Provided by: libminion-perl_10.28+dfsg-1_all 
NAME
Minion::Guide - An introduction to Minion
OVERVIEW
This document contains an introduction to Minion and explains the most important features it has to
offer.
INTRODUCTION
Essentials every Minion developer should know.
Job queue
Job queues allow you to process time and/or computationally intensive tasks in background processes,
outside of the request/response lifecycle of web applications. Among those tasks you'll commonly find
image resizing, spam filtering, HTTP downloads, building tarballs, warming caches and basically
everything else you can imagine that's not super fast.
Mojo::Server::Prefork +--------------+ Minion::Worker
|- Mojo::Server::Daemon [1] enqueue job -> | | -> dequeue job |- Minion::Job [1]
|- Mojo::Server::Daemon [2] | PostgreSQL | |- Minion::Job [2]
|- Mojo::Server::Daemon [3] retrieve result <- | | <- store result |- Minion::Job [3]
+- Mojo::Server::Daemon [4] +--------------+ |- Minion::Job [4]
+- Minion::Job [5]
They are not to be confused with time based job schedulers, such as cron or systemd timers. Both serve
very different purposes, and cron jobs are in fact commonly used to enqueue Minion jobs that need to
follow a schedule. For example to perform regular maintenance tasks.
Mojolicious
You can use Minion as a standalone job queue or integrate it into Mojolicious applications with the
plugin Mojolicious::Plugin::Minion.
use Mojolicious::Lite -signatures;
plugin Minion => {Pg => 'postgresql://sri:s3cret@localhost/test'};
# Slow task
app->minion->add_task(poke_mojo => sub ($job, @args) {
$job->app->ua->get('mojolicious.org');
$job->app->log->debug('We have poked mojolicious.org for a visitor');
});
# Perform job in a background worker process
get '/' => sub ($c) {
$c->minion->enqueue('poke_mojo');
$c->render(text => 'We will poke mojolicious.org for you soon.');
};
app->start;
Background worker processes are usually started with the command Minion::Command::minion::worker, which
becomes automatically available when an application loads Mojolicious::Plugin::Minion.
$ ./myapp.pl minion worker
The worker process will fork a new process for every job that is being processed. This allows for
resources such as memory to be returned to the operating system once a job is finished. Perl fork is very
fast, so don't worry about the overhead.
Minion::Worker
|- Minion::Job [1]
|- Minion::Job [2]
+- ...
By default up to four jobs will be processed in parallel, but that can be changed with configuration
options or on demand with signals.
$ ./myapp.pl minion worker -j 12
Jobs can be managed right from the command line with Minion::Command::minion::job.
$ ./myapp.pl minion job
You can also add an admin ui to your application by loading the plugin
Mojolicious::Plugin::Minion::Admin. Just make sure to secure access before making your application
publicly accessible.
# Make admin ui available under "/minion"
plugin 'Minion::Admin';
Deployment
To manage background worker processes with systemd, you can use a unit configuration file like this.
[Unit]
Description=My Mojolicious application workers
After=postgresql.service
[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/home/sri/myapp/myapp.pl minion worker -m production
KillMode=process
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
Consistency
Every new job starts out as "inactive", then progresses to "active" when it is dequeued by a worker, and
finally ends up as "finished" or "failed", depending on its result. Every "failed" job can then be
retried to progress back to the "inactive" state and start all over again.
+----------+
| |
+-----> | finished |
+----------+ +--------+ | | |
| | | | | +----------+
| inactive | -------> | active | ------+
| | | | | +----------+
+----------+ +--------+ | | |
+-----> | failed | -----+
^ | | |
| +----------+ |
| |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
The system is eventually consistent and will preserve job results for as long as you like, depending on
"remove_after" in Minion. But be aware that "failed" results are preserved indefinitely, and need to be
manually removed by an administrator if they are out of automatic retries.
While individual workers can fail in the middle of processing a job, the system will detect this and
ensure that no job is left in an uncertain state, depending on "missing_after" in Minion. Jobs that do
not get processed after a certain amount of time, depending on "stuck_after" in Minion, will be
considered stuck and fail automatically. So an admin can take a look and resolve the issue.
FEATURES
Minion has many great features. This section is still very incomplete, but will be expanded over time.
Priorities
Every job enqueued with "enqueue" in Minion has a priority. Jobs with a higher priority get performed
first, the default priority is 0. Priorities can be positive or negative, but should be in the range
between 100 and "-100".
# Default priority
$minion->enqueue('check_links', ['https://mojolicious.org']);
# High priority
$minion->enqueue('check_links', ['https://mojolicious.org'], {priority => 30});
# Low priority
$minion->enqueue('check_links', ['https://mojolicious.org'], {priority => -30});
You can use "retry" in Minion::Job to raise or lower the priority of a job.
$job->retry({priority => 50});
Job results
The result of a job has two parts. First there is its state, which can be "finished" for a successfully
processed job, and "failed" for the opposite. And second there's a "result" data structure, that may be
"undef", a scalar, a hash reference, or an array reference. You can check both at any time in the life
cycle of a job with "job" in Minion, all you need is the job id.
# Check job state
my $state = $minion->job($job_id)->info->{state};
# Get job result
my $result = $minion->job($job_id)->info->{result};
While the "state" will be assigned automatically by Minion, the "result" for "finished" jobs is usually
assigned manually with "finish" in Minion::Job.
$minion->add_task(job_with_result => sub ($job) {
sleep 5;
$job->finish({message => 'This job should have taken about 5 seconds'});
});
For jobs that "failed" due to an exception, that exception will be assigned as "result".
$minion->add_task(job_that_fails => sub ($job) {
sleep 5;
die 'This job should always fail after 5 seconds';
});
But jobs can also fail manually with "fail" in Minion::Job.
$minion->add_task(job_that_fails_with_result => sub ($job) {
sleep 5;
$job->fail({errors => ['This job should fail after 5 seconds']});
});
Retrieving job results is of course completely optional, and it is very common to have jobs where the
result is unimportant.
Named queues
Each job can be enqueued with "enqueue" in Minion into arbitrarily named queues, independent of all their
other properties. This is commonly used to have separate classes of workers, for example to ensure that
free customers of your web service do not negatively affect your service level agreements with paying
customers. The default named queue is "default", but aside from that it has no special properties.
# Use "default" queue
$minion->enqueue('check_links', ['https://mojolicious.org']);
# Use custom "important" queue
$minion->enqueue('check_links', ['https://mojolicious.org'], {queue => 'important'});
For every named queue you can start as many workers as you like with the command
Minion::Command::minion::worker. And each worker can process jobs from multiple named queues. So your
workers can have overlapping responsibilities.
$ ./myapp.pl minion worker -q default -q important
There is one special named queue called "minion_foreground" that you should avoid using directly. It is
reserved for debugging jobs with "foreground" in Minion.
Job progress
Progress information and other job metadata can be stored in notes at any time during the life cycle of a
job with "note" in Minion::Job. The metadata can be arbitrary data structures constructed with scalars,
hash references and array references.
$minion->add_task(job_with_progress => sub ($job) {
sleep 1;
$job->note(progress => '25%');
sleep 1;
$job->note(progress => '50%');
sleep 1;
$job->note(progress => '75%');
sleep 1;
$job->note(progress => '100%');
});
Notes, similar to job results, can be retrieved with "job" in Minion, all you need is the job id.
# Get job metadata
my $progress = $minion->job($job_id)->info->{notes}{progress};
You can also use notes to store arbitrary metadata with new jobs when you create them with "enqueue" in
Minion.
# Create job with metadata
$minion->enqueue('job_with_progress', [], {notes => {progress => 0, something_else => [1, 2, 3]}});
The admin ui provided by Mojolicious::Plugin::Minion::Admin allows searching for jobs containing a
certain note, so you can also use them to tag jobs.
Delayed jobs
The "delay" option of "enqueue" in Minion can be used to delay the processing of a job by a certain
amount of seconds (from now).
# Job will not be processed for 60 seconds
$minion->enqueue('check_links', ['https://mojolicious.org'], {delay => 20});
You can use "retry" in Minion::Job to change the delay.
$job->retry({delay => 10});
Expiring jobs
The "expire" option of "enqueue" in Minion can be used to limit for how many seconds (from now) a job
should be valid before it expires and gets deleted from the queue.
# Job will vanish if it is not dequeued within 60 seconds
$minion->enqueue('check_links', ['https://mojolicious.org'], {expire => 60});
You can use "retry" in Minion::Job to reset the expiration time.
$job->retry({expire => 30});
Custom workers
In cases where you don't want to use Minion together with Mojolicious, you can just skip the plugins and
write your own worker scripts.
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Minion;
# Connect to backend
my $minion = Minion->new(Pg => 'postgresql://postgres@/test');
# Add tasks
$minion->add_task(something_slow => sub ($job, @args) {
sleep 5;
say 'This is a background worker process.';
});
# Start a worker to perform up to 12 jobs concurrently
my $worker = $minion->worker;
$worker->status->{jobs} = 12;
$worker->run;
The method "run" in Minion::Worker contains all features you would expect from a Minion worker and can be
easily configured with "status" in Minion::Worker. For even more customization options Minion::Worker
also has a very rich low level API you could for example use to build workers that do not fork at all.
Task plugins
As your Mojolicious application grows, you can move tasks into application specific plugins.
package MyApp::Task::PokeMojo;
use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious::Plugin', -signatures;
sub register ($self, $app, $config) {
$app->minion->add_task(poke_mojo => sub ($job, @args) {
$job->app->ua->get('mojolicious.org');
$job->app->log->debug('We have poked mojolicious.org for a visitor');
});
}
1;
Which are loaded like any other plugin from your application.
# Mojolicious
$app->plugin('MyApp::Task::PokeMojo');
# Mojolicious::Lite
plugin 'MyApp::Task::PokeMojo';
Task classes
For more flexibility, or if you are using Minion as a standalone job queue, you can also move tasks into
dedicated classes. Allowing the use of Perl features such as inheritance and roles. But be aware that
support for task classes is still EXPERIMENTAL and might change without warning!
package MyApp::Task::PokeMojo;
use Mojo::Base 'Minion::Job', -signatures;
sub run ($self, @args) {
$self->app->ua->get('mojolicious.org');
$self->app->log->debug('We have poked mojolicious.org for a visitor');
}
1;
Task classes are registered just like any other task with "add_task" in Minion and you can even register
the same class with multiple names.
$minion->add_task(poke_mojo => 'MyApp::Task::PokeMojo');
MORE
You can continue with Mojolicious::Guides now or take a look at the Mojolicious wiki
<https://github.com/mojolicious/mojo/wiki>, which contains a lot more documentation and examples by many
different authors.
SUPPORT
If you have any questions the documentation might not yet answer, don't hesitate to ask in the Forum
<https://forum.mojolicious.org> or the official IRC channel "#mojo" on "irc.libera.chat" (chat now!
<https://web.libera.chat/#mojo>).
perl v5.36.0 2023-11-30 Minion::Guide(3pm)