Provided by: tclx8.4-doc_8.4.1-4_all 
NAME
TclCommandWriting - Writing C language extensions to Tcl.
OVERVIEW
This document is intended to help the programmer who wishes to extend Tcl with C language routines. It
should also be useful to someone wishing to add Tcl to an existing editor, communications program, window
manager, etc. C programming information can also be found in the *.3 manual pages in the doc directory
of the Berkeley distribution, and in the *.3 manpages in the man directory of Extended Tcl.
WRITING TCL EXTENSIONS IN C
All C-based Tcl commands are called with four arguments: a client data pointer, an interpreter pointer,
an argument count and a pointer to an array of pointers to character strings containing the Tcl arguments
to the command.
A simple Tcl extension in C is now presented, and described below:
#include "tcl.h"
int App_EchoCmd(clientData, interp, argc, argv)
void *clientData;
Tcl_Interp *interp;
int argc;
char **argv;
{
int i;
for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
printf("%s",argv[i]);
if (i < argc - 1) printf(" ");
}
printf("\n");
return TCL_OK;
}
The client data pointer will be described later.
The interpreter pointer is the ``key'' to an interpreter. It is returned by Tcl_CreateInterp and is used
extensively within Tcl, and will be by your C extensions. The data structure pointed to by the
interpreter pointer, and all of the subordinate structures that branch off of it, make up a Tcl
interpreter, which includes all of the currently defined procedures, commands, variables, arrays and the
execution state of that interpreter. (For more information on creating and deleting interpreters, please
examine the CrtInterp(3) manpage in the Berkeley Tcl distribution. For information on creating
interpreters that include the commands provided by Extended Tcl, check out the TclX_Init(3) manpage of
Extended Tcl. For a manual page describing the user-visible fields of a Tcl interpreter, please look at
Interp(3) in Berkeley Tcl.)
The argument count and pointer to an array of pointers to textual arguments is handled by your C code in
the same manner that you would use in writing a C main function -- the argument count and array of
pointers works the same as in a C main call; pointers to the arguments to the function are contained in
the argv array. Similar to a C main, the first argument (argv[0]) is the name the routine was called as
(in a main, the name the program was invoked as).
In the above example, all of the arguments are output with a space between each one by looping through
argv from one to the argument count, argc, and a newline is output to terminate the line -- an ``echo''
command.
All arguments from a Tcl call to a Tcl C extension are passed as strings. If your C routine expects
certain numeric arguments, your routine must first convert them using the Tcl_GetInt or Tcl_GetDouble
function, Extended Tcl's Tcl_GetLong or Tcl_GetUnsigned, or some other method of your own devising.
Likewise for converting boolean values, Tcl_GetBoolean should be used. These routines automatically
leave an appropriate error message in the Tcl interpreter's result buffer and return TCL_ERROR if a
conversion error occurs. (For more information on these routines, please look at the GetInt(3) manpage
in the Berkeley Tcl distribution.)
Likewise, if you program produces a numeric result, it should return a string equivalent to that numeric
value. A common way of doing this is something like...
sprintf(interp->result, "%ld", result);
Writing results directly into the interpreter's result buffer is only good for relatively short results.
Tcl has a function, Tcl_SetResult, which provides the ability for your C extensions to return very large
strings to Tcl, with the ability to tell the interpreter whether it ``owns'' the string (meaning that Tcl
should delete the string when it's done with it), that the string is likely to be changed or overwritten
soon (meaning that Tcl should make a copy of the string right away), or that the string won't change (so
Tcl can use the string as is and not worry about it). Understanding how results are passed back to Tcl
is essential to the C extension writer. Please study the SetResult(3) manual page in the Tcl
distribution.
Sophisticated commands should verify their arguments whenever possible, both by examining the argument
count, by verifying that numeric fields are really numeric, that values are in range (when their ranges
are known), and so forth.
Tcl is designed to be as bullet-proof as possible, in the sense that no Tcl program should be able to
cause Tcl to dump core. Please carry this notion forward with your C extensions by validating arguments
as above.
ANOTHER C EXTENSION - THE MAX COMMAND
In the command below, two or more arguments are compared and the one with the maximum value is returned,
if all goes well. It is an error if there are fewer than three arguments (the pointer to the ``max''
command text itself, argv[0], and pointers to at least two arguments to compare the values of).
This routine also shows the use of the programmer labor-saving Tcl_AppendResult routine. See the Tcl
manual page, SetResult(3), for details. Also examine the calls Tcl_AddErrorInfo, Tcl_SetErrorCode and
Tcl_PosixError documented in the Tcl manual page AddErrInfo(3).
int
Tcl_MaxCmd (clientData, interp, argc, argv)
char *clientData;
Tcl_Interp *interp;
int argc;
char **argv;
{
int maxVal = MININT;
int maxIdx = 1;
int value, idx;
if (argc < 3) {
Tcl_AppendResult (interp, "bad # arg: ", argv[0],
" num1 num2 [..numN]", (char *)NULL);
return TCL_ERROR;
}
for (idx = 1; idx < argc; idx++) {
if (Tcl_GetInt (argv[idx], 10, &Value) != TCL_OK)
return TCL_ERROR;
if (value > maxVal) {
maxVal = value;
maxIdx = idx;
}
}
Tcl_SetResult (interp, argv [maxIdx], TCL_VOLATILE);
return TCL_OK;
}
When Tcl-callable functions complete, they should normally return TCL_OK or TCL_ERROR. TCL_OK is
returned when the command succeeded and TCL_ERROR is returned when the command has failed in some
abnormal way. TCL_ERROR should be returned for all syntax errors, non-numeric values (when numeric ones
were expected), and so forth. Less clear in some cases is whether Tcl errors should be returned or
whether a function should just return a status value. For example, end-of-file during a gets returns a
status, but open returns an error if the open fails. Errors can be caught from Tcl programs using the
catch command. (See Tcl's catch(n) and error(n) manual pages.)
Less common return values are TCL_RETURN, TCL_BREAK and TCL_CONTINUE. These are used if you are adding
new control and/or looping structures to Tcl. To see these values in action, examine the source code to
Tcl's while, for and if, and Extended Tcl's loop commands.
Note the call to Tcl_SetResult in the above command to set the return value to Tcl. TCL_VOLATILE is used
because the memory containing the result will be freed upon the function's return.
ANOTHER C EXTENSION - THE LREVERSE COMMAND
In the command below, one list is passed as an argument, and a list containing all of the elements of the
list in reverse order is returned. It is an error if anything other than two arguments are passed (the
pointer to the ``lreverse'' command text itself, argv[0], and a pointer to the list to reverse.
Once lreverse has determined that it has received the correct number of arguments, Tcl_SplitList is
called to break the list into an argc and argv array of pointers.
lreverse then operates on the array of pointers, swapping them from lowest to highest, second-lowest to
second-highest, and so forth.
Finally Tcl_Merge is calleds to create a single new string containing the reversed list and it is set as
the result via Tcl_SetResult. Note that TCL_DYNAMIC is used to tell Tcl_SetResult that it now owns the
string and it is up to Tcl to free the string when it is done with it.
Note that it is safe to play around with the argv list like this, and that a single call to ckfree can be
made to free all the data returned by Tcl_SplitList in this manner.
int
Tcl_LreverseCmd(notUsed, interp, argc, argv)
ClientData notUsed; /* Not used. */
Tcl_Interp *interp; /* Current interpreter. */
int argc; /* Number of arguments. */
char **argv; /* Argument strings. */
{
int listArgc, lowListIndex, hiListIndex;
char **listArgv;
char *temp, *resultList;
if (argc != 2) {
Tcl_AppendResult(interp, "wrong # args: should be
" list
return TCL_ERROR;
}
if (Tcl_SplitList(interp, argv[1], &listArgc, &listArgv) != TCL_OK) {
return TCL_ERROR;
}
for (lowListIndex = 0, hiListIndex = listArgc;
--hiListIndex > lowListIndex; lowListIndex++) {
temp = listArgv[lowListIndex];
listArgv[lowListIndex] = listArgv[hiListIndex];
listArgv[hiListIndex] = temp;
}
resultList = Tcl_Merge (listArgc, listArgv);
ckfree (listArgv);
Tcl_SetResult (interp, resultList, TCL_DYNAMIC);
return TCL_OK;
}
INSTALLING YOUR COMMAND
To install your command into Tcl you must call Tcl_CreateCommand, passing it the pointer to the
interpreter you want to install the command into, the name of the command, a pointer to the C function
that implements the command, a client data pointer, and a pointer to an optional callback routine.
The client data pointer and the callback routine will be described later.
For example, for the max function above (which, incidentally, comes from TclX's tclXmath.c in the
TclX7.4/src directory):
Tcl_CreateCommand (interp, "max", Tcl_MaxCmd, (ClientData)NULL,
(void (*)())NULL);
In the above example, the max function is added to the specified interpreter. The client data pointer
and callback function pointer are NULL. (For complete information on Tcl_CreateCommand and its companion
routine, Tcl_CommandInfo, please examine the CrtCommand(3) command page in the Berkeley Tcl
distribution.)
DYNAMIC STRINGS
Dynamic strings are an important abstraction that first became available with Tcl 7.0. Dynamic strings,
or DStrings, provide a way to build up arbitrarily long strings through a repeated process of appending
information to them. DStrings reduce the amount of allocating and copying required to add information to
a string. Further, they simplify the process of doing so. For complete information on dynamic strings,
please examine the DString(3) manual page in the Berkeley Tcl distribution.
CLIENT DATA
The client data pointer provides a means for Tcl commands to have data associated with them that is not
global to the C program nor included in the Tcl core. Client data is essential in a multi-interpreter
environment (where a single program has created and is making use of multiple Tcl interpreters) for the C
routines to maintain any permanent data they need on a per-interpreter basis. Otherwise there would be
reentrancy problems. Tcl solves this through the client data mechanism. When you are about to call
Tcl_CreateCommand to add a new command to an interpreter, if that command needs to keep some read/write
data across invocations, you should allocate the space, preferably using ckalloc, then pass the address
of that space as the ClientData pointer to Tcl_CreateCommand.
When your command is called from Tcl, the ClientData pointer you gave to Tcl_CreateCommand when you added
the command to that interpreter is passed to your C routine through the ClientData pointer calling
argument.
Commands that need to share this data with one another can do so by using the same ClientData pointer
when the commands are added.
It is important to note that the Tcl extensions in the tclX7.4/src directory have had all of their data
set up in this way. Since release 6.2, Extended Tcl has supported multiple interpreters within one
invocation of Tcl.
THEORY OF HANDLES
Sometimes you need to have a data element that isn't readily representable as a string within Tcl, for
example a pointer to a complex C data structure. It is not a good idea to try to pass pointers around
within Tcl as strings by converting them to and from hex or integer representations, for example. It is
too easy to mess one up, and the likely outcome of doing that is a core dump.
Instead we have developed and made use of the concept of handles. Handles are identifiers a C extension
can pass to, and accept from, Tcl to make the transition between what your C code knows something as and
what name Tcl knows it by to be as safe and painless as possible. For example, the stdio package
included in Tcl uses file handles. When you open a file from Tcl, a handle is returned of the form filen
where n is a file number. When you pass the file handle back to puts, gets, seek, flush and so forth,
they validate the file handle by checking the the file text is present, then converting the file number
to an integer that they use to look into a data structure of pointers to Tcl open file structures, which
contain a Unix file descriptor, flags indicating whether or not the file is currently open, whether the
file is a file or a pipe and so forth.
Handles have proven so useful that, as of release 6.1a, general support has been added for them. If you
need a similar capability, it would be best to use the handle routines, documented in Handles(3) in
Extended Tcl. We recommend that you use a unique-to-your-package textual handle coupled with a specific
identifier and let the handle management routines validate it when it's passed back. It is much easier
to track down a bug with an implicated handle named something like file4 or bitmap6 than just 6.
TRACKING MEMORY CORRUPTION PROBLEMS
Occasionally you may write code that scribbles past the end of an allocated piece of memory. The memory
debugging routines included in Tcl can help find these problems. See Memory(TCL) for details.
INSTALLING YOUR EXTENSIONS INTO EXTENDED TCL
To add your extensions to Extended Tcl, you must compile them and cause them to be linked with TclX. For
the routines to be linked into the tcl and wishx executables, they must be referenced (directly or
indirectly) from TclX. For these extensions to be visible as Tcl commands, they must be installed into
Tcl with Tcl_CreateCommand.
Application-specific startup is accomplished by creating or editing the Tcl_AppInit function. In
Tcl_AppInit you should add a call to an application-specific init function which you create. This
function should take the address of the interpreter it should install its commands into, and it should
install those commands with Tcl_CreateCommand and do any other application-specific startup that is
necessary.
The naming convention for application startup routines is App_Init, where App is the name of your
application. For example, to add an application named cute one would create a Cute_Init routine that
expected a Tcl_Interp pointer as an argument, and add the following code to Tcl_AppInit:
if (Cute_Init (interp) == TCL_ERROR) {
return TCL_ERROR;
}
As you can guess from the above example, if your init routine is unable to initialize, it should use
Tcl_AppendResult to provide some kind of useful error message back to TclX, then return TCL_ERROR to
indicate that an error occurred. If the routine executed successfully, it should return TCL_OK.
When you examine Tcl_AppInit, note that there is one call already there to install an application -- the
call to TclX_Init installs Extended Tcl into the Tcl core.
MAKING APPLICATION INFORMATION VISIBLE FROM EXTENDED TCL
TclX's infox command can return several pieces of information relevant to Extended Tcl, including the
application's name, descriptive name, patch level and version. Your application's startup can set these
variables to application-specific values. If it doesn't, they are given default values for Extended Tcl.
To set these values, first be sure that you include either tclExtend.h or tclExtdInt.h from the source
file that defines your init routine. This will create external declarations for the variables. Then,
set the variables in your init route, for example:
tclAppName = "cute";
tclAppLongName = "Call Unix/Tcl Environment";
tclAppVersion = "2.1";
Note that the default values are set by TclX_Init, so if you wish to override them, you must call your
init routine in Tcl_AppInit after its call to TclX_Init.
EXTENDED TCL EXIT
When Extended Tcl exits, Tcl_DeleteInterp may be called to free memory used by Tcl -- normally, this is
only called if TCL_MEM_DEBUG was defined, since Unix will return all of the allocated memory back to the
system, anyway. If TCL_MEM_DEBUG was defined, it is called so that any memory that was allocated without
ever being freed can be detected. This greatly reduces the amount of work to detect and track down
memory leaks, a situation where some piece of your code allocates memory repeatedly without ever freeing
it, or without always freeing it.
It is often necessary for an application to perform special cleanup functions upon the deletion of an
interpreter as well. To facilitate this activity, Tcl provides the ability to perform a function
callback when an interpreter is deleted. To arrange for a C function to be called when the interpreter
is deleted, call Tcl_CallWhenDeleted from your application initialization routine. For details on how to
use this function, read the CallDel(3) manual page that ships with Berkeley Tcl.
EXECUTING TCL CODE FROM YOUR C EXTENSION
Suppose you are in the middle of coding a C extension and you realize that you need some operation
performed, one that would be simple from Tcl but possibly excruciating to do directly in C. Tcl provides
the Tcl_Eval, Tcl_VarEval, Tcl_EvalFile and Tcl_GlobalEval functions for the purpose of executing Tcl
code from within a C extension. The results of the call will be in interp->result. For more information
please consult the Eval(3) manual page within the Tcl distribution.
ACCESSING TCL VARIABLES AND ARRAYS FROM YOUR C EXTENSIONS
Tcl variables and arrays can be read from a C extension through the Tcl_GetVar and Tcl_GetVar2 functions,
and set from C extensions through the Tcl_SetVar and Tcl_SetVar2 functions. They can also be unset via
the Tcl_UnsetVar and Tcl_UnsetVar2 functions. For complete information on these functions, please refer
to the SetVar(3) manual page in the doc directory of the Berkeley Tcl distribution.
LINKING TCL VARIABLES TO C VARIABLES
Tcl_LinkVar and Tcl_UnlinkVar can be used to automatically keep Tcl variables synchronized with
corresponding C variables. Once a Tcl variable has been linked to a C variable with Tcl_LinkVar, anytime
the Tcl variable is read the value of the C variable will be returned, and when the Tcl variable is
written, the C variable will be updated with the new value.
Tcl_LinkVar uses variable traces to keep the Tcl variable named by varName in sync with the C variable at
the address given by addr.
Whenever the Tcl variable is read the value of the C variable will be returned, and whenever the Tcl
variable is written the C variable will be updated to have the same value.
Int, double, boolean and char * variables are supported. For more information, please examine the
LinkVar(3) manual page in the Berkeley Tcl distribution.
ADDING NEW MATH FUNCTIONS TO TCL
As of Tcl version 7.0, math functions such as sin, cos, etc, are directly supported within Tcl
expressions. These obsolete the Extended Tcl commands that provided explicit calls for these functions
for many releases.
New math functions can be added to Tcl, or existing math functions can be replaced, by calling
Tcl_CreateMathFunc.
For more information on adding math functions, please examine the CrtMathFnc(3) manual page in the
Berkeley Tcl distribution.
PERFORMING TILDE SUBSTITUTIONS ON FILENAMES
The Tcl_TildeSubst function is available to C extension writers to perform tilde substitutions on
filenames. If the name starts with a ``~'' character, the function returns a new string where the name
is replaced with the home directory of the given user. For more information please consult the
TildeSubst(3) manual page in the Berkeley Tcl distribution.
SETTING THE RECURSION LIMIT
Tcl has a preset recursion limit that limits the maximum allowable nesting depth of calls within an
interpreter. This is useful for detecting infinite recursions before other limits such as the process
memory limit or, worse, available swap space on the system, are exceeded.
The default limit is just a guess, however, and applications that make heavy use of recursion may need to
call Tcl_SetRecursionLimit to raise this limit. For more information, please consult the SetRecLmt(3)
manual page in the Berkeley Tcl distribution.
HANDLING SIGNALS FROM TCL EXTENSIONS
If an event such as a signal occurs while a Tcl script is being executed, it isn't safe to do much in the
signal handling routine -- the Tcl environment cannot be safely manipulated at this point because it
could be in the middle of some operation, such as updating pointers, leaving the interpreter in an
unreliable state.
The only safe approach is to set a flag indicating that the event occurred, then handle the event later
when the interpreter has returned to a safe state, such as after the current Tcl command completes.
The Tcl_AsyncCreate, Tcl_AsyncMark, Tcl_AsyncInvoke, and Tcl_AsyncDelete functions provide a safe
mechanism for dealing with signals and other asynchronous events. For more information on how to use
this capability, please refer to the Async(3) manual page in the Berkeley Tcl distribution.
PARSING BACKSLASH SEQUENCES
The Tcl_Backslash function is called to parse Tcl backslash sequences. These backslash sequences are the
usual sort that you see in the C programming language, such as \n for newline, \r for return, and so
forth. Tcl_Backslash parses a single backslash sequence and returns a single character corresponding to
the backslash sequence.
For more info on this call, look at the Backslash(3) manual page in the Berkeley Tcl distribution. For
information on the valid backslash sequences, consult the summary of Tcl language syntax, Tcl(n) in the
same distribution.
HASH TABLES
Hash tables provide Tcl with a high-performance facility for looking up and managing key-value pairs
located and maintained in memory. Tcl uses hash tables internally to locate procedure definitions, Tcl
variables, array elements, file handles and so forth. Tcl makes the hash table functions accessible to C
extension writers as well.
Hash tables grow automatically to maintain efficiency, rather than exposing the table size to the
programmer at allocation time, which would needlessly add complexity to Tcl and would be prone to
inefficiency due to the need to guess the number of items that will go into the table, and the seemingly
inevitable growth in amount of data processed per run over the life of the program.
For more information on hash tables, please consult the Hash(3) manual page in the Berkeley Tcl
distribution.
TRACING VARIABLE ACCESSES
The C extension writer can arrange to have a C routine called whenever a Tcl variable is read, written,
or unset. Variable traces are the mechanism by which Tk toolkit widgets such as radio and checkbuttons,
messages and so forth update without Tcl programmer intervention when their data variables are changed.
They are also used by the routine that links Tcl and C variables, Tcl_LinkVar, described above.
Tcl_TraceVar is called to establish a variable trace. Entire arrays and individual array elements can be
traced as well. If the programmer already has an array name in one string and a variable name in
another, Tcl_TraceVar2 can be called. Calls are also available to request information about traces and
to delete them.
For more information on variable traces, consult the TraceVar(3) manual page in the Berkeley Tcl
distribution.
TRACING EXECUTION
Tcl has the ability to call C routines for every command it executes, up to a specified depth of nesting
levels. The command Tcl_CreateTrace creates an execution trace; Tcl_DeleteTrace deletes it.
Command tracing is used in Extended Tcl to implement the cmdtrace Tcl command, a useful command for
debugging Tcl applications.
For complete information on execution tracing, please look at the CrtTrace(3) manual pages in the
Berkeley Tcl distribution.
EVALUATING TCL EXPRESSIONS FROM C
Tcl_ExprLong, Tcl_ExprDouble, Tcl_ExprBool, and Tcl_ExprString can be called to evaluate Tcl expressions
from within a C routine. Depending on the routine called, the result is either a C long, a double, a
boolean (int with a value of 0 or 1), or a char * (pointed to by interp->result).
For complete information on evaluating Tcl expressions from C, you are invited to examine the ExprLong(3)
manpage in the Berkeley Tcl distribution.
PATTERN MATCHING
The Tcl_StringMatch function can be called to see if a string matches a specified pattern.
Tcl_StringMatch is called by the Tcl string match command, so the format for patterns is identical. The
pattern format is similar to the one used by the C-shell; string(n) describes this format.
More information about Tcl_StringMatch is available in the StrMatch(3) manpage in the Berkeley Tcl
distribution.
REGULAR EXPRESSION PATTERN MATCHING
Tcl_RegExpMatch can be called to determine whether a string matches a regular expression.
Tcl_RegExpMatch is used internally by the regexp Tcl command.
For more information on this function, please consult the RegExp(3) manpage in the Berkeley Tcl
distribution.
MANIPULATING TCL LISTS FROM C EXTENSIONS
The C extension writer often needs to create, manipulate and decompose Tcl lists. Tcl_SplitList parses a
list into an argv and argc like to the way command-line arguments are passed to a Tcl extension.
Tcl_Merge, likewise, creates a single string (pointer to a char *) from an argv and argc.
Two routines, Tcl_ScanElement and Tcl_ConvertElement, do most of the work of Tcl_Merge, and may also be
of use to the C programmer.
For more information on these commands, please consult the SplitList(3) manual page in the Berkeley Tcl
distribution.
CONCATENATING STRINGS
Tcl_Concat concatenates zero or more strings into a single string. The strings are space-separated.
Tcl_Concat works like Tcl_Merge, except that Tcl_Concat does not attempt to make the resulting string
into a valid Tcl list.
Tcl_Concat is documented in the Concat(3) manpage in the Berkeley Tcl distribution.
DETECTING WHETHER OR NOT YOU HAVE A COMPLETE COMMAND
C routines that collect data to form a command to be passed to Tcl_Eval often need a way to tell whether
they have a complete command already or whether they need more data. (Programs that read typed-in Tcl
input such as Tcl shells need this capability.) Tcl_CommandComplete can be used to tell whether or not
you have a complete command.
For more information examine CmdCmplt(3) in the Berkeley Tcl distribution.
RECORDING COMMANDS FOR COMMAND HISTORY
Tcl has a history mechanism that is accessed from Tcl through the history command. To propagate commands
into the command history, your extension should call Tcl_RecordAndEval. This command works just like
Tcl_Eval, except that it records the command as well as executing it.
Tcl_RecordAndEval should only be called with user-entered top-level commands, since the history mechanism
exists to allow the user to easily access, edit and reissue previously issued commands.
For complete information on this function, please examine the RecordEval.3 manual page in the Berkeley
Tcl distribution.
CONVERTING FLOATING POINT VALUES TO STRINGS
Tcl_PrintDouble converts a C double into an ASCII string. It ensures that the string output will
continue to be interpreted as a floating point number, rather than an integer, by always putting a ``.''
or ``e'' into the string representing the number. The precision of the output string is controlled by
the Tcl tcl_precision variable.
For complete information on Tcl_PrintDouble, examine PrintDbl(3) in the Berkeley Tcl distribution.
CREATING CHILD PROCESSES AND PIPELINES FROM C
Tcl_CreatePipeline is a useful procedure for spawning child processes. The child (or pipeline of
children) can have its standard input, output and error redirected from files, variables or pipes. To
understand the meaning of the redirection symbols understood by this function, look at the exec(n) Tcl
command. For complete information on Tcl_CreatePipeline, please examine CrtPipelin(3).
ACCESSING TCL FILEHANDLES FROM C
Files opened from your C code can be made visible to Tcl code via the Tcl_EnterFile function. Likewise,
Tcl filehandles passed to your C extension can be translated to a Posix FILE * structure using the
Tcl_GetOpenFile function.
For complete explanations of these commands, please look at EnterFile(3) in the Berkeley Tcl
distribution.
MANAGING BACKGROUND PROCESS TERMINATION AND CLEANUP
When a Posix system does a fork to create a new process, the process ID of the child is returned to the
caller. After the child process exits, its process table entry (and some other data associated with the
process) cannot be reclaimed by the operating system until a call to waitpid, or one of a couple of
other, similar system calls, has been made by the parent process.
The C extension writer who has created a subprocess, by whatever mechanism, can turn over responsibility
for detecting the processes' termination and calling waitpid to obtain its exit status by calling
Tcl_DetachPids.
Tcl_ReapDetachedProcs is the C routine that will detect the termination of any processes turned over to
Tcl, permitting the processes to be fully reclaimed by the operating system.
For complete information on these routines, please look at DetachPids(3) in the Berkeley Tcl
distribution.
FOR MORE INFORMATION
In addition to the documentation referenced above, you can learn a lot by studying the source code of the
commands added by Tcl, Tk and Extended Tcl. The comp.lang.tcl Usenet newsgroup is read by tens of
thousands of Tcl people, and is a good place to ask questions. Finally, if you have interactive Internet
access, you can ftp to ftp.aud.alcatel.com, the site for contributed Tcl sources. This site contains
quite a few extensions, applications, and so forth, including several object-oriented extension packages.
AUTHORS
Extended Tcl was created by Karl Lehenbauer (karl@neosoft.com) and Mark Diekhans (markd@grizzly.com).
Tcl Command Writing(3tclx)