Provided by: libtangram-perl_2.12-4_all 
NAME
Tangram::Relational::Mappings - Mapping inheritance
DESCRIPTION
There are many ways of representing inheritance relationships in a relational database. This document
describes three popular ways and how Tangram supports them.
STRATEGIES FOR MAPPING INHERITANCE
Inheritance is a concept that has no equivalent in the relational world. However, it is possible to
implement it by using strict disciplines and a combination of relational features like tables and foreign
keys.
One of the paramount issues about mapping inheritance is how well the mapping supports polymorphism. Any
Object-Oriented persistence facility that deserves its name needs to allow the retrieval of all the
Fruits, and return a heterogeneous collection of Apples, Oranges and Bananas. Also, it must perform this
operation in an efficient manner. In particular, polymorphic retrieval should not cost one SELECT per
retrieved object.
A secondary - yet important - issue is how well the mapping plays by the rules of orthogonal orthodoxy.
Another issue we'll examine is how well the mapping supports 'complex' queries, that is, queries that
involve several objects.
Three strategies are in common use, that go by the name Vertical, Horizontal and Filtered mapping. They
all have advantages and disadvantages.
The following sections describe the three strategies in details. They make use of a simple object model
to illustrate the mappings.
+---------------------+
| Person |
| {abstract} |
+---------<------- 1 +---------------------+
| | name: string |
| +---------------------+
| |
| ^
| |
| +------------------+---------------------+
| | |
| +---------------+ +-----------------+
V | NaturalPerson | | LegalPerson |
| +---------------+ +-----------------+
| | age: integer | | form: string |
| +---------------+ +-----------------+
|
|
|
| +---------------------+
+-------->-------- * | Vehicle |
| {abstract} |
+---------------------+
| make: string |
+---------------------+
|
^
|
+------------------+-------------------+
| |
+---------------+ +-----------------+
| Car | | Plane |
+---------------+ +-----------------+
| plate: string | | ident: string |
+---------------+ +-----------------+
Horizontal Mapping
description
Each concrete class is mapped onto a single table. Each row in the table describes the persistent state
of one object.
The attributes are mapped onto columns, usually one column per attribute but not necessarily. For
example, collections may be stored elsewhere (for example on a link table) and thus require no column on
the class' table.
In effect, the database looks like this:
+---------------+
| NaturalPerson |
+------+--------+-------+------+
| id | name | age |
================================
| 17 | Bill Gates | 46 |
+------+----------------+------+
| 23 | Georges Bush | 50 |
+------+----------------+------+
+-------------+
| LegalPerson |
+------+------+---------+------+
| id | name | form |
================================
| 36 | Microsoft | Inc |
+------+----------------+------+
+------+
| Car |
+------+-------+----------------+--------+
| id | owner | make | plate |
==========================================
| 12 | 17 | Saab | BILL-1 |
+------+-------+----------------+--------+
| 50 | 36 | Miata | MS-001 |
+------+-------+----------------+--------+
| 51 | 36 | Miata | MS-002 |
+------+-------+----------------+--------+
+-------+
| Plane |
+------++-----+----------------+--------+
| id | owner| make | ident |
=========================================
| 29 | 23 | Boeing | AF-001 |
+------+------+----------------+--------+
advantages
Polymorphic retrieval costs one SELECT per concrete conforming class; retrieving all the Persons costs
two SELECTs. These SELECTs, however, don't use joins - an expensive operation. In our example, retrieving
all the Persons requires the following two SELECTs:
SELECT id, name, age FROM NaturalPerson
SELECT id, name, form FROM LegalPerson
disadvantages
This mapping is reasonable with regard to relational orthodoxy, but not perfect: the 'name' column is
present on two different tables, with the same semantic.
The biggest drawback, however, happens when you try to perfrom complex queries. Suppose oyu want to
retrieve all the Persons (Natural- or Legal-) that own a Vehicle of make 'Saab' (be it a Car or a Plane).
Sticking with equijoins, the cost of the operation is four SELECTs:
SELECT NaturalPerson.id, NaturalPerson.name, NaturalPerson.age
FROM NaturalPerson, Car
WHERE Car.owner = NaturalPerson.id
SELECT NaturalPerson.id, NaturalPerson.name, NaturalPerson.age
FROM NaturalPerson, Plane
WHERE Plane.owner = NaturalPerson.id
SELECT LegalPerson.id, LegalPerson.name, LegalPerson.form
FROM LegalPerson, Car
WHERE Car.owner = LegalPerson.id
SELECT LegalPerson.id, LegalPerson.name, LegalPerson.form
FROM LegalPerson, Plane
WHERE Plane.owner = LegalPerson.id
When the depth of the hierarchies increase, the combinatory explosion makes complex queries prohibitive.
Vertical Mapping
description
Each class has its corresponding table, which contains only the class' direct fields. In other words, the
table doesn't store the inherited fields. Both concrete and abstract classes get a table. The state of an
object is thus scattered over several tables.
For example:
+--------+
| Person |
+------+-+------+-------+
| id | name |
=========================
| 17 | Bill Gates |
+------+----------------+
| 23 | Georges Bush |
+------+----------------+
| 36 | Microsoft |
+------+----------------+
+---------------+ +-------------+
| NaturalPerson | | LegalPerson |
+------+--------+ +-------+-----++
| id | age | | id | form |
================= ================
| 17 | 46 | | 36 | Inc |
+------+--------+ +-------+------+
| 23 | 50 |
+------+--------+
+---------+
| Vehicle |
+------+--+----+----------------+
| id | owner | make |
=================================
| 12 | 17 | Saab |
+------+-------+----------------+
| 29 | 23 | AF-001 |
+------+-------+----------------+
| 50 | 36 | Miata |
+------+-------+----------------+
| 51 | 36 | Miata |
+------+-------+----------------+
+------+ +-------+
| Car | | Plane |
+------++--------+ +-------+--------+
| id | plate | | id | ident |
================== ==================
| 12 | BILL-1 | | 29 | AF-001 |
+-------+--------+ +-------+--------+
| 50 | MS-001 |
+-------+--------+
| 51 | MS-002 |
+-------+--------+
Polymorphic retrieval is achieved by issuing one SELECT per concrete conforming class; retrieving In our
example, retrieving all the Persons requires the following two SELECTs:
SELECT Person.id, Person.name, NaturalPerson.age
FROM Person, NaturalPerson
WHERE Person.id = NaturalPerson.id
SELECT Person.id, Person.name, LegalPerson.form
FROM Person, LegalPerson
WHERE Person.id = LegalPerson.id
This mapping sometimes needs an extra column that carries a type identifier. In our example, we take the
very resonable assumption that Person is an abstract class. Had we decided to allow 'pure' Persons, we
would have been faced with the following problem: the Person table would contain rows that describe pure
Persons, but also rows that describe the Person part of Natural- and LegalPersons. We would need to
filter those incomplete objects out when retrieving the pure Persons. Thus the Person table would look
like this:
+--------+
| Person |
+-----+--+---+----------------+
| id | type | name |
===============================
| 13 | 1 | Pure Person |
+-----+------+----------------+
| 17 | 2 | Bill Gates |
+-----+------+----------------+
| 23 | 2 | Georges Bush |
+-----+------+----------------+
| 36 | 3 | Microsoft |
+-----+------+----------------+
In this case, we need an extra SELECT for retrieving pure Persons:
SELECT Person.id, Person.name
FROM Person
WHERE Person.type IN (1)
advantages
From the relational point of view, this mapping is excellent: the resulting database is in third normal
form.
This mapping also supports complex queries very well. Take the Saab owners example again: we don't need
to involve the Car nor Plane tables in the query. As a result, two SELECTs suffice:
SELECT Person.id, Person.name, NaturalPerson.age
FROM Person, NaturalPerson, Vehicle
WHERE Person.id = NaturalPerson.id AND Vehicle.owner = Person.id
SELECT Person.id, Person.name, LegalPerson.form
FROM Person, LegalPerson, Vehicle
WHERE Person.id = LegalPerson.id AND Vehicle.owner = Person.id
disadvantages
The mapping potentially has the highest performance cost: it requires multiple SELECTs like the
horizontal mapping, but in addition, these SELECTs use joins.
Filtered Mapping
description
Entire hierarchies are mapped onto a single table. Two rows may describe objects of different types,
maybe completely unrelated. The set of columns is the uperset of all the columns needed by all the
attributes of any of the classes involved in the mapping.
A special 'type' column contains an value that uniquely identifies the concrete class of the object
described by the row.
All the columns related to attributes that don't occur in all the classes must be declared as NULLABLE.
Indeed, the table may contain mostly NULL values.
In our example, the database may look either like this:
+---------+
| Persons |
+-----+---+--+----------------+------+------+
| id | type | name | age | form |
=============================================
| 17 | 1 | Bill Gates | 46 | NULL |
+-----+------+----------------+------+------+
| 23 | 1 | Georges Bush | 50 | NULL |
+-----+------+----------------+------+------+
| 36 | 2 | Microsoft | NULL | Inc |
+-----+------+----------------+------+------+
+---------+
| Persons |
+-----+---+--+----------------+------+------+
| id | type | name | age | form |
=============================================
| 17 | 1 | Bill Gates | 46 | NULL |
+-----+------+----------------+------+------+
| 23 | 1 | Georges Bush | 50 | NULL |
+-----+------+----------------+------+------+
| 36 | 2 | Microsoft | NULL | Inc |
+-----+------+----------------+------+------+
| 36 | 2 | Microsoft | NULL | Inc |
+-----+------+----------------+------+------+
+----------+
| Vehicles |
+-----+----+-+-------+----------------+--------+--------+
| id | type | owner | make | plate | ident |
=========================================================
| 12 | 3 | 17 | Saab | BILL-1 | NULL |
+-----+------+-------+----------------+--------+--------+
| 29 | 4 | 23 | Boeing | NULL | AF-001 |
+-----+------+-------+----------------+--------+--------+
| 50 | 3 | 36 | Miata | MS-001 | NULL |
+-----+------+-------+----------------+--------+--------+
| 51 | 3 | 36 | Miata | MS-002 | NULL |
+-----+------+-------+----------------+--------+--------+
Retrieving all the Persons requires only one SELECT:
SELECT id, name, age, form FROM Persons
When retrieving NaturalPersons we must take care to filter out the rows that belog to LegalPersons:
SELECT id, name, age FROM Persons WHERE type = 1
We may even decide to place unrelated hierarchies on the same table:
+---------+
| Objects |
+-----+---+--+---------------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+
| id | type | name | age | form | make | plate | ident |
=======================================================================
| 17 | 1 | Bill Gates | 46 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-----+------+---------------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+
| 23 | 1 | Georges Bush | 50 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-----+------+---------------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+
| 36 | 2 | Microsoft | NULL | Inc | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-----+------+---------------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+
| 12 | 3 | NULL | NULL | NULL | Saab | BILL-1 | NULL |
+-----+------+---------------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+
| 29 | 4 | NULL | NULL | NULL | Boeing | NULL | AF-001 |
+-----+------+---------------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+
| 50 | 3 | NULL | NULL | NULL | Miata | MS-001 | NULL |
+-----+------+---------------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+
| 51 | 3 | NULL | NULL | NULL | Miata | MS-002 | NULL |
+-----+------+---------------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+
advantages
Polymorphic retrieval costs exactly one SELECT, regardless of the number of conforming types. Thus this
mapping potentially is the most efficient.
disadvantages
This mapping is very questionable according to relational orthodoxy. Even if one decides to forgo these
rules, using such a mapping takes away many of the interesting features offered by modern RDBM systems.
Because nearly all the columns must allow NULL values, we cannot take advantage of features like
referential integrity constraints, domain constraints, indexes, etc.
Also, as the table becomes cluttered with NULL values, the relative number of significant columns in any
given row tends towards zero: we may end up retrieving rows consisting of a little information swimming
in a sea of NULLs.
In effect, this mapping may end up hindering performance instead of improving it in presence of deep
hierarchies with many attributes.
MAPPINGS SUPPORTED BY TANGRAM
Tangram supports both vertical mapping and filtered mapping, and any hybrid of the two.
The 'table' attribute in the class description in the Schema can be used to put the state of several
classes on the same table. The table name defaults to the class name, resulting in a vertical mapping.
For example, the following schema:
Tangram::Relational->schema( {
classes =>
[ Person =>
{
table => 'Persons',
fields => { string => [ qw( name ) ] }
},
NaturalPerson =>
{
table => 'Persons',
fields => { int => [ qw( age ) ] }
},
LegalPerson =>
{
table => 'Persons',
fields => { string => [ qw( form ) ] }
}
] } );
...specifies a pure filtered mapping for the Person hierarchy:
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
id INTEGER NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY( id ),
type INTEGER NOT NULL,
form VARCHAR(255) NULL,
age INT NULL,
name VARCHAR(255) NULL
);
The following schema:
Tangram::Relational->schema( {
classes =>
[ Person =>
{
table => 'Person',
fields => { string => [ qw( name ) ] }
},
NaturalPerson =>
{
table => 'NaturalPerson',
fields => { int => [ qw( age ) ] }
},
LegalPerson =>
{
table => 'Person',
fields => { string => [ qw( form ) ] }
}
] } );
...gives NaturalPerson its own table, but LegalPerson shares the Person table:
CREATE TABLE Person
(
id INTEGER NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY( id ),
type INTEGER NOT NULL,
form VARCHAR(255) NULL,
name VARCHAR(255) NULL
);
CREATE TABLE NaturalPerson
(
id INTEGER NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY( id ),
type INTEGER NOT NULL,
age INT NULL
);
perl v5.36.0 2022-10-16 Tangram::Relational::Mappings(3pm)