Provided by: libmath-planepath-perl_129-1_all 
NAME
Math::PlanePath::ArchimedeanChords -- radial spiral chords
SYNOPSIS
use Math::PlanePath::ArchimedeanChords;
my $path = Math::PlanePath::ArchimedeanChords->new;
my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);
DESCRIPTION
This path puts points at unit chord steps along an Archimedean spiral. The spiral goes
outwards by 1 unit each revolution and the points are spaced 1 apart.
R = theta/(2*pi)
The result is roughly
31
32 30 ... 3
33 29
14
34 15 13 28 50 2
12
16 3
35 2 27 49 1
4 11
17
36 5 0 1 26 48 <- Y=0
10
18
37 6 25 47 -1
9
19 7 8 24 46
38 -2
20 23
39 21 22 45
-3
40 44
41 42 43
^
-3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4
X,Y positions returned are fractional. Each revolution is about 2*pi longer than the
previous, so the effect is a kind of 6.28 increment looping.
Because the spacing is by unit chords, adjacent unit circles centred on each N position
touch but don't overlap. The spiral spacing of 1 unit per revolution means they don't
overlap radially either.
The unit chords here are a little like the "TheodorusSpiral". But the "TheodorusSpiral"
goes by unit steps at a fixed right-angle and approximates an Archimedean spiral (of 3.14
radial spacing). Whereas this "ArchimedeanChords" is an actual Archimedean spiral (of
radial spacing 1), with unit steps angling along that.
FUNCTIONS
See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.
"$path = Math::PlanePath::ArchimedeanChords->new ()"
Create and return a new path object.
"($x,$y) = $path->n_to_xy ($n)"
Return the X,Y coordinates of point number $n on the path.
$n can be any value "$n >= 0" and fractions give positions on the chord between the
integer points (ie. straight line between the points). "$n==0" is the origin 0,0.
For "$n < 0" the return is an empty list, it being considered there are no negative
points in the spiral.
"$n = $path->xy_to_n ($x,$y)"
Return an integer point number for coordinates "$x,$y". Each integer N is considered
the centre of a circle of diameter 1 and an "$x,$y" within that circle returns N.
The unit spacing of the spiral means those circles don't overlap, but they also don't
cover the plane and if "$x,$y" is not within one then the return is "undef".
The current implementation is a bit slow.
"$n = $path->n_start ()"
Return 0, the first $n on the path.
"$str = $path->figure ()"
Return "circle".
FORMULAS
N to X,Y
The current code keeps a position as a polar angle t and calculates an increment u needed
to move along by a unit chord. If dist(u) is the straight-line distance between t and
t+u, then squared is the hypotenuse
dist^2(u) = ((t+u)/2pi*cos(t+u) - t/2pi*cos(t))^2 # X
+ ((t+u)/2pi*sin(t+u) - t/2pi*sin(t))^2 # Y
which simplifies to
dist^2(u) = [ (t+u)^2 + t^2 - 2*t*(t+u)*cos(u) ] / (4*pi^2)
Switch from cos to sin using the half angle cos(u) = 1 - 2*sin^2(u/2) in case if u is
small then the cos(u) near 1.0 might lose floating point accuracy, and also as a slight
simplification,
dist^2(u) = [ u^2 + 4*t*(t+u)*sin^2(u/2) ] / (4*pi^2)
Then want the u which has dist(u)=1 for a unit chord. The u*sin(u) part probably doesn't
have a good closed form inverse, so the current code is a Newton/Raphson iteration on f(u)
= dist^2(u)-1, seeking f(u)=0
f(u) = u^2 + 4*t*(t+u)*sin^2(u/2) - 4*pi^2
Derivative f'(u) for the slope from the cos form is
f'(u) = 2*(t+u) - 2*t*[ cos(u) - (t+u)*sin(u) ]
And again switching from cos to sin in case u is small,
f'(u) = 2*[ u + t*[2*sin^2(u/2) + (t+u)*sin(u)] ]
X,Y to N
A given x,y point is at a fraction of a revolution
frac = atan2(y,x) / 2pi # -.5 <= frac <= .5
frac += (frac < 0) # 0 <= frac < 1
And the nearest spiral arm measured radially from x,y is then
r = int(hypot(x,y) + .5 - frac) + frac
Perl's "atan2" is the same as the C library and gives -pi <= angle <= pi, hence allowing
for frac<0. It may also be "unspecified" for x=0,y=0, and give +/-pi for x=negzero, which
has to be a special case so 0,0 gives r=0. The "int" rounds towards zero, so frac>.5 ends
up as r=0.
So the N point just before or after that spiral position may cover the x,y, but how many N
chords it takes to get around to there is 's not so easily calculated.
The current code looks in saved "n_to_xy()" positions for an N below the target, and
searches up from there until past the target and thus not covering x,y. With "n_to_xy()"
points saved 500 apart this means searching somewhere between 1 and 500 points.
One possibility for calculating a lower bound for N, instead of the saved positions, and
both for "xy_to_n()" and "rect_to_n_range()", would be to add up chords in circles. A
circle of radius k fits pi/arcsin(1/2k) many unit chords, so
k=floor(r) pi
total = sum ------------
k=0 arcsin(1/2k)
and this is less than the chords along the spiral. Is there a good polynomial over-
estimate of arcsin, to become an under-estimate total, without giving away so much?
Rectangle to N Range
For the "rect_to_n_range()" upper bound, the current code takes the arc length along with
spiral with the usual formula
arc = 1/4pi * (theta*sqrt(1+theta^2) + asinh(theta))
Written in terms of the r radius (theta = 2pi*r) as calculated from the biggest of the
rectangle x,y corners,
arc = pi*r^2*sqrt(1+1/r^2) + asinh(2pi*r)/4pi
The arc length is longer than chords, so N=ceil(arc) is an upper bound for the N range.
An upper bound can also be calculated simply from the circumferences of circles 1 to r,
since a spiral loop from radius k to k+1 is shorter than a circle of radius k.
k=ceil(r)
total = sum 2pi*k
k=1
= pi*r*(r+1)
This is bigger than the arc length, thus a poorer upper bound, but an easier calculation.
(Incidentally, for smallish r have arc length <= pi*(r^2+1) which is a tighter bound and
an easy calculation, but it only holds up to somewhere around r=10^7.)
SEE ALSO
Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::TheodorusSpiral, Math::PlanePath::SacksSpiral
HOME PAGE
<http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html>
LICENSE
Copyright 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Kevin Ryde
This file is part of Math-PlanePath.
Math-PlanePath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 3, or (at your option) any later version.
Math-PlanePath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Math-
PlanePath. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.