Provided by: libtext-capitalize-perl_1.5-2_all 
NAME
Text::Capitalize - capitalize strings ("to WORK AS titles" becomes "To Work as Titles")
SYNOPSIS
use Text::Capitalize;
print capitalize( "...and justice for all" ), "\n";
...And Justice For All
print capitalize_title( "...and justice for all" ), "\n";
...And Justice for All
print capitalize_title( "agent of SFPUG", PRESERVE_ALLCAPS=>1 ), "\n";
Agent of SFPUG
print capitalize_title( "the ring: symbol or cliche?",
PRESERVE_WHITESPACE=>1 ), "\n";
The Ring: Symbol or Cliche?
(Note, double-space after colon is still there.)
# To work on international characters, may need to set locale
use Env qw( LANG );
$LANG = "en_US";
print capitalize_title( "ueber maus" ), "\n";
Ueber Maus
use Text::Capitalize qw( scramble_case );
print scramble_case( 'It depends on what you mean by "mean"' );
It dEpenDS On wHAT YOu mEan by "meAn".
ABSTRACT
Text::Capitalize is for capitalizing strings in a manner
suitable for use in titles.
DESCRIPTION
Text::Capitalize provides some routines for title-like formatting of strings.
The simple capitalize function just makes the initial character of each word uppercase, and forces the
rest to lowercase.
The capitalize_title function applies English title case rules (discussed below) where only the
"important" words are supposed to be capitalized. There are also some customization features provided to
allow the user to choose variant rules.
Comparing capitalize and captialize_title:
Input: "lost watches of splitsville"
capitalize: "Lost Watches Of Splitsville"
capitalize_title: "Lost Watches of Splitsville"
Some examples of formatting with capitalize_title:
Input: "KiLLiNG TiMe"
capitalize_title: "Killing Time"
Input: "we have come to wound the autumnal city"
capitalize_title: "We Have Come to Wound the Autumnal City"
Input: "ask for whom they ask for"
captialize_title: "Ask for Whom They Ask For"
Text::Capitalize also provides some functions for special effects such as scramble_case, which typically
would be used for this sort of transformation:
Input: "get whacky"
scramble_case: "gET wHaCkY" (or something similar)
EXPORTS
default exports
capitalize
Makes the initial character of each word uppercase, and forces the rest to lowercase.
The original routine by Stanislaw Y. Pusep.
capitalize_title
Applies English title case rules (See BACKGROUND) where only the "important" words are supposed to be
capitalized.
The one required argument is the string to be capitalized.
Some customization options may be passed in as pairs of names and values following the required
argument.
The following customizations are allowed:
Boolean:
PRESERVE_WHITESPACE
PRESERVE_ALLCAPS
PRESERVE_ANYCAPS
Array reference:
NOT_CAPITALIZED
See "Customizing the Exceptions to Capitalization".
optional exports
@exceptions
The list of minor words that don't usually get capitalized in titles (used by capitalize_title).
Defaults to:
a an the
and or nor for but so yet
to of by at for but in with has
de von
%defaults_capitalize_title
Defines the default arguments for the capitalize_title function Initially, this is set-up to shut off
the features PRESERVE_WHITESPACE, PRESERVE_ALLCAPS and PRESERVE_ANYCAPS; it also has @exceptions as
the NOT_CAPITALIZED list.
scramble_case
This routine provides a special effect: sCraMBliNg tHe CaSe
The algorithm here uses a modified probability distribution to get a weirder looking effect than
simple randomization such as with random_case.
For a discussion of the algorithm, see "SPECIAL EFFECTS".
random_case
Randomizes the case of each character with a 50-50 chance of each one becoming upper or lower case.
zippify_case
Function to provide a special effect: "RANDOMLY upcasing WHOLE WORDS at a TIME".
This uses a similar algorithm to scramble_case, though it also ignores words on the @exceptions list,
just as capitalize_title does.
BACKGROUND
The capitalize_title function tries to do the right thing by default: adjust an arbitrary chunk of text
so that it can be used as a title. But as with many aspects of the human languages, it is extremely
difficult to come up with a set of programmatic rules that will cover all cases.
Words that don't get capitalized
This web page:
http://www.continentallocating.com/World.Literature/General2/LiteraryTitles2.htm
presents some admirably clear rules for capitalizing titles:
ALL words in EVERY title are capitalized except
(1) a, an, and the,
(2) two and three letter conjunctions (and, or, nor, for, but, so, yet),
(3) prepositions.
Exceptions: The first and last words are always capitalized even
if they are among the above three groups.
But consider the case:
"It Waits Underneath the Sea"
Should the word "underneath" be downcased because it's a preposition? Most English speakers would be
surprised to see it that way. Consequently, the default list of exceptions to capitalization in this
module only includes the shortest of the common prepositions (to of by at for but in).
The default entries on the exception list are:
a an the
and or nor for but so yet
to of by at for but in with has
de von
The observant may note that the last row is not composed of English words. The honorary "de" has been
included in honor of "Honore de Balzac". And "von" was added for the sake of equal time.
Customizing the Exceptions to Capitalization
If you have different ideas about the "rules" of English (or perhaps if you're trying to use this code
with another language with different rules) you might like to substitute a new exception list of your
own:
capitalize_title( "Dude, we, like, went to Old Slavy, and uh, they didn't have it",
NOT_CAPITALIZED => [ qw( uh duh huh wha like man you know ) ] );
This should return:
Dude, We, like, Went To Old Slavy, And uh, They Didn't Have It
Less radically, you might like to simply add a word to the list, for example "from":
use Text::Capitalize 0.2 qw( capitalize_title @exceptions );
push @exceptions, "from";
print capitalize_title( "fungi from yuggoth",
NOT_CAPITALIZED => \@exceptions);
This should output:
Fungi from Yuggoth
All Uppercase Words
In order to work with a wide range of input strings, by default capitalize_title presumes that upper-case
input needs to be adjusted (e.g. "DOOM APPROACHES!" would become "Doom Approaches!"). But, this doesn't
allow for the possibilities such as an acronym in a title (e.g. "RAM Prices Plummet" ideally should not
become "Ram Prices Plummet"). If the PRESERVE_ALLCAPS option is set, then it will be presumed that an
all-uppercase word is that way for a reason, and will be left alone:
print capitalize_title( "ram more RAM down your throat",
PRESERVE_ALLCAPS => 1 );
This should output:
Ram More RAM Down Your Throat
Preserving Any Usage of Uppercase for Mixed-case Words
There are some other odd cases that are difficult to handle well, notably mixed-case words such as
"iMac", "CHiPs", and so on. For these purposes, a PRESERVE_ANYCAPS option has been provided which
presumes that any usage of uppercase is there for a reason, in which case the entire word should be
passed through untouched. With PRESERVE_ANYCAPS on, only the case of all lowercase words will ever be
adjusted:
print capitalize_title( "TLAs i have known and loved",
PRESERVE_ANYCAPS => 1 );
This should output:
TLAs I Have Known and Loved
print capitalize_title( "the next iMac: just another NeXt?",
PRESERVE_ANYCAPS => 1);
This should output:
The Next iMac: Just Another NeXt?
Handling Whitespace
By default, the capitalize_title function presumes that you're trying to clean up potential title
strings. As an extra feature it collapses multiple spaces and tabs into single spaces. If this feature
doesn't seem desirable and you want it to literally restrict itself to adjusting capitalization, you can
force that behavior with the PRESERVE_WHITESPACE option:
print capitalize_title( "it came from texas: the new new world order?",
PRESERVE_WHITESPACE => 1);
This should output:
It Came From Texas: The New New World Order?
(Note: the double-space after the colon is still there.)
Comparison to Text::Autoformat
As you might expect, there's more than one way to do this, and these two pieces of code perform very
similar functions:
use Text::Capitalize 0.2;
print capitalize_title( $t ), "\n";
use Text::Autoformat;
print autoformat { case => "highlight", right => length( $t ) }, $t;
Note: with autoformat, supplying the length of the string as the "right margin" is much faster than
plugging in an arbitrarily large number. There doesn't seem to be any other way of turning off line-
breaking (e.g. by using the "fill" parameter) though possibly there will be in the future.
As of this writing, "capitalize_title" has some advantages:
1. It works on characters outside the English 7-bit ASCII range, for example with my locale setting
(en_US) the ISO-8859-1 International characters are handled correctly, so that "ueber maus" becomes
"Ueber Maus".
2. Minor words following leading punctuation become upper case:
"...And Justice for All"
3. It works with multiple sentence input (e.g. "And sooner. And later." should probably not be "And
sooner. and later.")
4. The list of minor words is more extensive (i.e. includes: so, yet, nor), and is also customizable.
5. There's a way of preserving acronyms via the PRESERVE_ALLCAPS option and similarly, mixed-case words
("iMac", "NeXt", etc") with the PRESERVE_ANYCAPS option.
6. capitalize_title is roughly ten times faster.
Another difference is that Text::Autoformat's "highlight" always preserves whitespace something like
capitalize_title does with the PRESERVE_WHITESPACE option set.
However, it should be pointed out that Text::Autoformat is under active maintenance by Damian Conway. It
also does far more than this module, and you may want to use it for other reasons.
Still more ways to do it
Late breaking news: The second edition of the Perl Cookbook has just come out. It now includes:
"Properly Capitalizing a Title or Headline" as recipe 1.14. You should familiarize yourself with this if
you want to become a true master of all title capitalization routines.
(And I see that recipe 1.13 includes a "randcap" program as an example, which as it happens does
something like the random_case function described below...)
SPECIAL EFFECTS
Some functions have been provided to make strings look weird by scrambling their capitalization ("lIKe
tHiS"): random_case and scramble_case. The function "random_case" does a straight-forward randomization
of capitalization so that each letter has a 50-50 chance of being upper or lower case. The function
"scramble_case" performs a very similar function, but does a slightly better job of producing something
"weird-looking".
The difficulty is that there are differences between human perception of randomness and actual
randomness. Consider the fact that of the sixteen ways that the four letter word "word" can be
capitalized, three of them are rather boring: "word", "Word" and "WORD". To make it less likely that
scramble_case will produce dull output when you want "weird" output, a modified probability distribution
has been used that records the history of previous outcomes, and tweaks the likelihood of the next
decision in the opposite direction, back toward the expected average. In effect, this simulates a world
in which the Gambler's Fallacy is correct ("Hm... red has come up a lot, I bet that black is going to
come up now."). "Streaks" are much less likely with scramble_case than with random_case.
Additionally, with scramble_case the probability that the first character of the input string will become
upper-case has been tweaked to less than 50%. (Future versions may apply this tweak on a per-word basis
rather than just on a per-string basis).
There is also a function that scrambles capitalization on a word-by-word basis called "zippify_case",
which should produce output like: "In my PREVIOUS life i was a LATEX-novelty REPAIRMAN!"
EXPORT
By default, this version of the module provides the two functions capitalize and capitalize_title.
Future versions will have no further additions to the default export list.
Optionally, the following functions may also be exported:
scramble_case
A function to scramble capitalization in a wEiRD loOOkInG wAy. Supposed to look a little stranger
than the simpler random_case output
random_case
Function to randomize capitalization of each letter in the string. Compare to "scramble_case"
zippify_case
A function like "scramble_case" that acts on a word-by-word basis (Somewhat LIKE this, YOU know?).
It is also possible to export the following variables:
@exceptions
The list of minor words that capitalize_title uses by default to determine the exceptions to
capitalization.
%defaults-capitalize_title
The hash of allowed arguments (with defaults) that the capitalize_title function uses.
BUGS
1. In capitalize_title, quoted sentence terminators are treated as actual sentence breaks, e.g. in this
case:
'say "yes but!" and "know what?"'
The program sees the ! and effectively treats this as two separate sentences: the word "but" becomes
"But" (under the rule that last words must always be uppercase, even if they're on the exception list)
and the word "and" becomes "And" (under the first word rule).
2. There's no good way to automatically handle names like "McCoy". Consider the difficulty of
disambiguating "Macadam Roads" from "MacAdam Rode". If you need to solve problems like this, consider
using the case_surname function of Lingua::En::NameParse.
3. In general, Text::Capitalize is a very parochial English oriented module that looks like it belongs in
the "Lingua::En::*" tree.
4. There's currently no way of doing a PRESERVE_ANYCAPS that *also* adjusts capitalization of words on
the exception list, so that "iMac Or iPod" would become "iMac or iPod".
SEE ALSO
Text::Autoformat
"The Perl Cookbook", second edition, recipes 1.13 and 1.14
Lingua::En::NameParse
About "scramble_case": <http://obsidianrook.com/devnotes/talks/esthetic_randomness/>
VERSION
Version 0.9
AUTHORS
Joseph M. Brenner
E-Mail: doom@kzsu.stanford.edu
Homepage: http://obsidianrook.com/map
Stanislaw Y. Pusep (who wrote "capitalize")
E-Mail: stanis@linuxmail.org
ICQ UIN: 11979567
Homepage: http://sysdlabs.hypermart.net/
And many thanks (for feature suggestions and code examples) to:
Belden Lyman, Yary Hcluhan, Randal Schwartz
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright 2003 by Joseph Brenner. All rights reserved.
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl
itself.
perl v5.36.0 2023-02-03 Text::Capitalize(3pm)