys.

--with-key-origin
Include the locally held information on the origin and last update of a key in a
key listing. In --with-colons mode this is always printed. This data is currently
experimental and shall not be considered part of the stable API.

--with-wkd-hash
Print a Web Key Directory identifier along with each user ID in key listings. This
is an experimental feature and semantics may change.

--with-secret
Include info about the presence of a secret key in public key listings done with
--with-colons.

OpenPGP protocol specific options

-t, --textmode
--no-textmode
Treat input files as text and store them in the OpenPGP canonical text form with
standard "CRLF" line endings. This also sets the necessary flags to inform the
recipient that the encrypted or signed data is text and may need its line endings
converted back to whatever the local system uses. This option is useful when
communicating between two platforms that have different line ending conventions
(UNIX-like to Mac, Mac to Windows, etc). --no-textmode disables this option, and is
the default.

--force-v3-sigs
--no-force-v3-sigs

--force-v4-certs
--no-force-v4-certs
These options are obsolete and have no effect since GnuPG 2.1.

--force-ocb
--force-aead
Force the use of AEAD encryption over MDC encryption. AEAD is a modern and faster
way to do authenticated encryption than the old MDC method. --force-aead is an
alias and deprecated. See also option --chunk-size.

--force-mdc
--disable-mdc
These options are obsolete and have no effect since GnuPG 2.2.8. The MDC is always
used unless the keys indicate that an AEAD algorithm can be used in which case AEAD
is used. But note: If the creation of a legacy non-MDC message is exceptionally
required, the option --rfc2440 allows for this.

--disable-signer-uid
By default the user ID of the signing key is embedded in the data signature. As of
now this is only done if the signing key has been specified with local-user using a
mail address, or with sender. This information can be helpful for verifier to
locate the key; see option --auto-key-retrieve.

--include-key-block
--no-include-key-block
This option is used to embed the actual signing key into a data signature. The
embedded key is stripped down to a single user id and includes only the signing
subkey used to create the signature as well as as valid encryption subkeys. All
other info is removed from the key to keep it and thus the signature small. This
option is the OpenPGP counterpart to the gpgsm option --include-certs and allows
the recipient of a signed message to reply encrypted to the sender without using
any online directories to lookup the key. The default is --no-include-key-block.
See also the option --auto-key-import.

--personal-cipher-preferences string
Set the list of personal cipher preferences to string. Use gpg --version to get a
list of available algorithms, and use none to set no preference at all. This
allows the user to safely override the algorithm chosen by the recipient key
preferences, as GPG will only select an algorithm that is usable by all recipients.
The most highly ranked cipher in this list is also used for the --symmetric
encryption command.

--personal-digest-preferences string
Set the list of personal digest preferences to string. Use gpg --version to get a
list of available algorithms, and use none to set no preference at all. This
allows the user to safely override the algorithm chosen by the recipient key
preferences, as GPG will only select an algorithm that is usable by all recipients.
The most highly ranked digest algorithm in this list is also used when signing
without encryption (e.g. --clear-sign or --sign).

--personal-compress-preferences string
Set the list of personal compression preferences to string. Use gpg --version to
get a list of available algorithms, and use none to set no preference at all. This
allows the user to safely override the algorithm chosen by the recipient key
preferences, as GPG will only select an algorithm that is usable by all recipients.
The most highly ranked compression algorithm in this list is also used when there
are no recipient keys to consider (e.g. --symmetric).

--s2k-cipher-algo name
Use name as the cipher algorithm for symmetric encryption with a passphrase if
--personal-cipher-preferences and --cipher-algo are not given. The default is
AES-128.

--s2k-digest-algo name
Use name as the digest algorithm used to mangle the passphrases for symmetric
encryption. The default is SHA-1.

--s2k-mode n
Selects how passphrases for symmetric encryption are mangled. If n is 0 a plain
passphrase (which is in general not recommended) will be used, a 1 adds a salt
(which should not be used) to the passphrase and a 3 (the default) iterates the
whole process a number of times (see --s2k-count).

--s2k-count n
Specify how many times the passphrases mangling for symmetric encryption is
repeated. This value may range between 1024 and 65011712 inclusive. The default
is inquired from gpg-agent. Note that not all values in the 1024-65011712 range
are legal and if an illegal value is selected, GnuPG will round up to the nearest
legal value. This option is only meaningful if --s2k-mode is set to the default of
3.

Compliance options

These options control what GnuPG is compliant to. Only one of these options may be active
at a time. Note that the default setting of this is nearly always the correct one. See the
INTEROPERABILITY WITH OTHER OPENPGP PROGRAMS section below before using one of these
options.

--gnupg
Use standard GnuPG behavior. This is essentially OpenPGP behavior (see --openpgp),
but with extension from the proposed update to OpenPGP and with some additional
workarounds for common compatibility problems in different versions of PGP. This
is the default option, so it is not generally needed, but it may be useful to
override a different compliance option in the gpg.conf file.

--openpgp
Reset all packet, cipher and digest options to strict OpenPGP behavior. This
option implies --allow-old-cipher-algos. Use this option to reset all previous
options like --s2k-*, --cipher-algo, --digest-algo and --compress-algo to OpenPGP
compliant values. All PGP workarounds are disabled.

--rfc4880
Reset all packet, cipher and digest options to strict RFC-4880 behavior. This
option implies --allow-old-cipher-algos. Note that this is currently the same
thing as --openpgp.

--rfc4880bis
Reset all packet, cipher and digest options to strict according to the proposed
updates of RFC-4880.

--rfc2440
Reset all packet, cipher and digest options to strict RFC-2440 behavior. Note that
by using this option encryption packets are created in a legacy mode without MDC
protection. This is dangerous and should thus only be used for experiments. This
option implies --allow-old-cipher-algos. See also option --ignore-mdc-error.

--pgp6 This option is obsolete; it is handled as an alias for --pgp7

--pgp7 Set up all options to be as PGP 7 compliant as possible. This allowed the ciphers
IDEA, 3DES, CAST5,AES128, AES192, AES256, and TWOFISH., the hashes MD5, SHA1 and
RIPEMD160, and the compression algorithms none and ZIP. This option implies
--escape-from-lines and disables --throw-keyids,

--pgp8 Set up all options to be as PGP 8 compliant as possible. PGP 8 is a lot closer to
the OpenPGP standard than previous versions of PGP, so all this does is disable
--throw-keyids and set --escape-from-lines. All algorithms are allowed except for
the SHA224, SHA384, and SHA512 digests.

--compliance string
This option can be used instead of one of the options above. Valid values for
string are the above option names (without the double dash) and possibly others as
shown when using "help" for string.

--min-rsa-length n
This option adjusts the compliance mode "de-vs" for stricter key size requirements.
For example, a value of 3000 turns rsa2048 and dsa2048 keys into non-VS-NfD
compliant keys.

--require-compliance
To check that data has been encrypted according to the rules of the current
compliance mode, a gpg user needs to evaluate the status lines. This is allows
frontends to handle compliance check in a more flexible way. However, for scripted
use the required evaluation of the status-line requires quite some effort; this
option can be used instead to make sure that the gpg process exits with a failure
if the compliance rules are not fulfilled. Note that this option has currently an
effect only in "de-vs" mode.

Doing things one usually doesn't want to do

-n
--dry-run
Don't make any changes (this is not completely implemented).

--list-only
Changes the behaviour of some commands. This is like --dry-run but different in
some cases. The semantic of this option may be extended in the future. Currently it
only skips the actual decryption pass and therefore enables a fast listing of the
encryption keys.

-i
--interactive
Prompt before overwriting any files.

--compatibility-flags flags
Set compatibility flags to work around problems due to non-compliant keys or data.
The flags are given as a comma separated list of flag names and are OR-ed together.
The special flag "none" clears the list and allows one to start over with an empty
list. To get a list of available flags the sole word "help" can be used.

--debug-level level
Select the debug level for investigating problems. level may be a numeric value or
by a keyword:

none No debugging at all. A value of less than 1 may be used instead of the
keyword.

basic Some basic debug messages. A value between 1 and 2 may be used instead of
the keyword.

advanced
More verbose debug messages. A value between 3 and 5 may be used instead of
the keyword.

expert Even more detailed messages. A value between 6 and 8 may be used instead of
the keyword.

guru All of the debug messages you can get. A value greater than 8 may be used
instead of the keyword. The creation of hash tracing files is only enabled
if the keyword is used.

How these messages are mapped to the actual debugging flags is not specified and may
change with newer releases of this program. They are however carefully selected to best
aid in debugging.

--debug flags
Set debug flags. All flags are or-ed and flags may be given in C syntax (e.g.
0x0042) or as a comma separated list of flag names. To get a list of all supported
flags the single word "help" can be used. This option is only useful for debugging
and the behavior may change at any time without notice.

--debug-all
Set all useful debugging flags.

--debug-iolbf
Set stdout into line buffered mode. This option is only honored when given on the
command line.

--debug-set-iobuf-size n
Change the buffer size of the IOBUFs to n kilobyte. Using 0 prints the current
size. Note well: This is a maintainer only option and may thus be changed or
removed at any time without notice.

--debug-allow-large-chunks
To facilitate software tests and experiments this option allows one to specify a
limit of up to 4 EiB (--chunk-size 62).

--debug-ignore-expiration
This option tries to override certain key expiration dates. It is only useful for
certain regression tests.

--faked-system-time epoch
This option is only useful for testing; it sets the system time back or forth to
epoch which is the number of seconds elapsed since the year 1970. Alternatively
epoch may be given as a full ISO time string (e.g. "20070924T154812").

If you suffix epoch with an exclamation mark (!), the system time will appear to be
frozen at the specified time.

--full-timestrings
Change the format of printed creation and expiration times from just the date to
the date and time. This is in general not useful and the same information is
anyway available in --with-colons mode. These longer strings are also not well
aligned with other printed data.

--enable-progress-filter
Enable certain PROGRESS status outputs. This option allows frontends to display a
progress indicator while gpg is processing larger files. There is a slight
performance overhead using it.

--status-fd n
Write special status strings to the file descriptor n. See the file DETAILS in the
documentation for a listing of them.

--status-file file
Same as --status-fd, except the status data is written to file file.

--logger-fd n
Write log output to file descriptor n and not to STDERR.

--log-file file
--logger-file file
Same as --logger-fd, except the logger data is written to file file. Use
‘socket://’ to log to s socket.

--log-time
Prefix all log output with a timestamp even if no log file is used.

--attribute-fd n
Write attribute subpackets to the file descriptor n. This is most useful for use
with --status-fd, since the status messages are needed to separate out the various
subpackets from the stream delivered to the file descriptor.

--attribute-file file
Same as --attribute-fd, except the attribute data is written to file file.

--comment string
--no-comments
Use string as a comment string in cleartext signatures and ASCII armored messages
or keys (see --armor). The default behavior is not to use a comment string.
--comment may be repeated multiple times to get multiple comment strings. --no-
comments removes all comments. It is a good idea to keep the length of a single
comment below 60 characters to avoid problems with mail programs wrapping such
lines. Note that comment lines, like all other header lines, are not protected by
the signature.

--emit-version
--no-emit-version
Force inclusion of the version string in ASCII armored output. If given once only
the name of the program and the major number is emitted, given twice the minor is
also emitted, given thrice the micro is added, and given four times an operating
system identification is also emitted. --no-emit-version (default) disables the
version line.

--sig-notation {name=value}
--cert-notation {name=value}
-N, --set-notation {name=value}
Put the name value pair into the signature as notation data. name must consist
only of printable characters or spaces, and must contain a '@' character in the
form keyname@domain.example.com (substituting the appropriate keyname and domain
name, of course). This is to help prevent pollution of the IETF reserved notation
namespace. The --expert flag overrides the '@' check. value may be any printable
string; it will be encoded in UTF-8, so you should check that your --display-
charset is set correctly. If you prefix name with an exclamation mark (!), the
notation data will be flagged as critical (rfc4880:5.2.3.16). --sig-notation sets a
notation for data signatures. --cert-notation sets a notation for key signatures
(certifications). --set-notation sets both.

There are special codes that may be used in notation names. "%k" will be expanded
into the key ID of the key being signed, "%K" into the long key ID of the key being
signed, "%f" into the fingerprint of the key being signed, "%s" into the key ID of
the key making the signature, "%S" into the long key ID of the key making the
signature, "%g" into the fingerprint of the key making the signature (which might
be a subkey), "%p" into the fingerprint of the primary key of the key making the
signature, "%c" into the signature count from the OpenPGP smartcard, and "%%"
results in a single "%". %k, %K, and %f are only meaningful when making a key
signature (certification), and %c is only meaningful when using the OpenPGP
smartcard.

--known-notation name
Adds name to a list of known critical signature notations. The effect of this is
that gpg will not mark a signature with a critical signature notation of that name
as bad. Note that gpg already knows by default about a few critical signatures
notation names.

--sig-policy-url string
--cert-policy-url string
--set-policy-url string
Use string as a Policy URL for signatures (rfc4880:5.2.3.20). If you prefix it
with an exclamation mark (!), the policy URL packet will be flagged as critical.
--sig-policy-url sets a policy url for data signatures. --cert-policy-url sets a
policy url for key signatures (certifications). --set-policy-url sets both.

The same %-expandos used for notation data are available here as well.

--sig-keyserver-url string
Use string as a preferred keyserver URL for data signatures. If you prefix it with
an exclamation mark (!), the keyserver URL packet will be flagged as critical.

The same %-expandos used for notation data are available here as well.

--set-filename string
Use string as the filename which is stored inside messages. This overrides the
default, which is to use the actual filename of the file being encrypted. Using
the empty string for string effectively removes the filename from the output.

--for-your-eyes-only
--no-for-your-eyes-only
Set the `for your eyes only' flag in the message. This causes GnuPG to refuse to
save the file unless the --output option is given, and PGP to use a "secure viewer"
with a claimed Tempest-resistant font to display the message. This option overrides
--set-filename. --no-for-your-eyes-only disables this option.

--use-embedded-filename
--no-use-embedded-filename
Try to create a file with a name as embedded in the data. This can be a dangerous
option as it enables overwriting files. Defaults to no. Note that the option
--output overrides this option.

--cipher-algo name
Use name as cipher algorithm. Running the program with the command --version yields
a list of supported algorithms. If this is not used the cipher algorithm is
selected from the preferences stored with the key. In general, you do not want to
use this option as it allows you to violate the OpenPGP standard. The option
--personal-cipher-preferences is the safe way to accomplish the same thing.

--digest-algo name
Use name as the message digest algorithm. Running the program with the command
--version yields a list of supported algorithms. In general, you do not want to use
this option as it allows you to violate the OpenPGP standard. The option
--personal-digest-preferences is the safe way to accomplish the same thing.

--compress-algo name
Use compression algorithm name. "zlib" is RFC-1950 ZLIB compression. "zip" is
RFC-1951 ZIP compression which is used by PGP. "bzip2" is a more modern
compression scheme that can compress some things better than zip or zlib, but at
the cost of more memory used during compression and decompression. "uncompressed"
or "none" disables compression. If this option is not used, the default behavior is
to examine the recipient key preferences to see which algorithms the recipient
supports. If all else fails, ZIP is used for maximum compatibility.

ZLIB may give better compression results than ZIP, as the compression window size
is not limited to 8k. BZIP2 may give even better compression results than that, but
will use a significantly larger amount of memory while compressing and
decompressing. This may be significant in low memory situations. Note, however,
that PGP (all versions) only supports ZIP compression. Using any algorithm other
than ZIP or "none" will make the message unreadable with PGP. In general, you do
not want to use this option as it allows you to violate the OpenPGP standard. The
option --personal-compress-preferences is the safe way to accomplish the same
thing.

--cert-digest-algo name
Use name as the message digest algorithm used when signing a key. Running the
program with the command --version yields a list of supported algorithms. Be aware
that if you choose an algorithm that GnuPG supports but other OpenPGP
implementations do not, then some users will not be able to use the key signatures
you make, or quite possibly your entire key. Note also that a public key algorithm
must be compatible with the specified digest algorithm; thus selecting an arbitrary
digest algorithm may result in error messages from lower crypto layers or lead to
security flaws.

--disable-cipher-algo name
Never allow the use of name as cipher algorithm. The given name will not be
checked so that a later loaded algorithm will still get disabled.

--disable-pubkey-algo name
Never allow the use of name as public key algorithm. The given name will not be
checked so that a later loaded algorithm will still get disabled.

--throw-keyids
--no-throw-keyids
Do not put the recipient key IDs into encrypted messages. This helps to hide the
receivers of the message and is a limited countermeasure against traffic analysis.
([Using a little social engineering anyone who is able to decrypt the message can
check whether one of the other recipients is the one he suspects.]) On the
receiving side, it may slow down the decryption process because all available
secret keys must be tried. --no-throw-keyids disables this option. This option is
essentially the same as using --hidden-recipient for all recipients.

--not-dash-escaped
This option changes the behavior of cleartext signatures so that they can be used
for patch files. You should not send such an armored file via email because all
spaces and line endings are hashed too. You can not use this option for data which
has 5 dashes at the beginning of a line, patch files don't have this. A special
armor header line tells GnuPG about this cleartext signature option.

--escape-from-lines
--no-escape-from-lines
Because some mailers change lines starting with "From " to ">From " it is good to
handle such lines in a special way when creating cleartext signatures to prevent
the mail system from breaking the signature. Note that all other PGP versions do it
this way too. Enabled by default. --no-escape-from-lines disables this option.

--passphrase-repeat n
Specify how many times gpg will request a new passphrase be repeated. This is
useful for helping memorize a passphrase. Defaults to 1 repetition; can be set to
0 to disable any passphrase repetition. Note that a n greater than 1 will pop up
the pinentry window n+1 times even if a modern pinentry with two entry fields is
used.

--passphrase-fd n
Read the passphrase from file descriptor n. Only the first line will be read from
file descriptor n. If you use 0 for n, the passphrase will be read from STDIN. This
can only be used if only one passphrase is supplied.

Note that since Version 2.0 this passphrase is only used if the option --batch has
also been given. Since Version 2.1 the --pinentry-mode also needs to be set to
loopback.

--passphrase-file file
Read the passphrase from file file. Only the first line will be read from file
file. This can only be used if only one passphrase is supplied. Obviously, a
passphrase stored in a file is of questionable security if other users can read
this file. Don't use this option if you can avoid it.

Note that since Version 2.0 this passphrase is only used if the option --batch has
also been given. Since Version 2.1 the --pinentry-mode also needs to be set to
loopback.

--passphrase string
Use string as the passphrase. This can only be used if only one passphrase is
supplied. Obviously, this is of very questionable security on a multi-user system.
Don't use this option if you can avoid it.

Note that since Version 2.0 this passphrase is only used if the option --batch has
also been given. Since Version 2.1 the --pinentry-mode also needs to be set to
loopback.

--pinentry-mode mode
Set the pinentry mode to mode. Allowed values for mode are:

default
Use the default of the agent, which is ask.

ask Force the use of the Pinentry.

cancel Emulate use of Pinentry's cancel button.

error Return a Pinentry error (``No Pinentry'').

loopback
Redirect Pinentry queries to the caller. Note that in contrast to Pinentry
the user is not prompted again if he enters a bad password.

--no-symkey-cache
Disable the passphrase cache used for symmetrical en- and decryption. This cache
is based on the message specific salt value (cf. --s2k-mode).

--request-origin origin
Tell gpg to assume that the operation ultimately originated at origin. Depending
on the origin certain restrictions are applied and the Pinentry may include an
extra note on the origin. Supported values for origin are: local which is the
default, remote to indicate a remote origin or browser for an operation requested
by a web browser.

--command-fd n
This is a replacement for the deprecated shared-memory IPC mode. If this option is
enabled, user input on questions is not expected from the TTY but from the given
file descriptor. It should be used together with --status-fd. See the file
doc/DETAILS in the source distribution for details on how to use it.

--command-file file
Same as --command-fd, except the commands are read out of file file

--allow-non-selfsigned-uid
--no-allow-non-selfsigned-uid
Allow the import and use of keys with user IDs which are not self-signed. This is
not recommended, as a non self-signed user ID is trivial to forge. --no-allow-non-
selfsigned-uid disables.

--allow-freeform-uid
Disable all checks on the form of the user ID while generating a new one. This
option should only be used in very special environments as it does not ensure the
de-facto standard format of user IDs.

--ignore-time-conflict
GnuPG normally checks that the timestamps associated with keys and signatures have
plausible values. However, sometimes a signature seems to be older than the key due
to clock problems. This option makes these checks just a warning. See also
--ignore-valid-from for timestamp issues on subkeys.

--ignore-valid-from
GnuPG normally does not select and use subkeys created in the future. This option
allows the use of such keys and thus exhibits the pre-1.0.7 behaviour. You should
not use this option unless there is some clock problem. See also --ignore-time-
conflict for timestamp issues with signatures.

--ignore-crc-error
The ASCII armor used by OpenPGP is protected by a CRC checksum against transmission
errors. Occasionally the CRC gets mangled somewhere on the transmission channel but
the actual content (which is protected by the OpenPGP protocol anyway) is still
okay. This option allows GnuPG to ignore CRC errors.

--ignore-mdc-error
This option changes a MDC integrity protection failure into a warning. It is
required to decrypt old messages which did not use an MDC. It may also be useful
if a message is partially garbled, but it is necessary to get as much data as
possible out of that garbled message. Be aware that a missing or failed MDC can be
an indication of an attack. Use with great caution; see also option --rfc2440.

--allow-old-cipher-algos
Old cipher algorithms like 3DES, IDEA, or CAST5 encrypt data using blocks of 64
bits; modern algorithms use blocks of 128 bit instead. To avoid certain attack on
these old algorithms it is suggested not to encrypt more than 150 MiByte using the
same key. For this reason gpg does not allow the use of 64 bit block size
algorithms for encryption unless this option is specified.

--allow-weak-digest-algos
Signatures made with known-weak digest algorithms are normally rejected with an
``invalid digest algorithm'' message. This option allows the verification of
signatures made with such weak algorithms. MD5 is the only digest algorithm
considered weak by default. See also --weak-digest to reject other digest
algorithms.

--weak-digest name
Treat the specified digest algorithm as weak. Signatures made over weak digests
algorithms are normally rejected. This option can be supplied multiple times if
multiple algorithms should be considered weak. See also --allow-weak-digest-algos
to disable rejection of weak digests. MD5 is always considered weak, and does not
need to be listed explicitly.

--allow-weak-key-signatures
To avoid a minor risk of collision attacks on third-party key signatures made using
SHA-1, those key signatures are considered invalid. This options allows one to
override this restriction.

--override-compliance-check
This was a temporary introduced option and has no more effect.

--no-default-keyring
Do not add the default keyring to the list of keyrings. Note that GnuPG needs for
almost all operations a keyring. Thus if you use this option and do not provide
alternate keyrings via --keyring, then GnuPG will still use the default keyring.

Note that if the option use-keyboxd is enabled in ‘common.conf’, no keyrings are
used at all and keys are all maintained by the keyboxd process in its own database.

--no-keyring
Do not use any keyring at all. This overrides the default and all options which
specify keyrings.

--skip-verify
Skip the signature verification step. This may be used to make the decryption
faster if the signature verification is not needed.

--with-key-data
Print key listings delimited by colons (like --with-colons) and print the public
key data.

--list-signatures
--list-sigs
Same as --list-keys, but the signatures are listed too. This command has the same
effect as using --list-keys with --with-sig-list. Note that in contrast to
--check-signatures the key signatures are not verified. This command can be used
to create a list of signing keys missing in the local keyring; for example:

gpg --list-sigs --with-colons USERID | \
awk -F: '$1=="sig" && $2=="?" {if($13){print $13}else{print $5}}'

--fast-list-mode
Changes the output of the list commands to work faster; this is achieved by leaving
some parts empty. Some applications don't need the user ID and the trust
information given in the listings. By using this options they can get a faster
listing. The exact behaviour of this option may change in future versions. If you
are missing some information, don't use this option.

--no-literal
This is not for normal use. Use the source to see for what it might be useful.

--set-filesize
This is not for normal use. Use the source to see for what it might be useful.

--show-session-key
Display the session key used for one message. See --override-session-key for the
counterpart of this option.

We think that Key Escrow is a Bad Thing; however the user should have the freedom
to decide whether to go to prison or to reveal the content of one specific message
without compromising all messages ever encrypted for one secret key.

You can also use this option if you receive an encrypted message which is abusive
or offensive, to prove to the administrators of the messaging system that the
ciphertext transmitted corresponds to an inappropriate plaintext so they can take
action against the offending user.

--override-session-key string
--override-session-key-fd fd
Don't use the public key but the session key string respective the session key
taken from the first line read from file descriptor fd. The format of this string
is the same as the one printed by --show-session-key. This option is normally not
used but comes handy in case someone forces you to reveal the content of an
encrypted message; using this option you can do this without handing out the secret
key. Note that using --override-session-key may reveal the session key to all
local users via the global process table. Often it is useful to combine this
option with --no-keyring.

--ask-sig-expire
--no-ask-sig-expire
When making a data signature, prompt for an expiration time. If this option is not
specified, the expiration time set via --default-sig-expire is used. --no-ask-sig-
expire disables this option.

--default-sig-expire
The default expiration time to use for signature expiration. Valid values are "0"
for no expiration, a number followed by the letter d (for days), w (for weeks), m
(for months), or y (for years) (for example "2m" for two months, or "5y" for five
years), or an absolute date in the form YYYY-MM-DD. Defaults to "0".

--ask-cert-expire
--no-ask-cert-expire
When making a key signature, prompt for an expiration time. If this option is not
specified, the expiration time set via --default-cert-expire is used. --no-ask-
cert-expire disables this option.

--default-cert-expire
The default expiration time to use for key signature expiration. Valid values are
"0" for no expiration, a number followed by the letter d (for days), w (for weeks),
m (for months), or y (for years) (for example "2m" for two months, or "5y" for five
years), or an absolute date in the form YYYY-MM-DD. Defaults to "0".

--default-new-key-algo string
This option can be used to change the default algorithms for key generation. The
string is similar to the arguments required for the command --quick-add-key but
slightly different. For example the current default of
"rsa2048/cert,sign+rsa2048/encr" (or "rsa3072") can be changed to the value of what
we currently call future default, which is "ed25519/cert,sign+cv25519/encr". You
need to consult the source code to learn the details. Note that the advanced key
generation commands can always be used to specify a key algorithm directly.

--no-auto-trust-new-key
When creating a new key the ownertrust of the new key is set to ultimate. This
option disables this and the user needs to manually assign an ownertrust value.

--force-sign-key
This option modifies the behaviour of the commands --quick-sign-key, --quick-lsign-
key, and the "sign" sub-commands of --edit-key by forcing the creation of a key
signature, even if one already exists.

--forbid-gen-key
This option is intended for use in the global config file to disallow the use of
generate key commands. Those commands will then fail with the error code for Not
Enabled.

--allow-secret-key-import
This is an obsolete option and is not used anywhere.

--allow-multiple-messages

--no-allow-multiple-messages
These are obsolete options; they have no more effect since GnuPG 2.2.8.

--enable-special-filenames
This option enables a mode in which filenames of the form ‘-&n’, where n is a non-
negative decimal number, refer to the file descriptor n and not to a file with that
name.

--no-expensive-trust-checks
Experimental use only.

--preserve-permissions
Don't change the permissions of a secret keyring back to user read/write only. Use
this option only if you really know what you are doing.

--default-preference-list string
Set the list of default preferences to string. This preference list is used for new
keys and becomes the default for "setpref" in the --edit-key menu.

--default-keyserver-url name
Set the default keyserver URL to name. This keyserver will be used as the keyserver
URL when writing a new self-signature on a key, which includes key generation and
changing preferences.

--list-config
Display various internal configuration parameters of GnuPG. This option is intended
for external programs that call GnuPG to perform tasks, and is thus not generally
useful. See the file ‘doc/DETAILS’ in the source distribution for the details of
which configuration items may be listed. --list-config is only usable with --with-
colons set.

--list-gcrypt-config
Display various internal configuration parameters of Libgcrypt.

--gpgconf-list
This command is similar to --list-config but in general only internally used by the
gpgconf tool.

--gpgconf-test
This is more or less dummy action. However it parses the configuration file and
returns with failure if the configuration file would prevent gpg from startup.
Thus it may be used to run a syntax check on the configuration file.

--chuid uid
Change the current user to uid which may either be a number or a name. This can be
used from the root account to run gpg for another user. If uid is not the current
UID a standard PATH is set and the envvar GNUPGHOME is unset. To override the
latter the option --homedir can be used. This option has only an effect when used
on the command line. This option has currently no effect at all on Windows.

Deprecated options

--show-photos
--no-show-photos
Causes --list-keys, --list-signatures, --list-public-keys, --list-secret-keys, and
verifying a signature to also display the photo ID attached to the key, if any. See
also --photo-viewer. These options are deprecated. Use --list-options [no-]show-
photos and/or --verify-options [no-]show-photos instead.

--show-keyring
Display the keyring name at the head of key listings to show which keyring a given
key resides on. This option is deprecated: use --list-options [no-]show-keyring
instead.

--show-notation
--no-show-notation
Show signature notations in the --list-signatures or --check-signatures listings as
well as when verifying a signature with a notation in it. These options are
deprecated. Use --list-options [no-]show-notation and/or --verify-options
[no-]show-notation instead.

--show-policy-url
--no-show-policy-url
Show policy URLs in the --list-signatures or --check-signatures listings as well as
when verifying a signature with a policy URL in it. These options are deprecated.
Use --list-options [no-]show-policy-url and/or --verify-options [no-]show-policy-
url instead.

--personal-aead-preferences string
This option is deprecated and has no more effect since version 2.3.9.

--aead-algo name
This option is deprecated and has no more effect since version 2.3.9.

EXAMPLES

       gpg -se -r Bob file
              sign and encrypt for user Bob

       gpg --clear-sign file
              make a cleartext signature

       gpg -sb file
              make a detached signature

       gpg -u 0x12345678 -sb file
              make a detached signature with the key 0x12345678

       gpg --list-keys user_ID
              show keys

       gpg --fingerprint user_ID
              show fingerprint

       gpg --verify pgpfile
       gpg --verify sigfile [datafile]
              Verify  the signature of the file but do not output the data unless requested.  The
              second form is  used  for  detached  signatures,  where  sigfile  is  the  detached
              signature  (either  ASCII  armored  or binary) and datafile are the signed data; if
              this is not given, the name of the file holding the signed data is  constructed  by
              cutting  off  the extension (".asc" or ".sig") of sigfile or by asking the user for
              the filename.  If the option --output is also used the signed data  is  written  to
              the file specified by that option; use - to write the signed data to stdout.

HOW TO SPECIFY A USER ID

There are different ways to specify a user ID to GnuPG. Some of them are only valid for
gpg others are only good for gpgsm. Here is the entire list of ways to specify a key:

By key Id.
This format is deduced from the length of the string and its content or 0x prefix.
The key Id of an X.509 certificate are the low 64 bits of its SHA-1 fingerprint.
The use of key Ids is just a shortcut, for all automated processing the fingerprint
should be used.

When using gpg an exclamation mark (!) may be appended to force using the specified
primary or secondary key and not to try and calculate which primary or secondary
key to use.

The last four lines of the example give the key ID in their long form as internally
used by the OpenPGP protocol. You can see the long key ID using the option --with-
colons.

234567C4
0F34E556E
01347A56A
0xAB123456

234AABBCC34567C4
0F323456784E56EAB
01AB3FED1347A5612
0x234AABBCC34567C4

By fingerprint.
This format is deduced from the length of the string and its content or the 0x
prefix. Note, that only the 20 byte version fingerprint is available with gpgsm
(i.e. the SHA-1 hash of the certificate).

When using gpg an exclamation mark (!) may be appended to force using the specified
primary or secondary key and not to try and calculate which primary or secondary
key to use.

The best way to specify a key Id is by using the fingerprint. This avoids any
ambiguities in case that there are duplicated key IDs.

1234343434343434C434343434343434
123434343434343C3434343434343734349A3434
0E12343434343434343434EAB3484343434343434
0xE12343434343434343434EAB3484343434343434

gpgsm also accepts colons between each pair of hexadecimal digits because this is the de-
facto standard on how to present X.509 fingerprints. gpg also allows the use of the space
separated SHA-1 fingerprint as printed by the key listing commands.

By exact match on OpenPGP user ID.
This is denoted by a leading equal sign. It does not make sense for X.509
certificates.

=Heinrich Heine <heinrichh@uni-duesseldorf.de>

By exact match on an email address.
This is indicated by enclosing the email address in the usual way with left and
right angles.

<heinrichh@uni-duesseldorf.de>

By partial match on an email address.
This is indicated by prefixing the search string with an @. This uses a substring
search but considers only the mail address (i.e. inside the angle brackets).

@heinrichh

By exact match on the subject's DN.
This is indicated by a leading slash, directly followed by the RFC-2253 encoded DN
of the subject. Note that you can't use the string printed by gpgsm --list-keys
because that one has been reordered and modified for better readability; use
--with-colons to print the raw (but standard escaped) RFC-2253 string.

/CN=Heinrich Heine,O=Poets,L=Paris,C=FR

By exact match on the issuer's DN.
This is indicated by a leading hash mark, directly followed by a slash and then
directly followed by the RFC-2253 encoded DN of the issuer. This should return the
Root cert of the issuer. See note above.

#/CN=Root Cert,O=Poets,L=Paris,C=FR

By exact match on serial number and issuer's DN.
This is indicated by a hash mark, followed by the hexadecimal representation of the
serial number, then followed by a slash and the RFC-2253 encoded DN of the issuer.
See note above.

#4F03/CN=Root Cert,O=Poets,L=Paris,C=FR

By keygrip.
This is indicated by an ampersand followed by the 40 hex digits of a keygrip.
gpgsm prints the keygrip when using the command --dump-cert.

&D75F22C3F86E355877348498CDC92BD21010A480

By substring match.
This is the default mode but applications may want to explicitly indicate this by
putting the asterisk in front. Match is not case sensitive.

Heine
*Heine

. and + prefixes
These prefixes are reserved for looking up mails anchored at the end and for a word
search mode. They are not yet implemented and using them is undefined.

Please note that we have reused the hash mark identifier which was used in old
GnuPG versions to indicate the so called local-id. It is not anymore used and
there should be no conflict when used with X.509 stuff.

Using the RFC-2253 format of DNs has the drawback that it is not possible to map
them back to the original encoding, however we don't have to do this because our
key database stores this encoding as meta data.

FILTER EXPRESSIONS

       The  options  --import-filter and --export-filter use expressions with this syntax (square
       brackets indicate an optional part and curly braces a repetition, white space between  the
       elements are allowed):

                  [lc] {[{flag}] PROPNAME op VALUE [lc]}

       The  name  of  a  property (PROPNAME) may only consist of letters, digits and underscores.
       The description for the filter  type  describes  which  properties  are  defined.   If  an
       undefined  property is used it evaluates to the empty string.  Unless otherwise noted, the
       VALUE must always be given and may not be the empty string.  No quoting is defined for the
       value,  thus  the  value  may  not contain the strings && or ||, which are used as logical
       connection operators.  The flag -- can be used to remove this restriction.

       Numerical values are computed as long int; standard C notation applies.  lc is the logical
       connection  operator;  either && for a conjunction or || for a disjunction.  A conjunction
       is assumed at the begin of  an  expression.   Conjunctions  have  higher  precedence  than
       disjunctions.  If VALUE starts with one of the characters used in any op a space after the
       op is required.

       The supported operators (op) are:

       =~     Substring must match.

       !~     Substring must not match.

       =      The full string must match.

       <>     The full string must not match.

       ==     The numerical value must match.

       !=     The numerical value must not match.

       <=     The numerical value of the field must be LE than the value.

       <      The numerical value of the field must be LT than the value.

       >      The numerical value of the field must be GT than the value.

       >=     The numerical value of the field must be GE than the value.

       -le    The string value of the field must be less or equal than the value.

       -lt    The string value of the field must be less than the value.

       -gt    The string value of the field must be greater than the value.

       -ge    The string value of the field must be greater or equal than the value.

       -n     True if value is not empty (no value allowed).

       -z     True if value is empty (no value allowed).

       -t     Alias for "PROPNAME != 0" (no value allowed).

       -f     Alias for "PROPNAME == 0" (no value allowed).

       Values for flag must be space separated.  The supported flags are:

       --     VALUE spans to the end of the expression.

       -c     The string match in this part is done case-sensitive.

       -t     Leading and trailing spaces are not removed from VALUE.  The optional single  space
              after op is here required.

       The  filter options concatenate several specifications for a filter of the same type.  For
       example the four options in this example:

                 --import-filter keep-uid="uid =~ Alfa"
                 --import-filter keep-uid="&& uid !~ Test"
                 --import-filter keep-uid="|| uid =~ Alpha"
                 --import-filter keep-uid="uid !~ Test"

       which is equivalent to

                 --import-filter \
                  keep-uid="uid =~ Alfa" && uid !~ Test" || uid =~ Alpha" && "uid !~ Test"

       imports only the user ids of a key containing the strings "Alfa" or "Alpha"  but  not  the
       string "test".

TRUST VALUES

       Trust  values are used to indicate ownertrust and validity of keys and user IDs.  They are
       displayed with letters or strings:

       -
       unknown
              No ownertrust assigned / not yet calculated.

       e
       expired

              Trust calculation has failed; probably due to an expired key.

       q
       undefined, undef
              Not enough information for calculation.

       n
       never  Never trust this key.

       m
       marginal
              Marginally trusted.

       f
       full   Fully trusted.

       u
       ultimate
              Ultimately trusted.

       r
       revoked
              For validity only: the key or the user ID has been revoked.

       ?
       err    The program encountered an unknown trust value.

FILES

There are a few configuration files to control certain aspects of gpg's operation. Unless
noted, they are expected in the current home directory (see: [option --homedir]).

gpg.conf
This is the standard configuration file read by gpg on startup. It may contain any
valid long option; the leading two dashes may not be entered and the option may not
be abbreviated. This default name may be changed on the command line (see: [gpg-
option --options]). You should backup this file.

common.conf
This is an optional configuration file read by gpg on startup. It may contain
options pertaining to all components of GnuPG. Its current main use is for the
"use-keyboxd" option. If the default home directory ‘~/.gnupg’ does not exist,
GnuPG creates this directory and a ‘common.conf’ file with "use_keyboxd".

Note that on larger installations, it is useful to put predefined files into the directory
‘/etc/skel/.gnupg’ so that newly created users start up with a working configuration. For
existing users a small helper script is provided to create these files (see:
[addgnupghome]).

For internal purposes gpg creates and maintains a few other files; They all live in the
current home directory (see: [option --homedir]). Only the gpg program may modify these
files.

~/.gnupg
This is the default home directory which is used if neither the environment
variable GNUPGHOME nor the option --homedir is given.

~/.gnupg/pubring.gpg
The public keyring using a legacy format. You should backup this file.

If this file is not available, gpg defaults to the new keybox format and creates a
file ‘pubring.kbx’ unless that file already exists in which case that file will
also be used for OpenPGP keys.

Note that in the case that both files, ‘pubring.gpg’ and ‘pubring.kbx’ exists but
the latter has no OpenPGP keys, the legacy file ‘pubring.gpg’ will be used. Take
care: GnuPG versions before 2.1 will always use the file ‘pubring.gpg’ because they
do not know about the new keybox format. In the case that you have to use GnuPG 1.4
to decrypt archived data you should keep this file.

~/.gnupg/pubring.gpg.lock
The lock file for the public keyring.

~/.gnupg/pubring.kbx
The public keyring using the new keybox format. This file is shared with gpgsm.
You should backup this file. See above for the relation between this file and it
predecessor.

To convert an existing ‘pubring.gpg’ file to the keybox format, you first backup
the ownertrust values, then rename ‘pubring.gpg’ to ‘publickeys.backup’, so it
won’t be recognized by any GnuPG version, run import, and finally restore the
ownertrust values:

$ cd ~/.gnupg
$ gpg --export-ownertrust >otrust.lst
$ mv pubring.gpg publickeys.backup
$ gpg --import-options restore --import publickeys.backup
$ gpg --import-ownertrust otrust.lst

~/.gnupg/pubring.kbx.lock
The lock file for ‘pubring.kbx’.

~/.gnupg/secring.gpg
The legacy secret keyring as used by GnuPG versions before 2.1. It is not used by
GnuPG 2.1 and later. You may want to keep it in case you have to use GnuPG 1.4 to
decrypt archived data.

~/.gnupg/secring.gpg.lock
The lock file for the legacy secret keyring.

~/.gnupg/.gpg-v21-migrated
File indicating that a migration to GnuPG 2.1 has been done.

~/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg
The trust database. There is no need to backup this file; it is better to backup
the ownertrust values (see: [option --export-ownertrust]).

~/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg.lock
The lock file for the trust database.

~/.gnupg/random_seed
A file used to preserve the state of the internal random pool.

~/.gnupg/openpgp-revocs.d/
This is the directory where gpg stores pre-generated revocation certificates. The
file name corresponds to the OpenPGP fingerprint of the respective key. It is
suggested to backup those certificates and if the primary private key is not stored
on the disk to move them to an external storage device. Anyone who can access
these files is able to revoke the corresponding key. You may want to print them
out. You should backup all files in this directory and take care to keep this
backup closed away.

Operation is further controlled by a few environment variables:

HOME Used to locate the default home directory.

GNUPGHOME
If set directory used instead of "~/.gnupg".

GPG_AGENT_INFO
This variable is obsolete; it was used by GnuPG versions before 2.1.

PINENTRY_USER_DATA
This value is passed via gpg-agent to pinentry. It is useful to convey extra
information to a custom pinentry.

COLUMNS
LINES Used to size some displays to the full size of the screen.

LANGUAGE
Apart from its use by GNU, it is used in the W32 version to override the language
selection done through the Registry. If used and set to a valid and available
language name (langid), the file with the translation is loaded from
gpgdir/gnupg.nls/langid.mo. Here gpgdir is the directory out of which the gpg
binary has been loaded. If it can't be loaded the Registry is tried and as last
resort the native Windows locale system is used.

GNUPG_BUILD_ROOT
This variable is only used by the regression test suite as a helper under operating
systems without proper support to figure out the name of a process' text file.

GNUPG_EXEC_DEBUG_FLAGS
This variable allows one to enable diagnostics for process management. A numeric
decimal value is expected. Bit 0 enables general diagnostics, bit 1 enables
certain warnings on Windows.

When calling the gpg-agent component gpg sends a set of environment variables to gpg-
agent. The names of these variables can be listed using the command:

gpg-connect-agent 'getinfo std_env_names' /bye | awk '$1=="D" {print $2}'

NOTES

gpg is often used as a backend engine by other software. To help with this a machine
interface has been defined to have an unambiguous way to do this. The options --status-fd
and --batch are almost always required for this.

Programmatic use of GnuPG

Please consider using GPGME instead of calling gpg directly. GPGME offers a stable,
backend-independent interface for many cryptographic operations. It supports OpenPGP and
S/MIME, and also allows interaction with various GnuPG components.

GPGME provides a C-API, and comes with bindings for C++, Qt, and Python. Bindings for
other languages are available.

Ephemeral home directories

Sometimes you want to contain effects of some operation, for example you want to import a
key to inspect it, but you do not want this key to be added to your keyring. In earlier
versions of GnuPG, it was possible to specify alternate keyring files for both public and
secret keys. In modern GnuPG versions, however, we changed how secret keys are stored in
order to better protect secret key material, and it was not possible to preserve this
interface.

The preferred way to do this is to use ephemeral home directories. This technique works
across all versions of GnuPG.

Create a temporary directory, create (or copy) a configuration that meets your needs, make
gpg use this directory either using the environment variable GNUPGHOME, or the option
--homedir. GPGME supports this too on a per-context basis, by modifying the engine info
of contexts. Now execute whatever operation you like, import and export key material as
necessary. Once finished, you can delete the directory. All GnuPG backend services that
were started will detect this and shut down.

The quick key manipulation interface

Recent versions of GnuPG have an interface to manipulate keys without using the
interactive command --edit-key. This interface was added mainly for the benefit of GPGME
(please consider using GPGME, see the manual subsection ``Programmatic use of GnuPG'').
This interface is described in the subsection ``How to manage your keys''.

Unattended key generation

The command --generate-key may be used along with the option --batch for unattended key
generation. This is the most flexible way of generating keys, but it is also the most
complex one. Consider using the quick key manipulation interface described in the
previous subsection ``The quick key manipulation interface''.

The parameters for the key are either read from stdin or given as a file on the command
line. The format of the parameter file is as follows: Text only, line length is limited
to about 1000 characters. UTF-8 encoding must be used to specify non-ASCII characters.
Empty lines are ignored. Leading and trailing white space is ignored. A hash sign as the
first non white space character indicates a comment line. Control statements are
indicated by a leading percent sign, their arguments are separated by white space from the
keyword. Parameters are specified by a keyword, followed by a colon; arguments are
separated by white space. The first parameter must be ‘Key-Type’ but control statements
may be placed anywhere. The order of the parameters does not matter except for ‘Key-
Type’. The parameters are only used for the generated keyblock (primary and subkeys);
parameters from previous sets are not used. Some syntax checks may be performed. Key
commences when either the end of the parameter file is reached, the next ‘Key-Type’
parameter is encountered, or the control statement ‘%commit’ is encountered.

Control statements:

%echo text
Print text as diagnostic.

%dry-run
Suppress actual key generation (useful for syntax checking).

%commit
Perform the key generation. Note that an implicit commit is done at the next
parameter.

%pubring filename
Do not write the key to the default or commandline given keyring but to filename.
This must be given before the first commit to take place, duplicate specification
of the same filename is ignored, the last filename before a commit is used. The
filename is used until a new filename is used (at commit points) and all keys are
written to that file. If a new filename is given, this file is created (and
overwrites an existing one).

See the previous subsection ``Ephemeral home directories'' for a more robust way to
contain side-effects.

%secring filename
This option is a no-op for GnuPG 2.1 and later.

See the previous subsection ``Ephemeral home directories''.

%ask-passphrase
%no-ask-passphrase
This option is a no-op since GnuPG version 2.1.

%no-protection
Using this option allows the creation of keys without any passphrase protection.
This option is mainly intended for regression tests.

%transient-key
If given the keys are created using a faster and a somewhat less secure random
number generator. This option may be used for keys which are only used for a short
time and do not require full cryptographic strength. It takes only effect if used
together with the control statement ‘%no-protection’.

General Parameters:

Key-Type: algo
Starts a new parameter block by giving the type of the primary key. The algorithm
must be capable of signing. This is a required parameter. algo may either be an
OpenPGP algorithm number or a string with the algorithm name. The special value
‘default’ may be used for algo to create the default key type; in this case a ‘Key-
Usage’ shall not be given and ‘default’ also be used for ‘Subkey-Type’.

Key-Length: nbits
The requested length of the generated key in bits. The default is returned by
running the command ‘gpg --gpgconf-list’. For ECC keys this parameter is ignored.

Key-Curve: curve
The requested elliptic curve of the generated key. This is a required parameter
for ECC keys. It is ignored for non-ECC keys.

Key-Grip: hexstring
This is optional and used to generate a CSR or certificate for an already existing
key. Key-Length will be ignored when given.

Key-Usage: usage-list
Space or comma delimited list of key usages. Allowed values are ‘encrypt’, ‘sign’,
and ‘auth’. This is used to generate the key flags. Please make sure that the
algorithm is capable of this usage. Note that OpenPGP requires that all primary
keys are capable of certification, so no matter what usage is given here, the
‘cert’ flag will be on. If no ‘Key-Usage’ is specified and the ‘Key-Type’ is not
‘default’, all allowed usages for that particular algorithm are used; if it is not
given but ‘default’ is used the usage will be ‘sign’.

Subkey-Type: algo
This generates a secondary key (subkey). Currently only one subkey can be handled.
See also ‘Key-Type’ above.

Subkey-Length: nbits
Length of the secondary key (subkey) in bits. The default is returned by running
the command ‘gpg --gpgconf-list’.

Subkey-Curve: curve
Key curve for a subkey; similar to ‘Key-Curve’.

Subkey-Usage: usage-list
Key usage lists for a subkey; similar to ‘Key-Usage’.

Passphrase: string
If you want to specify a passphrase for the secret key, enter it here. Default is
to use the Pinentry dialog to ask for a passphrase.

Name-Real: name
Name-Comment: comment
Name-Email: email
The three parts of a user name. Remember to use UTF-8 encoding here. If you don't
give any of them, no user ID is created.

Expire-Date: iso-date|(number[d|w|m|y])
Set the expiration date for the key (and the subkey). It may either be entered in
ISO date format (e.g. "20000815T145012") or as number of days, weeks, month or
years after the creation date. The special notation "seconds=N" is also allowed to
specify a number of seconds since creation. Without a letter days are assumed.
Note that there is no check done on the overflow of the type used by OpenPGP for
timestamps. Thus you better make sure that the given value make sense. Although
OpenPGP works with time intervals, GnuPG uses an absolute value internally and thus
the last year we can represent is 2105.

Creation-Date: iso-date
Set the creation date of the key as stored in the key information and which is also
part of the fingerprint calculation. Either a date like "1986-04-26" or a full
timestamp like "19860426T042640" may be used. The time is considered to be UTC.
The special notation "seconds=N" may be used to directly specify a the number of
seconds since Epoch (Unix time). If it is not given the current time is used.

Preferences: string
Set the cipher, hash, and compression preference values for this key. This expects
the same type of string as the sub-command ‘setpref’ in the --edit-key menu.

Revoker: algo:fpr [sensitive]
Add a designated revoker to the generated key. Algo is the public key algorithm of
the designated revoker (i.e. RSA=1, DSA=17, etc.) fpr is the fingerprint of the
designated revoker. fpr may not contain spaces or colons. The optional
‘sensitive’ flag marks the designated revoker as sensitive information. Only v4
and v5 keys may be designated revokers.

Keyserver: string
This is an optional parameter that specifies the preferred keyserver URL for the
key.

Handle: string
This is an optional parameter only used with the status lines KEY_CREATED and
KEY_NOT_CREATED. string may be up to 100 characters and should not contain spaces.
It is useful for batch key generation to associate a key parameter block with a
status line.

Here is an example on how to create a key in an ephemeral home directory:
$ export GNUPGHOME="$(mktemp -d)"
$ cat >foo <<EOF
%echo Generating a basic OpenPGP key
Key-Type: DSA
Key-Length: 1024
Subkey-Type: ELG-E
Subkey-Length: 1024
Name-Real: Joe Tester
Name-Comment: with stupid passphrase
Name-Email: joe@foo.bar
Expire-Date: 0
Passphrase: abc
# Do a commit here, so that we can later print "done" :-)
%commit
%echo done
EOF
$ gpg --batch --generate-key foo
[...]
$ gpg --list-secret-keys
/tmp/tmp.0NQxB74PEf/pubring.kbx
-------------------------------
sec dsa1024 2016-12-16 [SCA]
768E895903FC1C44045C8CB95EEBDB71E9E849D0
uid [ultimate] Joe Tester (with stupid passphrase) <joe@foo.bar>
ssb elg1024 2016-12-16 [E]

If you want to create a key with the default algorithms you would use these parameters:
%echo Generating a default key
Key-Type: default
Subkey-Type: default
Name-Real: Joe Tester
Name-Comment: with stupid passphrase
Name-Email: joe@foo.bar
Expire-Date: 0
Passphrase: abc
# Do a commit here, so that we can later print "done" :-)
%commit
%echo done

BUGS

       On  older  systems  this program should be installed as setuid(root). This is necessary to
       lock memory pages. Locking memory pages prevents the operating system from writing  memory
       pages  (which  may contain passphrases or other sensitive material) to disk. If you get no
       warning message about insecure memory your operating system supports locking without being
       root. The program drops root privileges as soon as locked memory is allocated.

       Note  also  that some systems (especially laptops) have the ability to ``suspend to disk''
       (also known as ``safe sleep'' or ``hibernate'').  This writes all memory  to  disk  before
       going  into  a  low  power  or  even  powered  off mode.  Unless measures are taken in the
       operating system to protect the saved memory, passphrases or other sensitive material  may
       be recoverable from it later.

       Before  you  report  a  bug  you should first search the mailing list archives for similar
       problems and second check whether such a bug has already been reported to our bug  tracker
       at https://bugs.gnupg.org.

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

RETURN VALUE

WARNINGS

INTEROPERABILITY

COMMANDS

OPTIONS

EXAMPLES

HOW TO SPECIFY A USER ID

FILTER EXPRESSIONS

TRUST VALUES

FILES

NOTES

BUGS

SEE ALSO