Provided by: tcl8.6-doc_8.6.14+dfsg-1build1_all 
NAME
Tcl_NewObj, Tcl_DuplicateObj, Tcl_IncrRefCount, Tcl_DecrRefCount, Tcl_IsShared,
Tcl_InvalidateStringRep - manipulate Tcl values
SYNOPSIS
#include <tcl.h>
Tcl_Obj *
Tcl_NewObj()
Tcl_Obj *
Tcl_DuplicateObj(objPtr)
Tcl_IncrRefCount(objPtr)
Tcl_DecrRefCount(objPtr)
int
Tcl_IsShared(objPtr)
Tcl_InvalidateStringRep(objPtr)
ARGUMENTS
Tcl_Obj *objPtr (in) Points to a value; must have been the result of a previous
call to Tcl_NewObj.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
This man page presents an overview of Tcl values (called Tcl_Objs for historical reasons)
and how they are used. It also describes generic procedures for managing Tcl values.
These procedures are used to create and copy values, and increment and decrement the count
of references (pointers) to values. The procedures are used in conjunction with ones that
operate on specific types of values such as Tcl_GetIntFromObj and
Tcl_ListObjAppendElement. The individual procedures are described along with the data
structures they manipulate.
Tcl's dual-ported values provide a general-purpose mechanism for storing and exchanging
Tcl values. They largely replace the use of strings in Tcl. For example, they are used
to store variable values, command arguments, command results, and scripts. Tcl values
behave like strings but also hold an internal representation that can be manipulated more
efficiently. For example, a Tcl list is now represented as a value that holds the list's
string representation as well as an array of pointers to the values for each list element.
Dual-ported values avoid most runtime type conversions. They also improve the speed of
many operations since an appropriate representation is immediately available. The
compiler itself uses Tcl values to cache the instruction bytecodes resulting from
compiling scripts.
The two representations are a cache of each other and are computed lazily. That is, each
representation is only computed when necessary, it is computed from the other
representation, and, once computed, it is saved. In addition, a change in one
representation invalidates the other one. As an example, a Tcl program doing integer
calculations can operate directly on a variable's internal machine integer representation
without having to constantly convert between integers and strings. Only when it needs a
string representing the variable's value, say to print it, will the program regenerate the
string representation from the integer. Although values contain an internal
representation, their semantics are defined in terms of strings: an up-to-date string can
always be obtained, and any change to the value will be reflected in that string when the
value's string representation is fetched. Because of this representation invalidation and
regeneration, it is dangerous for extension writers to access Tcl_Obj fields directly. It
is better to access Tcl_Obj information using procedures like Tcl_GetStringFromObj and
Tcl_GetString.
Values are allocated on the heap and are referenced using a pointer to their Tcl_Obj
structure. Values are shared as much as possible. This significantly reduces storage
requirements because some values such as long lists are very large. Also, most Tcl values
are only read and never modified. This is especially true for procedure arguments, which
can be shared between the caller and the called procedure. Assignment and argument
binding is done by simply assigning a pointer to the value. Reference counting is used to
determine when it is safe to reclaim a value's storage.
Tcl values are typed. A value's internal representation is controlled by its type.
Several types are predefined in the Tcl core including integer, double, list, and
bytecode. Extension writers can extend the set of types by defining their own Tcl_ObjType
structs.
THE TCL_OBJ STRUCTURE
Each Tcl value is represented by a Tcl_Obj structure which is defined as follows.
typedef struct Tcl_Obj {
int refCount;
char *bytes;
int length;
const Tcl_ObjType *typePtr;
union {
long longValue;
double doubleValue;
void *otherValuePtr;
Tcl_WideInt wideValue;
struct {
void *ptr1;
void *ptr2;
} twoPtrValue;
struct {
void *ptr;
unsigned long value;
} ptrAndLongRep;
} internalRep;
} Tcl_Obj;
The bytes and the length members together hold a value's UTF-8 string representation,
which is a counted string not containing null bytes (UTF-8 null characters should be
encoded as a two byte sequence: 192, 128.) bytes points to the first byte of the string
representation. The length member gives the number of bytes. The byte array must always
have a null byte after the last data byte, at offset length; this allows string
representations to be treated as conventional null-terminated C strings. C programs use
Tcl_GetStringFromObj and Tcl_GetString to get a value's string representation. If bytes
is NULL, the string representation is invalid.
A value's type manages its internal representation. The member typePtr points to the
Tcl_ObjType structure that describes the type. If typePtr is NULL, the internal
representation is invalid.
The internalRep union member holds a value's internal representation. This is either a
(long) integer, a double-precision floating-point number, a pointer to a value containing
additional information needed by the value's type to represent the value, a Tcl_WideInt
integer, two arbitrary pointers, or a pair made up of an unsigned long integer and a
pointer.
The refCount member is used to tell when it is safe to free a value's storage. It holds
the count of active references to the value. Maintaining the correct reference count is a
key responsibility of extension writers. Reference counting is discussed below in the
section STORAGE MANAGEMENT OF VALUES.
Although extension writers can directly access the members of a Tcl_Obj structure, it is
much better to use the appropriate procedures and macros. For example, extension writers
should never read or update refCount directly; they should use macros such as
Tcl_IncrRefCount and Tcl_IsShared instead.
A key property of Tcl values is that they hold two representations. A value typically
starts out containing only a string representation: it is untyped and has a NULL typePtr.
A value containing an empty string or a copy of a specified string is created using
Tcl_NewObj or Tcl_NewStringObj respectively. A value's string value is gotten with
Tcl_GetStringFromObj or Tcl_GetString and changed with Tcl_SetStringObj. If the value is
later passed to a procedure like Tcl_GetIntFromObj that requires a specific internal
representation, the procedure will create one and set the value's typePtr. The internal
representation is computed from the string representation. A value's two representations
are duals of each other: changes made to one are reflected in the other. For example,
Tcl_ListObjReplace will modify a value's internal representation and the next call to
Tcl_GetStringFromObj or Tcl_GetString will reflect that change.
Representations are recomputed lazily for efficiency. A change to one representation made
by a procedure such as Tcl_ListObjReplace is not reflected immediately in the other
representation. Instead, the other representation is marked invalid so that it is only
regenerated if it is needed later. Most C programmers never have to be concerned with how
this is done and simply use procedures such as Tcl_GetBooleanFromObj or Tcl_ListObjIndex.
Programmers that implement their own value types must check for invalid representations
and mark representations invalid when necessary. The procedure Tcl_InvalidateStringRep is
used to mark a value's string representation invalid and to free any storage associated
with the old string representation.
Values usually remain one type over their life, but occasionally a value must be converted
from one type to another. For example, a C program might build up a string in a value
with repeated calls to Tcl_AppendToObj, and then call Tcl_ListObjIndex to extract a list
element from the value. The same value holding the same string value can have several
different internal representations at different times. Extension writers can also force a
value to be converted from one type to another using the Tcl_ConvertToType procedure.
Only programmers that create new value types need to be concerned about how this is done.
A procedure defined as part of the value type's implementation creates a new internal
representation for a value and changes its typePtr. See the man page for
Tcl_RegisterObjType to see how to create a new value type.
EXAMPLE OF THE LIFETIME OF A VALUE
As an example of the lifetime of a value, consider the following sequence of commands:
set x 123
This assigns to x an untyped value whose bytes member points to 123 and length member
contains 3. The value's typePtr member is NULL.
puts "x is $x"
x's string representation is valid (since bytes is non-NULL) and is fetched for the
command.
incr x
The incr command first gets an integer from x's value by calling Tcl_GetIntFromObj. This
procedure checks whether the value is already an integer value. Since it is not, it
converts the value by setting the value's internal representation to the integer 123 and
setting the value's typePtr to point to the integer Tcl_ObjType structure. Both
representations are now valid. incr increments the value's integer internal
representation then invalidates its string representation (by calling
Tcl_InvalidateStringRep) since the string representation no longer corresponds to the
internal representation.
puts "x is now $x"
The string representation of x's value is needed and is recomputed. The string
representation is now 124 and both representations are again valid.
STORAGE MANAGEMENT OF VALUES
Tcl values are allocated on the heap and are shared as much as possible to reduce storage
requirements. Reference counting is used to determine when a value is no longer needed
and can safely be freed. A value just created by Tcl_NewObj or Tcl_NewStringObj has
refCount 0. The macro Tcl_IncrRefCount increments the reference count when a new
reference to the value is created. The macro Tcl_DecrRefCount decrements the count when a
reference is no longer needed and, if the value's reference count drops to zero, frees its
storage. A value shared by different code or data structures has refCount greater than 1.
Incrementing a value's reference count ensures that it will not be freed too early or have
its value change accidentally.
As an example, the bytecode interpreter shares argument values between calling and called
Tcl procedures to avoid having to copy values. It assigns the call's argument values to
the procedure's formal parameter variables. In doing so, it calls Tcl_IncrRefCount to
increment the reference count of each argument since there is now a new reference to it
from the formal parameter. When the called procedure returns, the interpreter calls
Tcl_DecrRefCount to decrement each argument's reference count. When a value's reference
count drops less than or equal to zero, Tcl_DecrRefCount reclaims its storage. Most
command procedures do not have to be concerned about reference counting since they use a
value's value immediately and do not retain a pointer to the value after they return.
However, if they do retain a pointer to a value in a data structure, they must be careful
to increment its reference count since the retained pointer is a new reference.
Command procedures that directly modify values such as those for lappend and linsert must
be careful to copy a shared value before changing it. They must first check whether the
value is shared by calling Tcl_IsShared. If the value is shared they must copy the value
by using Tcl_DuplicateObj; this returns a new duplicate of the original value that has
refCount 0. If the value is not shared, the command procedure “owns” the value and can
safely modify it directly. For example, the following code appears in the command
procedure that implements linsert. This procedure modifies the list value passed to it in
objv[1] by inserting objc-3 new elements before index.
listPtr = objv[1];
if (Tcl_IsShared(listPtr)) {
listPtr = Tcl_DuplicateObj(listPtr);
}
result = Tcl_ListObjReplace(interp, listPtr, index, 0,
(objc-3), &(objv[3]));
As another example, incr's command procedure must check whether the variable's value is
shared before incrementing the integer in its internal representation. If it is shared,
it needs to duplicate the value in order to avoid accidentally changing values in other
data structures.
SEE ALSO
Tcl_ConvertToType(3tcl), Tcl_GetIntFromObj(3tcl), Tcl_ListObjAppendElement(3tcl),
Tcl_ListObjIndex(3tcl), Tcl_ListObjReplace(3tcl), Tcl_RegisterObjType(3tcl)
KEYWORDS
internal representation, value, value creation, value type, reference counting, string
representation, type conversion