Provided by: libmath-planepath-perl_129-1_all 
NAME
Math::PlanePath::UlamWarburton -- growth of a 2-D cellular automaton
SYNOPSIS
use Math::PlanePath::UlamWarburton;
my $path = Math::PlanePath::UlamWarburton->new;
my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);
DESCRIPTION
This is the pattern of a cellular automaton studied by Ulam and Warburton, numbering cells by growth tree
row and anti-clockwise within the rows.
94 9
95 87 93 8
63 7
64 42 62 6
65 30 61 5
66 43 31 23 29 41 60 4
69 67 14 59 57 3
70 44 68 15 7 13 58 40 56 2
96 71 32 16 3 12 28 55 92 1
97 88 72 45 33 24 17 8 4 1 2 6 11 22 27 39 54 86 91 <- Y=0
98 73 34 18 5 10 26 53 90 -1
74 46 76 19 9 21 50 38 52 ... -2
75 77 20 85 51 -3
78 47 35 25 37 49 84 -4
79 36 83 -5
80 48 82 -6
81 -7
99 89 101 -8
100 -9
^
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
The growth rule is that a given cell grows up, down, left and right, but only if the new cell has no
neighbours (up, down, left or right). So the initial cell "a" is N=1,
a initial depth=0 cell
The next row "b" cells are numbered N=2 to N=5 anti-clockwise from the right,
b
b a b depth=1
b
Likewise the next row "c" cells N=6 to N=9. The "b" cells only grow outwards as 4 "c"s since the other
positions would have neighbours in the existing "b"s.
c
b
c b a b c depth=2
b
c
The "d" cells are then N=10 to N=21, numbered following the previous row "c" cell order and then anti-
clockwise around each.
d
d c d
d b d
d c b a b c d depth=3
d b d
d c d
d
There's only 4 "e" cells since among the "d"s only the X,Y axes won't have existing neighbours (the "b"s
and "d"s).
e
d
d c d
d b d
e d c b a b c d e depth=4
d b d
d c d
d
e
In general the pattern always grows by 1 outward along the X and Y axes and travels into the quarter
planes between with a diamond shaped tree pattern which fills 11 of 16 cells in each 4x4 square block.
Tree Row Ranges
Counting depth=0 as the N=1 at the origin and depth=1 as the next N=2,3,4,5 generation, the number of
cells in a row is
rowwidth(0) = 1
then
rowwidth(depth) = 4 * 3^((count_1_bits(depth) - 1)
So depth=1 has 4*3^0=4 cells, as does depth=2 at N=6,7,8,9. Then depth=3 has 4*3^1=12 cells N=10 to N=21
because depth=3=0b11 has two 1-bits in binary. The N start and end for a row is the cumulative total of
those before it,
Ndepth(depth) = 1 + (rowwidth(0) + ... + rowwidth(depth-1))
Nend(depth) = rowwidth(0) + ... + rowwidth(depth)
For example depth 3 ends at N=(1+4+4)=9.
depth Ndepth rowwidth Nend
0 1 1 1
1 2 4 5
2 6 4 9
3 10 12 21
4 22 4 25
5 26 12 37
6 38 12 49
7 50 36 85
8 86 4 89
9 90 12 101
For a power-of-2 depth the Ndepth is
Ndepth(2^a) = 2 + 4*(4^a-1)/3
For example depth=4=2^2 starts at N=2+4*(4^2-1)/3=22, or depth=8=2^3 starts N=2+4*(4^3-1)/3=86.
Further bits in the depth value contribute powers-of-4 with a tripling for each bit above. So if the
depth number has bits a,b,c,d,etc in descending order,
depth = 2^a + 2^b + 2^c + 2^d ... a>b>c>d...
Ndepth = 2 + 4*(-1
+ 4^a
+ 3 * 4^b
+ 3^2 * 4^c
+ 3^3 * 4^d + ... ) / 3
For example depth=6 = 2^2+2^1 is Ndepth = 2 + (1+4*(4^2-1)/3) + 4^(1+1) = 38. Or depth=7 = 2^2+2^1+2^0
is Ndepth = 1 + (1+4*(4^2-1)/3) + 4^(1+1) + 3*4^(0+1) = 50.
Self-Similar Replication
The diamond shape depth=1 to depth=2^level-1 repeats three times. For example an "a" part going to the
right of the origin "O",
d
d d d
| a d c
--O a a a * c c c ...
| a b c
b b b
b
The 2x2 diamond shaped "a" repeats pointing up, down and right as "b", "c" and "d". This resulting 4x4
diamond then likewise repeats up, down and right. The same happens in the other quarters of the plane.
The points in the path here are numbered by tree rows rather than in this sort of replication, but the
replication helps to see the structure of the pattern.
Half Plane
Option "parts => '2'" confines the pattern to the upper half plane "Y>=0",
parts => "2"
28 6
21 5
29 22 16 20 27 4
11 3
30 12 6 10 26 2
23 13 3 9 19 1
31 24 17 14 7 4 1 2 5 8 15 18 25 <- Y=0
--------------------------------------
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Points are still numbered anti-clockwise around so X axis N=1,2,5,8,15,etc is the first of row depth=X.
X negative axis N=1,4,7,14,etc is the last of row depth=-X. For depth=0 point N=1 is both the first and
last of that row.
Within a row a line from point N to N+1 is always a 45-degree angle. This is true of each 3 direct
children, but also across groups of children by symmetry. For this parts=2 the lines from the last of
one row to the first of the next are horizontal, making an attractive pattern of diagonals and then
across to the next row horizontally. For parts=4 or parts=1 the last to first lines are at various
different slopes and so upsets the pattern.
One Quadrant
Option "parts => '1'" confines the pattern to the first quadrant,
parts => "1" to depth=14
14 | 73
13 | 63
12 | 53 62 72
11 | 49
10 | 39 48 71
9 | 35 47 61
8 | 31 34 38 46 52 60 70
7 | 29 45 59
6 | 19 28 69 67
5 | 15 27 57
4 | 11 14 18 26 68 58 51 56 66
3 | 9 25 23 43
2 | 5 8 24 17 22 44 37 42 65
1 | 3 7 13 21 33 41 55
Y=0 | 1 2 4 6 10 12 16 20 30 32 36 40 50 54 64
+-----------------------------------------------
X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
X axis N=1,2,4,6,10,etc is the first of each row X=depth. Y axis N=1,3,5,9,11,etc is the last similarly
Y=depth.
In this arrangement, horizontal arms have even, N and vertical arms have odd N. For example the vertical
at X=8 N=30,33,37,etc has N odd from N=33 up and when it turns to horizontal at N=42 or N=56 it switches
to N even. The children of N=66 are not shown but the verticals from there are N=79 below and N=81 above
and so switch to odd again.
This odd/even pattern is true of N=2 horizontal and N=3 vertical and thereafter is true due to each row
having an even number of points and the self-similar replications in the pattern,
|\ replication
| \ block 0 to 1 and 3
|3 \ and block 0 block 2 less sides
|----
|\ 2|\
| \ | \
|0 \|1 \
---------
Block 0 is the base and is replicated as block 1 and in reverse as block 3. Block 2 is a further copy of
block 0, but the two halves of block 0 rotated inward 90 degrees, so the X axis of block 0 becomes the
vertical of block 2, and the Y axis of block 0 the horizontal of block 2. Those axis parts are dropped
since they're already covered by block 1 and 3 and dropping them flips the odd/even parity to match the
vertical/horizontal flip due to the 90-degree rotation.
Octant
Option "parts => 'octant'" confines the pattern to the first eighth of the plane 0<=Y<=X.
parts => "octant"
7 | 47 ...
6 | 48 36 46
5 | 49 31 45
4 | 50 37 32 27 30 35 44
3 | 14 51 24 43 41
2 | 15 10 13 25 20 23 42 34 40
1 | 5 8 12 18 22 29 39
Y=0 | 1 2 3 4 6 7 9 11 16 17 19 21 26 28 33 38
+-------------------------------------------------
X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
In this arrangement, N=1,2,3,4,6,7,etc on the X axis is the first N of each row ("tree_depth_to_n()").
Upper Octant
Option "parts => 'octant_up'" confines the pattern to the upper octant 0<=X<=Y of the first quadrant.
parts => "octant_up"
8 | 16 17 19 22 26 29 34 42
7 | 15 21 28 41
6 | 10 14 38 33 40
5 | 8 13 39
4 | 6 7 9 12
3 | 5 11
2 | 3 4
1 | 2
Y=0 | 1
+--------------------------
X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
In this arrangement, N=1,2,3,5,6,8,etc on the Y axis the last N of each row ("tree_depth_to_n_end()").
N Start
The default is to number points starting N=1 as shown above. Option "n_start" can give a different
start, in the same pattern. For example to start at 0,
n_start => 0
29 5
30 22 28 4
13 3
14 6 12 2
31 15 2 11 27 1
32 23 16 7 3 0 1 5 10 21 26 <- Y=0
33 17 4 9 25 -1
18 8 20 37 -2
19 -3
34 24 36 -4
35 -5
^
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5
FUNCTIONS
See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.
"$path = Math::PlanePath::UlamWarburton->new ()"
"$path = Math::PlanePath::UlamWarburton->new (parts => $str, n_start => $n)"
Create and return a new path object. The "parts" option (a string) can be
"4" the default
"2"
"1"
Tree Methods
"@n_children = $path->tree_n_children($n)"
Return the children of $n, or an empty list if $n has no children (including when "$n < 1", ie.
before the start of the path).
The children are the cells turned on adjacent to $n at the next row. The way points are numbered
means that when there's multiple children they're consecutive N values, for example at N=6 the
children are 10,11,12.
Tree Descriptive Methods
"@nums = $path->tree_num_children_list()"
Return a list of the possible number of children in $path. This is the set of possible return values
from "tree_n_num_children()". The possible children varies with the "parts",
parts tree_num_children_list()
----- ------------------------
4 0, 1, 3, 4 (the default)
2 0, 1, 2, 3
1 0, 1, 2, 3
parts=4 has 4 children at the origin N=0 and thereafter either 0, 1 or 3.
parts=2 and parts=1 can have 2 children on the boundaries where the 3rd child is chopped off,
otherwise 0, 1 or 3.
"$n_parent = $path->tree_n_parent($n)"
Return the parent node of $n, or "undef" if "$n <= 1" (the start of the path).
Level Methods
"($n_lo, $n_hi) = $path->level_to_n_range($level)"
Return "$n_lo = $n_start" and
parts $n_hi
----- -----
4 $n_start + (16*4**$level - 4) / 3
2 $n_start + ( 8*4**$level - 5) / 3 + 2*2**$level
1 $n_start + ( 4*4**$level - 4) / 3 + 2*2**$level
$n_hi is "tree_depth_to_n_end(2**($level+1) - 1".
OEIS
This cellular automaton is in Sloane's Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences as
<http://oeis.org/A147562> (etc)
parts=4
A147562 total cells to depth, being tree_depth_to_n() n_start=0
A147582 added cells at depth
A264039 off cells >=2 neighbours ("poisoned")
A260490 increment
A264768 off cells, 4 neighbours ("surrounded")
A264769 increment
parts=2
A183060 total cells to depth=n in half plane
A183061 added cells at depth=n
parts=1
A151922 total cells to depth=n in quadrant
A079314 added cells at depth=n
The A147582 new cells sequence starts from n=1, so takes the innermost N=1 single cell as row n=1, then
N=2,3,4,5 as row n=2 with 5 cells, etc. This makes the formula a binary 1-bits count on n-1 rather than
on N the way rowwidth() above is expressed.
The 1-bits-count power 3^(count_1_bits(depth)) part of the rowwidth() is also separately in A048883, and
as n-1 in A147610.
SEE ALSO
Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::UlamWarburtonQuarter, Math::PlanePath::LCornerTree,
Math::PlanePath::CellularRule
Math::PlanePath::SierpinskiTriangle (a similar binary 1s-count related calculation)
HOME PAGE
<http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html>
LICENSE
Copyright 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Kevin Ryde
This file is part of Math-PlanePath.
Math-PlanePath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU
General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your
option) any later version.
Math-PlanePath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even
the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public
License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Math-PlanePath. If not, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
perl v5.32.0 2021-01-23 Math::PlanePath::UlamWarburton(3pm)