Provided by: libbsd-dev_0.12.1-1build1_amd64 
NAME
SPLAY_PROTOTYPE, SPLAY_GENERATE, SPLAY_ENTRY, SPLAY_HEAD, SPLAY_INITIALIZER, SPLAY_ROOT,
SPLAY_EMPTY, SPLAY_NEXT, SPLAY_MIN, SPLAY_MAX, SPLAY_FIND, SPLAY_LEFT, SPLAY_RIGHT,
SPLAY_FOREACH, SPLAY_INIT, SPLAY_INSERT, SPLAY_REMOVE, RB_PROTOTYPE, RB_PROTOTYPE_STATIC,
RB_GENERATE, RB_GENERATE_STATIC, RB_ENTRY, RB_HEAD, RB_INITIALIZER, RB_ROOT, RB_EMPTY,
RB_NEXT, RB_PREV, RB_MIN, RB_MAX, RB_FIND, RB_NFIND, RB_LEFT, RB_RIGHT, RB_PARENT,
RB_FOREACH, RB_FOREACH_SAFE, RB_FOREACH_REVERSE, RB_FOREACH_REVERSE_SAFE, RB_INIT,
RB_INSERT, RB_REMOVE — implementations of splay and red-black trees
LIBRARY
Utility functions from BSD systems (libbsd, -lbsd)
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/tree.h>
(See libbsd(7) for include usage.)
SPLAY_PROTOTYPE(NAME, TYPE, FIELD, CMP);
SPLAY_GENERATE(NAME, TYPE, FIELD, CMP);
SPLAY_ENTRY(TYPE);
SPLAY_HEAD(HEADNAME, TYPE);
struct TYPE *
SPLAY_INITIALIZER(SPLAY_HEAD *head);
SPLAY_ROOT(SPLAY_HEAD *head);
int
SPLAY_EMPTY(SPLAY_HEAD *head);
struct TYPE *
SPLAY_NEXT(NAME, SPLAY_HEAD *head, struct TYPE *elm);
struct TYPE *
SPLAY_MIN(NAME, SPLAY_HEAD *head);
struct TYPE *
SPLAY_MAX(NAME, SPLAY_HEAD *head);
struct TYPE *
SPLAY_FIND(NAME, SPLAY_HEAD *head, struct TYPE *elm);
struct TYPE *
SPLAY_LEFT(struct TYPE *elm, SPLAY_ENTRY NAME);
struct TYPE *
SPLAY_RIGHT(struct TYPE *elm, SPLAY_ENTRY NAME);
SPLAY_FOREACH(VARNAME, NAME, SPLAY_HEAD *head);
void
SPLAY_INIT(SPLAY_HEAD *head);
struct TYPE *
SPLAY_INSERT(NAME, SPLAY_HEAD *head, struct TYPE *elm);
struct TYPE *
SPLAY_REMOVE(NAME, SPLAY_HEAD *head, struct TYPE *elm);
RB_PROTOTYPE(NAME, TYPE, FIELD, CMP);
RB_PROTOTYPE_STATIC(NAME, TYPE, FIELD, CMP);
RB_GENERATE(NAME, TYPE, FIELD, CMP);
RB_GENERATE_STATIC(NAME, TYPE, FIELD, CMP);
RB_ENTRY(TYPE);
RB_HEAD(HEADNAME, TYPE);
RB_INITIALIZER(RB_HEAD *head);
struct TYPE *
RB_ROOT(RB_HEAD *head);
int
RB_EMPTY(RB_HEAD *head);
struct TYPE *
RB_NEXT(NAME, RB_HEAD *head, struct TYPE *elm);
struct TYPE *
RB_PREV(NAME, RB_HEAD *head, struct TYPE *elm);
struct TYPE *
RB_MIN(NAME, RB_HEAD *head);
struct TYPE *
RB_MAX(NAME, RB_HEAD *head);
struct TYPE *
RB_FIND(NAME, RB_HEAD *head, struct TYPE *elm);
struct TYPE *
RB_NFIND(NAME, RB_HEAD *head, struct TYPE *elm);
struct TYPE *
RB_LEFT(struct TYPE *elm, RB_ENTRY NAME);
struct TYPE *
RB_RIGHT(struct TYPE *elm, RB_ENTRY NAME);
struct TYPE *
RB_PARENT(struct TYPE *elm, RB_ENTRY NAME);
RB_FOREACH(VARNAME, NAME, RB_HEAD *head);
RB_FOREACH_SAFE(VARNAME, NAME, RB_HEAD *head, TEMP_VARNAME);
RB_FOREACH_REVERSE(VARNAME, NAME, RB_HEAD *head);
RB_FOREACH_REVERSE_SAFE(VARNAME, NAME, RB_HEAD *head, TEMP_VARNAME);
void
RB_INIT(RB_HEAD *head);
struct TYPE *
RB_INSERT(NAME, RB_HEAD *head, struct TYPE *elm);
struct TYPE *
RB_REMOVE(NAME, RB_HEAD *head, struct TYPE *elm);
DESCRIPTION
These macros define data structures for different types of trees: splay trees and red-black
trees.
In the macro definitions, TYPE is the name tag of a user defined structure that must contain
a field named FIELD, of type SPLAY_ENTRY or RB_ENTRY. The argument HEADNAME is the name tag
of a user defined structure that must be declared using the macros SPLAY_HEAD() or
RB_HEAD(). The argument NAME has to be a unique name prefix for every tree that is defined.
The function prototypes are declared with SPLAY_PROTOTYPE, RB_PROTOTYPE, or
RB_PROTOTYPE_STATIC. The function bodies are generated with SPLAY_GENERATE, RB_GENERATE, or
RB_GENERATE_STATIC. See the examples below for further explanation of how these macros are
used.
SPLAY TREES
A splay tree is a self-organizing data structure. Every operation on the tree causes a
splay to happen. The splay moves the requested node to the root of the tree and partly
rebalances it.
This has the benefit that request locality causes faster lookups as the requested nodes move
to the top of the tree. On the other hand, every lookup causes memory writes.
The Balance Theorem bounds the total access time for m operations and n inserts on an
initially empty tree as O((m + n)lg n). The amortized cost for a sequence of m accesses to
a splay tree is O(lg n).
A splay tree is headed by a structure defined by the SPLAY_HEAD() macro. A SPLAY_HEAD
structure is declared as follows:
SPLAY_HEAD(HEADNAME, TYPE) head;
where HEADNAME is the name of the structure to be defined, and struct TYPE is the type of
the elements to be inserted into the tree.
The SPLAY_ENTRY() macro declares a structure that allows elements to be connected in the
tree.
In order to use the functions that manipulate the tree structure, their prototypes need to
be declared with the SPLAY_PROTOTYPE() macro, where NAME is a unique identifier for this
particular tree. The TYPE argument is the type of the structure that is being managed by
the tree. The FIELD argument is the name of the element defined by SPLAY_ENTRY().
The function bodies are generated with the SPLAY_GENERATE() macro. It takes the same
arguments as the SPLAY_PROTOTYPE() macro, but should be used only once.
Finally, the CMP argument is the name of a function used to compare trees' nodes with each
other. The function takes two arguments of type struct TYPE *. If the first argument is
smaller than the second, the function returns a value smaller than zero. If they are equal,
the function returns zero. Otherwise, it should return a value greater than zero. The
compare function defines the order of the tree elements.
The SPLAY_INIT() macro initializes the tree referenced by head.
The splay tree can also be initialized statically by using the SPLAY_INITIALIZER() macro
like this:
SPLAY_HEAD(HEADNAME, TYPE) head = SPLAY_INITIALIZER(&head);
The SPLAY_INSERT() macro inserts the new element elm into the tree. Upon success, NULL is
returned. If a matching element already exists in the tree, the insertion is aborted, and a
pointer to the existing element is returned.
The SPLAY_REMOVE() macro removes the element elm from the tree pointed by head. Upon
success, a pointer to the removed element is returned. NULL is returned if elm is not
present in the tree.
The SPLAY_FIND() macro can be used to find a particular element in the tree.
struct TYPE find, *res;
find.key = 30;
res = SPLAY_FIND(NAME, &head, &find);
The SPLAY_ROOT(), SPLAY_MIN(), SPLAY_MAX(), and SPLAY_NEXT() macros can be used to traverse
the tree:
for (np = SPLAY_MIN(NAME, &head); np != NULL; np = SPLAY_NEXT(NAME, &head, np))
Or, for simplicity, one can use the SPLAY_FOREACH() macro:
SPLAY_FOREACH(np, NAME, &head)
The SPLAY_EMPTY() macro should be used to check whether a splay tree is empty.
RED-BLACK TREES
A red-black tree is a binary search tree with the node color as an extra attribute. It
fulfills a set of conditions:
1. every search path from the root to a leaf consists of the same number of black
nodes,
2. each red node (except for the root) has a black parent,
3. each leaf node is black.
Every operation on a red-black tree is bounded as O(lg n). The maximum height of a red-
black tree is 2lg (n+1).
A red-black tree is headed by a structure defined by the RB_HEAD() macro. A RB_HEAD
structure is declared as follows:
RB_HEAD(HEADNAME, TYPE) head;
where HEADNAME is the name of the structure to be defined, and struct TYPE is the type of
the elements to be inserted into the tree.
The RB_ENTRY() macro declares a structure that allows elements to be connected in the tree.
In order to use the functions that manipulate the tree structure, their prototypes need to
be declared with the RB_PROTOTYPE() or RB_PROTOTYPE_STATIC() macros, where NAME is a unique
identifier for this particular tree. The TYPE argument is the type of the structure that is
being managed by the tree. The FIELD argument is the name of the element defined by
RB_ENTRY().
The function bodies are generated with the RB_GENERATE() or RB_GENERATE_STATIC() macros.
These macros take the same arguments as the RB_PROTOTYPE() and RB_PROTOTYPE_STATIC() macros,
but should be used only once.
Finally, the CMP argument is the name of a function used to compare trees' nodes with each
other. The function takes two arguments of type struct TYPE *. If the first argument is
smaller than the second, the function returns a value smaller than zero. If they are equal,
the function returns zero. Otherwise, it should return a value greater than zero. The
compare function defines the order of the tree elements.
The RB_INIT() macro initializes the tree referenced by head.
The red-black tree can also be initialized statically by using the RB_INITIALIZER() macro
like this:
RB_HEAD(HEADNAME, TYPE) head = RB_INITIALIZER(&head);
The RB_INSERT() macro inserts the new element elm into the tree. Upon success, NULL is
returned. If a matching element already exists in the tree, the insertion is aborted, and a
pointer to the existing element is returned.
The RB_REMOVE() macro removes the element elm from the tree pointed by head. RB_REMOVE()
returns elm.
The RB_FIND() and RB_NFIND() macros can be used to find a particular element in the tree.
RB_FIND() finds the node with the same key as elm. RB_NFIND() finds the first node greater
than or equal to the search key.
struct TYPE find, *res;
find.key = 30;
res = RB_FIND(NAME, &head, &find);
The RB_ROOT(), RB_MIN(), RB_MAX(), RB_NEXT(), and RB_PREV() macros can be used to traverse
the tree:
for (np = RB_MIN(NAME, &head); np != NULL; np = RB_NEXT(NAME, &head, np))
Or, for simplicity, one can use the RB_FOREACH() or RB_FOREACH_REVERSE() macros:
RB_FOREACH(np, NAME, &head)
The macros RB_FOREACH_SAFE() and RB_FOREACH_REVERSE_SAFE() traverse the tree referenced by
head in a forward or reverse direction respectively, assigning each element in turn to np.
However, unlike their unsafe counterparts, they permit both the removal of np as well as
freeing it from within the loop safely without interfering with the traversal.
The RB_EMPTY() macro should be used to check whether a red-black tree is empty.
EXAMPLES
The following example demonstrates how to declare a red-black tree holding integers. Values
are inserted into it and the contents of the tree are printed in order. Lastly, the
internal structure of the tree is printed.
#include <sys/tree.h>
#include <err.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node {
RB_ENTRY(node) entry;
int i;
};
int intcmp(struct node *, struct node *);
void print_tree(struct node *);
int
intcmp(struct node *e1, struct node *e2)
{
return (e1->i < e2->i ? -1 : e1->i > e2->i);
}
RB_HEAD(inttree, node) head = RB_INITIALIZER(&head);
RB_PROTOTYPE(inttree, node, entry, intcmp)
RB_GENERATE(inttree, node, entry, intcmp)
int testdata[] = {
20, 16, 17, 13, 3, 6, 1, 8, 2, 4, 10, 19, 5, 9, 12, 15, 18,
7, 11, 14
};
void
print_tree(struct node *n)
{
struct node *left, *right;
if (n == NULL) {
printf("nil");
return;
}
left = RB_LEFT(n, entry);
right = RB_RIGHT(n, entry);
if (left == NULL && right == NULL)
printf("%d", n->i);
else {
printf("%d(", n->i);
print_tree(left);
printf(",");
print_tree(right);
printf(")");
}
}
int
main(void)
{
int i;
struct node *n;
for (i = 0; i < sizeof(testdata) / sizeof(testdata[0]); i++) {
if ((n = malloc(sizeof(struct node))) == NULL)
err(1, NULL);
n->i = testdata[i];
RB_INSERT(inttree, &head, n);
}
RB_FOREACH(n, inttree, &head) {
printf("%d\n", n->i);
}
print_tree(RB_ROOT(&head));
printf("\n");
return (0);
}
SEE ALSO
queue(3bsd)
HISTORY
The tree macros first appeared in FreeBSD 4.6.
NOTES
Trying to free a tree in the following way is a common error:
SPLAY_FOREACH(var, NAME, &head) {
SPLAY_REMOVE(NAME, &head, var);
free(var);
}
free(head);
Since var is free'd, the FOREACH() macro refers to a pointer that may have been reallocated
already. Proper code needs a second variable.
for (var = SPLAY_MIN(NAME, &head); var != NULL; var = nxt) {
nxt = SPLAY_NEXT(NAME, &head, var);
SPLAY_REMOVE(NAME, &head, var);
free(var);
}
AUTHORS
The author of the tree macros is Niels Provos.