Provided by: libtext-template-perl_1.61-1_all 
NAME
Text::Template - Expand template text with embedded Perl
VERSION
version 1.61
SYNOPSIS
use Text::Template;
$template = Text::Template->new(TYPE => 'FILE', SOURCE => 'filename.tmpl');
$template = Text::Template->new(TYPE => 'ARRAY', SOURCE => [ ... ] );
$template = Text::Template->new(TYPE => 'FILEHANDLE', SOURCE => $fh );
$template = Text::Template->new(TYPE => 'STRING', SOURCE => '...' );
$template = Text::Template->new(PREPEND => q{use strict;}, ...);
# Use a different template file syntax:
$template = Text::Template->new(DELIMITERS => [$open, $close], ...);
$recipient = 'King';
$text = $template->fill_in(); # Replaces `{$recipient}' with `King'
print $text;
$T::recipient = 'Josh';
$text = $template->fill_in(PACKAGE => T);
# Pass many variables explicitly
$hash = { recipient => 'Abed-Nego',
friends => [ 'me', 'you' ],
enemies => { loathsome => 'Saruman',
fearsome => 'Sauron' },
};
$text = $template->fill_in(HASH => $hash, ...);
# $recipient is Abed-Nego,
# @friends is ( 'me', 'you' ),
# %enemies is ( loathsome => ..., fearsome => ... )
# Call &callback in case of programming errors in template
$text = $template->fill_in(BROKEN => \&callback, BROKEN_ARG => $ref, ...);
# Evaluate program fragments in Safe compartment with restricted permissions
$text = $template->fill_in(SAFE => $compartment, ...);
# Print result text instead of returning it
$success = $template->fill_in(OUTPUT => \*FILEHANDLE, ...);
# Parse template with different template file syntax:
$text = $template->fill_in(DELIMITERS => [$open, $close], ...);
# Note that this is *faster* than using the default delimiters
# Prepend specified perl code to each fragment before evaluating:
$text = $template->fill_in(PREPEND => q{use strict 'vars';}, ...);
use Text::Template 'fill_in_string';
$text = fill_in_string( <<'EOM', PACKAGE => 'T', ...);
Dear {$recipient},
Pay me at once.
Love,
G.V.
EOM
use Text::Template 'fill_in_file';
$text = fill_in_file($filename, ...);
# All templates will always have `use strict vars' attached to all fragments
Text::Template->always_prepend(q{use strict 'vars';});
DESCRIPTION
This is a library for generating form letters, building HTML pages, or filling in templates generally. A
`template' is a piece of text that has little Perl programs embedded in it here and there. When you
`fill in' a template, you evaluate the little programs and replace them with their values.
You can store a template in a file outside your program. People can modify the template without
modifying the program. You can separate the formatting details from the main code, and put the
formatting parts of the program into the template. That prevents code bloat and encourages functional
separation.
Example
Here's an example of a template, which we'll suppose is stored in the file "formletter.tmpl":
Dear {$title} {$lastname},
It has come to our attention that you are delinquent in your
{$monthname[$last_paid_month]} payment. Please remit
${sprintf("%.2f", $amount)} immediately, or your patellae may
be needlessly endangered.
Love,
Mark "Vizopteryx" Dominus
The result of filling in this template is a string, which might look something like this:
Dear Mr. Smith,
It has come to our attention that you are delinquent in your
February payment. Please remit
$392.12 immediately, or your patellae may
be needlessly endangered.
Love,
Mark "Vizopteryx" Dominus
Here is a complete program that transforms the example template into the example result, and prints it
out:
use Text::Template;
my $template = Text::Template->new(SOURCE => 'formletter.tmpl')
or die "Couldn't construct template: $Text::Template::ERROR";
my @monthname = qw(January February March April May June
July August September October November December);
my %vars = (title => 'Mr.',
firstname => 'John',
lastname => 'Smith',
last_paid_month => 1, # February
amount => 392.12,
monthname => \@monthname);
my $result = $template->fill_in(HASH => \%vars);
if (defined $result) { print $result }
else { die "Couldn't fill in template: $Text::Template::ERROR" }
Philosophy
When people make a template module like this one, they almost always start by inventing a special syntax
for substitutions. For example, they build it so that a string like "%%VAR%%" is replaced with the value
of $VAR. Then they realize the need extra formatting, so they put in some special syntax for formatting.
Then they need a loop, so they invent a loop syntax. Pretty soon they have a new little template
language.
This approach has two problems: First, their little language is crippled. If you need to do something the
author hasn't thought of, you lose. Second: Who wants to learn another language? You already know Perl,
so why not use it?
"Text::Template" templates are programmed in Perl. You embed Perl code in your template, with "{" at the
beginning and "}" at the end. If you want a variable interpolated, you write it the way you would in
Perl. If you need to make a loop, you can use any of the Perl loop constructions. All the Perl built-in
functions are available.
Details
Template Parsing
The "Text::Template" module scans the template source. An open brace "{" begins a program fragment,
which continues until the matching close brace "}". When the template is filled in, the program
fragments are evaluated, and each one is replaced with the resulting value to yield the text that is
returned.
A backslash "\" in front of a brace (or another backslash that is in front of a brace) escapes its
special meaning. The result of filling out this template:
\{ The sum of 1 and 2 is {1+2} \}
is
{ The sum of 1 and 2 is 3 }
If you have an unmatched brace, "Text::Template" will return a failure code and a warning about where the
problem is. Backslashes that do not precede a brace are passed through unchanged. If you have a
template like this:
{ "String that ends in a newline.\n" }
The backslash inside the string is passed through to Perl unchanged, so the "\n" really does turn into a
newline. See the note at the end for details about the way backslashes work. Backslash processing is
not done when you specify alternative delimiters with the "DELIMITERS" option. (See "Alternative
Delimiters", below.)
Each program fragment should be a sequence of Perl statements, which are evaluated the usual way. The
result of the last statement executed will be evaluated in scalar context; the result of this statement
is a string, which is interpolated into the template in place of the program fragment itself.
The fragments are evaluated in order, and side effects from earlier fragments will persist into later
fragments:
{$x = @things; ''}The Lord High Chamberlain has gotten {$x}
things for me this year.
{ $diff = $x - 17;
$more = 'more'
if ($diff == 0) {
$diff = 'no';
} elsif ($diff < 0) {
$more = 'fewer';
}
'';
}
That is {$diff} {$more} than he gave me last year.
The value of $x set in the first line will persist into the next fragment that begins on the third line,
and the values of $diff and $more set in the second fragment will persist and be interpolated into the
last line. The output will look something like this:
The Lord High Chamberlain has gotten 42
things for me this year.
That is 25 more than he gave me last year.
That is all the syntax there is.
The $OUT variable
There is one special trick you can play in a template. Here is the motivation for it: Suppose you are
going to pass an array, @items, into the template, and you want the template to generate a bulleted list
with a header, like this:
Here is a list of the things I have got for you since 1907:
* Ivory
* Apes
* Peacocks
* ...
One way to do it is with a template like this:
Here is a list of the things I have got for you since 1907:
{ my $blist = '';
foreach $i (@items) {
$blist .= qq{ * $i\n};
}
$blist;
}
Here we construct the list in a variable called $blist, which we return at the end. This is a little
cumbersome. There is a shortcut.
Inside of templates, there is a special variable called $OUT. Anything you append to this variable will
appear in the output of the template. Also, if you use $OUT in a program fragment, the normal behavior,
of replacing the fragment with its return value, is disabled; instead the fragment is replaced with the
value of $OUT. This means that you can write the template above like this:
Here is a list of the things I have got for you since 1907:
{ foreach $i (@items) {
$OUT .= " * $i\n";
}
}
$OUT is reinitialized to the empty string at the start of each program fragment. It is private to
"Text::Template", so you can't use a variable named $OUT in your template without invoking the special
behavior.
General Remarks
All "Text::Template" functions return "undef" on failure, and set the variable $Text::Template::ERROR to
contain an explanation of what went wrong. For example, if you try to create a template from a file that
does not exist, $Text::Template::ERROR will contain something like:
Couldn't open file xyz.tmpl: No such file or directory
"new"
$template = Text::Template->new( TYPE => ..., SOURCE => ... );
This creates and returns a new template object. "new" returns "undef" and sets $Text::Template::ERROR if
it can't create the template object. "SOURCE" says where the template source code will come from.
"TYPE" says what kind of object the source is.
The most common type of source is a file:
Text::Template->new( TYPE => 'FILE', SOURCE => $filename );
This reads the template from the specified file. The filename is opened with the Perl "open" command, so
it can be a pipe or anything else that makes sense with "open".
The "TYPE" can also be "STRING", in which case the "SOURCE" should be a string:
Text::Template->new( TYPE => 'STRING',
SOURCE => "This is the actual template!" );
The "TYPE" can be "ARRAY", in which case the source should be a reference to an array of strings. The
concatenation of these strings is the template:
Text::Template->new( TYPE => 'ARRAY',
SOURCE => [ "This is ", "the actual",
" template!",
]
);
The "TYPE" can be FILEHANDLE, in which case the source should be an open filehandle (such as you got from
the "FileHandle" or "IO::*" packages, or a glob, or a reference to a glob). In this case
"Text::Template" will read the text from the filehandle up to end-of-file, and that text is the template:
# Read template source code from STDIN:
Text::Template->new ( TYPE => 'FILEHANDLE',
SOURCE => \*STDIN );
If you omit the "TYPE" attribute, it's taken to be "FILE". "SOURCE" is required. If you omit it, the
program will abort.
The words "TYPE" and "SOURCE" can be spelled any of the following ways:
TYPE SOURCE
Type Source
type source
-TYPE -SOURCE
-Type -Source
-type -source
Pick a style you like and stick with it.
"DELIMITERS"
You may also add a "DELIMITERS" option. If this option is present, its value should be a reference
to an array of two strings. The first string is the string that signals the beginning of each
program fragment, and the second string is the string that signals the end of each program fragment.
See "Alternative Delimiters", below.
"ENCODING"
You may also add a "ENCODING" option. If this option is present, and the "SOURCE" is a "FILE", then
the data will be decoded from the given encoding using the Encode module. You can use any encoding
that Encode recognizes. E.g.:
Text::Template->new(
TYPE => 'FILE',
ENCODING => 'UTF-8',
SOURCE => 'xyz.tmpl');
"UNTAINT"
If your program is running in taint mode, you may have problems if your templates are stored in
files. Data read from files is considered 'untrustworthy', and taint mode will not allow you to
evaluate the Perl code in the file. (It is afraid that a malicious person might have tampered with
the file.)
In some environments, however, local files are trustworthy. You can tell "Text::Template" that a
certain file is trustworthy by supplying "UNTAINT => 1" in the call to "new". This will tell
"Text::Template" to disable taint checks on template code that has come from a file, as long as the
filename itself is considered trustworthy. It will also disable taint checks on template code that
comes from a filehandle. When used with "TYPE => 'string'" or "TYPE => 'array'", it has no effect.
See perlsec for more complete information about tainting.
Thanks to Steve Palincsar, Gerard Vreeswijk, and Dr. Christoph Baehr for help with this feature.
"PREPEND"
This option is passed along to the "fill_in" call unless it is overridden in the arguments to
"fill_in". See "PREPEND" feature and using "strict" in templates> below.
"BROKEN"
This option is passed along to the "fill_in" call unless it is overridden in the arguments to
"fill_in". See "BROKEN" below.
"compile"
$template->compile()
Loads all the template text from the template's source, parses and compiles it. If successful, returns
true; otherwise returns false and sets $Text::Template::ERROR. If the template is already compiled, it
returns true and does nothing.
You don't usually need to invoke this function, because "fill_in" (see below) compiles the template if it
isn't compiled already.
If there is an argument to this function, it must be a reference to an array containing alternative
delimiter strings. See "Alternative Delimiters", below.
"fill_in"
$template->fill_in(OPTIONS);
Fills in a template. Returns the resulting text if successful. Otherwise, returns "undef" and sets
$Text::Template::ERROR.
The OPTIONS are a hash, or a list of key-value pairs. You can write the key names in any of the six
usual styles as above; this means that where this manual says "PACKAGE" (for example) you can actually
use any of
PACKAGE Package package -PACKAGE -Package -package
Pick a style you like and stick with it. The all-lowercase versions may yield spurious warnings about
Ambiguous use of package => resolved to "package"
so you might like to avoid them and use the capitalized versions.
At present, there are eight legal options: "PACKAGE", "BROKEN", "BROKEN_ARG", "FILENAME", "SAFE",
"HASH", "OUTPUT", and "DELIMITERS".
"PACKAGE"
"PACKAGE" specifies the name of a package in which the program fragments should be evaluated. The
default is to use the package from which "fill_in" was called. For example, consider this template:
The value of the variable x is {$x}.
If you use "$template->fill_in(PACKAGE => 'R')" , then the $x in the template is actually replaced
with the value of $R::x. If you omit the "PACKAGE" option, $x will be replaced with the value of the
$x variable in the package that actually called "fill_in".
You should almost always use "PACKAGE". If you don't, and your template makes changes to variables,
those changes will be propagated back into the main program. Evaluating the template in a private
package helps prevent this. The template can still modify variables in your program if it wants to,
but it will have to do so explicitly. See the section at the end on `Security'.
Here's an example of using "PACKAGE":
Your Royal Highness,
Enclosed please find a list of things I have gotten
for you since 1907:
{ foreach $item (@items) {
$item_no++;
$OUT .= " $item_no. \u$item\n";
}
}
Signed,
Lord High Chamberlain
We want to pass in an array which will be assigned to the array @items. Here's how to do that:
@items = ('ivory', 'apes', 'peacocks', );
$template->fill_in();
This is not very safe. The reason this isn't as safe is that if you had a variable named $item_no in
scope in your program at the point you called "fill_in", its value would be clobbered by the act of
filling out the template. The problem is the same as if you had written a subroutine that used those
variables in the same way that the template does. ($OUT is special in templates and is always safe.)
One solution to this is to make the $item_no variable private to the template by declaring it with
"my". If the template does this, you are safe.
But if you use the "PACKAGE" option, you will probably be safe even if the template does not declare
its variables with "my":
@Q::items = ('ivory', 'apes', 'peacocks', );
$template->fill_in(PACKAGE => 'Q');
In this case the template will clobber the variable $Q::item_no, which is not related to the one your
program was using.
Templates cannot affect variables in the main program that are declared with "my", unless you give
the template references to those variables.
"HASH"
You may not want to put the template variables into a package. Packages can be hard to manage: You
can't copy them, for example. "HASH" provides an alternative.
The value for "HASH" should be a reference to a hash that maps variable names to values. For
example,
$template->fill_in(
HASH => {
recipient => "The King",
items => ['gold', 'frankincense', 'myrrh'],
object => \$self,
}
);
will fill out the template and use "The King" as the value of $recipient and the list of items as the
value of @items. Note that we pass an array reference, but inside the template it appears as an
array. In general, anything other than a simple string or number should be passed by reference.
We also want to pass an object, which is in $self; note that we pass a reference to the object,
"\$self" instead. Since we've passed a reference to a scalar, inside the template the object appears
as $object.
The full details of how it works are a little involved, so you might want to skip to the next
section.
Suppose the key in the hash is key and the value is value.
• If the value is "undef", then any variables named $key, @key, %key, etc., are undefined.
• If the value is a string or a number, then $key is set to that value in the template.
• For anything else, you must pass a reference.
If the value is a reference to an array, then @key is set to that array. If the value is a
reference to a hash, then %key is set to that hash. Similarly if value is any other kind of
reference. This means that
var => "foo"
and
var => \"foo"
have almost exactly the same effect. (The difference is that in the former case, the value is
copied, and in the latter case it is aliased.)
• In particular, if you want the template to get an object or any kind, you must pass a reference
to it:
$template->fill_in(HASH => { database_handle => \$dbh, ... });
If you do this, the template will have a variable $database_handle which is the database handle
object. If you leave out the "\", the template will have a hash %database_handle, which exposes
the internal structure of the database handle object; you don't want that.
Normally, the way this works is by allocating a private package, loading all the variables into the
package, and then filling out the template as if you had specified that package. A new package is
allocated each time. However, if you also use the "PACKAGE" option, "Text::Template" loads the
variables into the package you specified, and they stay there after the call returns. Subsequent
calls to "fill_in" that use the same package will pick up the values you loaded in.
If the argument of "HASH" is a reference to an array instead of a reference to a hash, then the array
should contain a list of hashes whose contents are loaded into the template package one after the
other. You can use this feature if you want to combine several sets of variables. For example, one
set of variables might be the defaults for a fill-in form, and the second set might be the user
inputs, which override the defaults when they are present:
$template->fill_in(HASH => [\%defaults, \%user_input]);
You can also use this to set two variables with the same name:
$template->fill_in(
HASH => [
{ v => "The King" },
{ v => [1,2,3] }
]
);
This sets $v to "The King" and @v to "(1,2,3)".
"BROKEN"
If any of the program fragments fails to compile or aborts for any reason, and you have set the
"BROKEN" option to a function reference, "Text::Template" will invoke the function. This function is
called the "BROKEN" function. The "BROKEN" function will tell "Text::Template" what to do next.
If the "BROKEN" function returns "undef", "Text::Template" will immediately abort processing the
template and return the text that it has accumulated so far. If your function does this, it should
set a flag that you can examine after "fill_in" returns so that you can tell whether there was a
premature return or not.
If the "BROKEN" function returns any other value, that value will be interpolated into the template
as if that value had been the return value of the program fragment to begin with. For example, if
the "BROKEN" function returns an error string, the error string will be interpolated into the output
of the template in place of the program fragment that cased the error.
If you don't specify a "BROKEN" function, "Text::Template" supplies a default one that returns
something like
Program fragment delivered error ``Illegal division by 0 at
template line 37''
(Note that the format of this message has changed slightly since version 1.31.) The return value of
the "BROKEN" function is interpolated into the template at the place the error occurred, so that this
template:
(3+4)*5 = { 3+4)*5 }
yields this result:
(3+4)*5 = Program fragment delivered error ``syntax error at template line 1''
If you specify a value for the "BROKEN" attribute, it should be a reference to a function that
"fill_in" can call instead of the default function.
"fill_in" will pass a hash to the "broken" function. The hash will have at least these three
members:
"text"
The source code of the program fragment that failed
"error"
The text of the error message ($@) generated by eval.
The text has been modified to omit the trailing newline and to include the name of the template
file (if there was one). The line number counts from the beginning of the template, not from the
beginning of the failed program fragment.
"lineno"
The line number of the template at which the program fragment began.
There may also be an "arg" member. See "BROKEN_ARG", below
"BROKEN_ARG"
If you supply the "BROKEN_ARG" option to "fill_in", the value of the option is passed to the "BROKEN"
function whenever it is called. The default "BROKEN" function ignores the "BROKEN_ARG", but you can
write a custom "BROKEN" function that uses the "BROKEN_ARG" to get more information about what went
wrong.
The "BROKEN" function could also use the "BROKEN_ARG" as a reference to store an error message or
some other information that it wants to communicate back to the caller. For example:
$error = '';
sub my_broken {
my %args = @_;
my $err_ref = $args{arg};
...
$$err_ref = "Some error message";
return undef;
}
$template->fill_in(
BROKEN => \&my_broken,
BROKEN_ARG => \$error
);
if ($error) {
die "It didn't work: $error";
}
If one of the program fragments in the template fails, it will call the "BROKEN" function,
"my_broken", and pass it the "BROKEN_ARG", which is a reference to $error. "my_broken" can store an
error message into $error this way. Then the function that called "fill_in" can see if "my_broken"
has left an error message for it to find, and proceed accordingly.
"FILENAME"
If you give "fill_in" a "FILENAME" option, then this is the file name that you loaded the template
source from. This only affects the error message that is given for template errors. If you loaded
the template from "foo.txt" for example, and pass "foo.txt" as the "FILENAME" parameter, errors will
look like "... at foo.txt line N" rather than "... at template line N".
Note that this does NOT have anything to do with loading a template from the given filename. See
"fill_in_file()" for that.
For example:
my $template = Text::Template->new(
TYPE => 'string',
SOURCE => 'The value is {1/0}');
$template->fill_in(FILENAME => 'foo.txt') or die $Text::Template::ERROR;
will die with an error that contains
Illegal division by zero at at foo.txt line 1
"SAFE"
If you give "fill_in" a "SAFE" option, its value should be a safe compartment object from the "Safe"
package. All evaluation of program fragments will be performed in this compartment. See Safe for
full details about such compartments and how to restrict the operations that can be performed in
them.
If you use the "PACKAGE" option with "SAFE", the package you specify will be placed into the safe
compartment and evaluation will take place in that package as usual.
If not, "SAFE" operation is a little different from the default. Usually, if you don't specify a
package, evaluation of program fragments occurs in the package from which the template was invoked.
But in "SAFE" mode the evaluation occurs inside the safe compartment and cannot affect the calling
package. Normally, if you use "HASH" without "PACKAGE", the hash variables are imported into a
private, one-use-only package. But if you use "HASH" and "SAFE" together without "PACKAGE", the hash
variables will just be loaded into the root namespace of the "Safe" compartment.
"OUTPUT"
If your template is going to generate a lot of text that you are just going to print out again
anyway, you can save memory by having "Text::Template" print out the text as it is generated instead
of making it into a big string and returning the string. If you supply the "OUTPUT" option to
"fill_in", the value should be a filehandle. The generated text will be printed to this filehandle
as it is constructed. For example:
$template->fill_in(OUTPUT => \*STDOUT, ...);
fills in the $template as usual, but the results are immediately printed to STDOUT. This may result
in the output appearing more quickly than it would have otherwise.
If you use "OUTPUT", the return value from "fill_in" is still true on success and false on failure,
but the complete text is not returned to the caller.
"PREPEND"
You can have some Perl code prepended automatically to the beginning of every program fragment. See
""PREPEND" feature and using "strict" in templates" below.
"DELIMITERS"
If this option is present, its value should be a reference to a list of two strings. The first
string is the string that signals the beginning of each program fragment, and the second string is
the string that signals the end of each program fragment. See "Alternative Delimiters", below.
If you specify "DELIMITERS" in the call to "fill_in", they override any delimiters you set when you
created the template object with "new".
Convenience Functions
"fill_this_in"
The basic way to fill in a template is to create a template object and then call "fill_in" on it. This
is useful if you want to fill in the same template more than once.
In some programs, this can be cumbersome. "fill_this_in" accepts a string, which contains the template,
and a list of options, which are passed to "fill_in" as above. It constructs the template object for
you, fills it in as specified, and returns the results. It returns "undef" and sets
$Text::Template::ERROR if it couldn't generate any results.
An example:
$Q::name = 'Donald';
$Q::amount = 141.61;
$Q::part = 'hyoid bone';
$text = Text::Template->fill_this_in( <<'EOM', PACKAGE => Q);
Dear {$name},
You owe me \\${sprintf('%.2f', $amount)}.
Pay or I will break your {$part}.
Love,
Grand Vizopteryx of Irkutsk.
EOM
Notice how we included the template in-line in the program by using a `here document' with the "<<"
notation.
"fill_this_in" is a deprecated feature. It is only here for backwards compatibility, and may be removed
in some far-future version in "Text::Template". You should use "fill_in_string" instead. It is
described in the next section.
"fill_in_string"
It is stupid that "fill_this_in" is a class method. It should have been just an imported function, so
that you could omit the "Text::Template->" in the example above. But I made the mistake four years ago
and it is too late to change it.
"fill_in_string" is exactly like "fill_this_in" except that it is not a method and you can omit the
"Text::Template->" and just say
print fill_in_string(<<'EOM', ...);
Dear {$name},
...
EOM
To use "fill_in_string", you need to say
use Text::Template 'fill_in_string';
at the top of your program. You should probably use "fill_in_string" instead of "fill_this_in".
"fill_in_file"
If you import "fill_in_file", you can say
$text = fill_in_file(filename, ...);
The "..." are passed to "fill_in" as above. The filename is the name of the file that contains the
template you want to fill in. It returns the result text. or "undef", as usual.
If you are going to fill in the same file more than once in the same program you should use the longer
"new" / "fill_in" sequence instead. It will be a lot faster because it only has to read and parse the
file once.
Including files into templates
People always ask for this. ``Why don't you have an include function?'' they want to know. The short
answer is this is Perl, and Perl already has an include function. If you want it, you can just put
{qx{cat filename}}
into your template. Voilà.
If you don't want to use "cat", you can write a little four-line function that opens a file and dumps out
its contents, and call it from the template. I wrote one for you. In the template, you can say
{Text::Template::_load_text(filename)}
If that is too verbose, here is a trick. Suppose the template package that you are going to be
mentioning in the "fill_in" call is package "Q". Then in the main program, write
*Q::include = \&Text::Template::_load_text;
This imports the "_load_text" function into package "Q" with the name "include". From then on, any
template that you fill in with package "Q" can say
{include(filename)}
to insert the text from the named file at that point. If you are using the "HASH" option instead, just
put "include => \&Text::Template::_load_text" into the hash instead of importing it explicitly.
Suppose you don't want to insert a plain text file, but rather you want to include one template within
another? Just use "fill_in_file" in the template itself:
{Text::Template::fill_in_file(filename)}
You can do the same importing trick if this is too much to type.
Miscellaneous
"my" variables
People are frequently surprised when this doesn't work:
my $recipient = 'The King';
my $text = fill_in_file('formletter.tmpl');
The text "The King" doesn't get into the form letter. Why not? Because $recipient is a "my" variable,
and the whole point of "my" variables is that they're private and inaccessible except in the scope in
which they're declared. The template is not part of that scope, so the template can't see $recipient.
If that's not the behavior you want, don't use "my". "my" means a private variable, and in this case you
don't want the variable to be private. Put the variables into package variables in some other package,
and use the "PACKAGE" option to "fill_in":
$Q::recipient = $recipient;
my $text = fill_in_file('formletter.tmpl', PACKAGE => 'Q');
or pass the names and values in a hash with the "HASH" option:
my $text = fill_in_file('formletter.tmpl', HASH => { recipient => $recipient });
Security Matters
All variables are evaluated in the package you specify with the "PACKAGE" option of "fill_in". if you
use this option, and if your templates don't do anything egregiously stupid, you won't have to worry that
evaluation of the little programs will creep out into the rest of your program and wreck something.
Nevertheless, there's really no way (except with "Safe") to protect against a template that says
{ $Important::Secret::Security::Enable = 0;
# Disable security checks in this program
}
or
{ $/ = "ho ho ho"; # Sabotage future uses of <FH>.
# $/ is always a global variable
}
or even
{ system("rm -rf /") }
so don't go filling in templates unless you're sure you know what's in them. If you're worried, or you
can't trust the person who wrote the template, use the "SAFE" option.
A final warning: program fragments run a small risk of accidentally clobbering local variables in the
"fill_in" function itself. These variables all have names that begin with $fi_, so if you stay away from
those names you'll be safe. (Of course, if you're a real wizard you can tamper with them deliberately
for exciting effects; this is actually how $OUT works.) I can fix this, but it will make the package
slower to do it, so I would prefer not to. If you are worried about this, send me mail and I will show
you what to do about it.
Alternative Delimiters
Lorenzo Valdettaro pointed out that if you are using "Text::Template" to generate TeX output, the choice
of braces as the program fragment delimiters makes you suffer suffer suffer. Starting in version 1.20,
you can change the choice of delimiters to something other than curly braces.
In either the "new()" call or the "fill_in()" call, you can specify an alternative set of delimiters with
the "DELIMITERS" option. For example, if you would like code fragments to be delimited by "[@--" and
"--@]" instead of "{" and "}", use
... DELIMITERS => [ '[@--', '--@]' ], ...
Note that these delimiters are literal strings, not regexes. (I tried for regexes, but it complicates
the lexical analysis too much.) Note also that "DELIMITERS" disables the special meaning of the
backslash, so if you want to include the delimiters in the literal text of your template file, you are
out of luck---it is up to you to choose delimiters that do not conflict with what you are doing. The
delimiter strings may still appear inside of program fragments as long as they nest properly. This means
that if for some reason you absolutely must have a program fragment that mentions one of the delimiters,
like this:
[@--
print "Oh no, a delimiter: --@]\n"
--@]
you may be able to make it work by doing this instead:
[@--
# Fake matching delimiter in a comment: [@--
print "Oh no, a delimiter: --@]\n"
--@]
It may be safer to choose delimiters that begin with a newline character.
Because the parsing of templates is simplified by the absence of backslash escapes, using alternative
"DELIMITERS" may speed up the parsing process by 20-25%. This shows that my original choice of "{" and
"}" was very bad.
"PREPEND" feature and using "strict" in templates
Suppose you would like to use "strict" in your templates to detect undeclared variables and the like.
But each code fragment is a separate lexical scope, so you have to turn on "strict" at the top of each
and every code fragment:
{ use strict;
use vars '$foo';
$foo = 14;
...
}
...
{ # we forgot to put `use strict' here
my $result = $boo + 12; # $boo is misspelled and should be $foo
# No error is raised on `$boo'
}
Because we didn't put "use strict" at the top of the second fragment, it was only active in the first
fragment, and we didn't get any "strict" checking in the second fragment. Then we misspelled $foo and
the error wasn't caught.
"Text::Template" version 1.22 and higher has a new feature to make this easier. You can specify that any
text at all be automatically added to the beginning of each program fragment.
When you make a call to "fill_in", you can specify a
PREPEND => 'some perl statements here'
option; the statements will be prepended to each program fragment for that one call only. Suppose that
the "fill_in" call included a
PREPEND => 'use strict;'
option, and that the template looked like this:
{ use vars '$foo';
$foo = 14;
...
}
...
{ my $result = $boo + 12; # $boo is misspelled and should be $foo
...
}
The code in the second fragment would fail, because $boo has not been declared. "use strict" was
implied, even though you did not write it explicitly, because the "PREPEND" option added it for you
automatically.
There are three other ways to do this. At the time you create the template object with "new", you can
also supply a "PREPEND" option, in which case the statements will be prepended each time you fill in that
template. If the "fill_in" call has its own "PREPEND" option, this overrides the one specified at the
time you created the template. Finally, you can make the class method call
Text::Template->always_prepend('perl statements');
If you do this, then call calls to "fill_in" for any template will attach the perl statements to the
beginning of each program fragment, except where overridden by "PREPEND" options to "new" or "fill_in".
An alternative to adding "use strict;" to the PREPEND option, you can pass STRICT => 1 to fill_in when
also passing the HASH option.
Suppose that the "fill_in" call included both
HASH => {$foo => ''} and
STRICT => 1
options, and that the template looked like this:
{
$foo = 14;
...
}
...
{ my $result = $boo + 12; # $boo is misspelled and should be $foo
...
}
The code in the second fragment would fail, because $boo has not been declared. "use strict" was implied,
even though you did not write it explicitly, because the "STRICT" option added it for you automatically.
Any variable referenced in the template that is not in the "HASH" option will be an error.
Prepending in Derived Classes
This section is technical, and you should skip it on the first few readings.
Normally there are three places that prepended text could come from. It could come from the "PREPEND"
option in the "fill_in" call, from the "PREPEND" option in the "new" call that created the template
object, or from the argument of the "always_prepend" call. "Text::Template" looks for these three things
in order and takes the first one that it finds.
In a subclass of "Text::Template", this last possibility is ambiguous. Suppose "S" is a subclass of
"Text::Template". Should
Text::Template->always_prepend(...);
affect objects in class "Derived"? The answer is that you can have it either way.
The "always_prepend" value for "Text::Template" is normally stored in a hash variable named
%GLOBAL_PREPEND under the key "Text::Template". When "Text::Template" looks to see what text to prepend,
it first looks in the template object itself, and if not, it looks in $GLOBAL_PREPEND{class} where class
is the class to which the template object belongs. If it doesn't find any value, it looks in
$GLOBAL_PREPEND{'Text::Template'}. This means that objects in class "Derived" will be affected by
Text::Template->always_prepend(...);
unless there is also a call to
Derived->always_prepend(...);
So when you're designing your derived class, you can arrange to have your objects ignore
"Text::Template::always_prepend" calls by simply putting "Derived->always_prepend('')" at the top of your
module.
Of course, there is also a final escape hatch: Templates support a "prepend_text" that is used to look up
the appropriate text to be prepended at "fill_in" time. Your derived class can override this method to
get an arbitrary effect.
JavaScript
Jennifer D. St Clair asks:
> Most of my pages contain JavaScript and Stylesheets.
> How do I change the template identifier?
Jennifer is worried about the braces in the JavaScript being taken as the delimiters of the Perl program
fragments. Of course, disaster will ensue when perl tries to evaluate these as if they were Perl
programs. The best choice is to find some unambiguous delimiter strings that you can use in your
template instead of curly braces, and then use the "DELIMITERS" option. However, if you can't do this
for some reason, there are two easy workarounds:
1. You can put "\" in front of "{", "}", or "\" to remove its special meaning. So, for example, instead
of
if (br== "n3") {
// etc.
}
you can put
if (br== "n3") \{
// etc.
\}
and it'll come out of the template engine the way you want.
But here is another method that is probably better. To see how it works, first consider what happens if
you put this into a template:
{ 'foo' }
Since it's in braces, it gets evaluated, and obviously, this is going to turn into
foo
So now here's the trick: In Perl, "q{...}" is the same as '...'. So if we wrote
{q{foo}}
it would turn into
foo
So for your JavaScript, just write
{q{if (br== "n3") {
// etc.
}}
}
and it'll come out as
if (br== "n3") {
// etc.
}
which is what you want.
head2 Shut Up!
People sometimes try to put an initialization section at the top of their templates, like this:
{ ...
$var = 17;
}
Then they complain because there is a 17 at the top of the output that they didn't want to have there.
Remember that a program fragment is replaced with its own return value, and that in Perl the return value
of a code block is the value of the last expression that was evaluated, which in this case is 17. If it
didn't do that, you wouldn't be able to write "{$recipient}" and have the recipient filled in.
To prevent the 17 from appearing in the output is very simple:
{ ...
$var = 17;
'';
}
Now the last expression evaluated yields the empty string, which is invisible. If you don't like the way
this looks, use
{ ...
$var = 17;
($SILENTLY);
}
instead. Presumably, $SILENTLY has no value, so nothing will be interpolated. This is what is known as
a `trick'.
Compatibility
Every effort has been made to make this module compatible with older versions. The only known exceptions
follow:
The output format of the default "BROKEN" subroutine has changed twice, most recently between versions
1.31 and 1.40.
Starting in version 1.10, the $OUT variable is arrogated for a special meaning. If you had templates
before version 1.10 that happened to use a variable named $OUT, you will have to change them to use some
other variable or all sorts of strangeness will result.
Between versions 0.1b and 1.00 the behavior of the \ metacharacter changed. In 0.1b, \\ was special
everywhere, and the template processor always replaced it with a single backslash before passing the code
to Perl for evaluation. The rule now is more complicated but probably more convenient. See the section
on backslash processing, below, for a full discussion.
Backslash Processing
In "Text::Template" beta versions, the backslash was special whenever it appeared before a brace or
another backslash. That meant that while "{"\n"}" did indeed generate a newline, "{"\\"}" did not
generate a backslash, because the code passed to Perl for evaluation was "\" which is a syntax error. If
you wanted a backslash, you would have had to write "{"\\\\"}".
In "Text::Template" versions 1.00 through 1.10, there was a bug: Backslash was special everywhere. In
these versions, "{"\n"}" generated the letter "n".
The bug has been corrected in version 1.11, but I did not go back to exactly the old rule, because I did
not like the idea of having to write "{"\\\\"}" to get one backslash. The rule is now more complicated
to remember, but probably easier to use. The rule is now: Backslashes are always passed to Perl
unchanged unless they occur as part of a sequence like "\\\\\\{" or "\\\\\\}". In these contexts, they
are special; "\\" is replaced with "\", and "\{" and "\}" signal a literal brace.
Examples:
\{ foo \}
is not evaluated, because the "\" before the braces signals that they should be taken literally. The
result in the output looks like this:
{ foo }
This is a syntax error:
{ "foo}" }
because "Text::Template" thinks that the code ends at the first "}", and then gets upset when it sees the
second one. To make this work correctly, use
{ "foo\}" }
This passes "foo}" to Perl for evaluation. Note there's no "\" in the evaluated code. If you really
want a "\" in the evaluated code, use
{ "foo\\\}" }
This passes "foo\}" to Perl for evaluation.
Starting with "Text::Template" version 1.20, backslash processing is disabled if you use the "DELIMITERS"
option to specify alternative delimiter strings.
A short note about $Text::Template::ERROR
In the past some people have fretted about `violating the package boundary' by examining a variable
inside the "Text::Template" package. Don't feel this way. $Text::Template::ERROR is part of the
published, official interface to this package. It is perfectly OK to inspect this variable. The
interface is not going to change.
If it really, really bothers you, you can import a function called "TTerror" that returns the current
value of the $ERROR variable. So you can say:
use Text::Template 'TTerror';
my $template = Text::Template->new(SOURCE => $filename);
unless ($template) {
my $err = TTerror;
die "Couldn't make template: $err; aborting";
}
I don't see what benefit this has over just doing this:
use Text::Template;
my $template = Text::Template->new(SOURCE => $filename)
or die "Couldn't make template: $Text::Template::ERROR; aborting";
But if it makes you happy to do it that way, go ahead.
Sticky Widgets in Template Files
The "CGI" module provides functions for `sticky widgets', which are form input controls that retain their
values from one page to the next. Sometimes people want to know how to include these widgets into their
template output.
It's totally straightforward. Just call the "CGI" functions from inside the template:
{ $q->checkbox_group(NAME => 'toppings',
LINEBREAK => true,
COLUMNS => 3,
VALUES => \@toppings,
);
}
Automatic preprocessing of program fragments
It may be useful to preprocess the program fragments before they are evaluated. See
"Text::Template::Preprocess" for more details.
Automatic postprocessing of template hunks
It may be useful to process hunks of output before they are appended to the result text. For this,
subclass and replace the "append_text_to_result" method. It is passed a list of pairs with these
entries:
handle - a filehandle to which to print the desired output
out - a ref to a string to which to append, to use if handle is not given
text - the text that will be appended
type - where the text came from: TEXT for literal text, PROG for code
HISTORY
Originally written by Mark Jason Dominus, Plover Systems (versions 0.01 - 1.46)
Maintainership transferred to Michael Schout <mschout@cpan.org> in version 1.47
THANKS
Many thanks to the following people for offering support, encouragement, advice, bug reports, and all the
other good stuff.
• Andrew G Wood
• Andy Wardley
• António Aragão
• Archie Warnock
• Bek Oberin
• Bob Dougherty
• Brian C. Shensky
• Chris Nandor
• Chris Wesley
• Chris.Brezil
• Daini Xie
• Dan Franklin
• Daniel LaLiberte
• David H. Adler
• David Marshall
• Dennis Taylor
• Donald L. Greer Jr.
• Dr. Frank Bucolo
• Fred Steinberg
• Gene Damon
• Hans Persson
• Hans Stoop
• Itamar Almeida de Carvalho
• James H. Thompson
• James Mastros
• Jarko Hietaniemi
• Jason Moore
• Jennifer D. St Clair
• Joel Appelbaum
• Joel Meulenberg
• Jonathan Roy
• Joseph Cheek
• Juan E. Camacho
• Kevin Atteson
• Kevin Madsen
• Klaus Arnhold
• Larry Virden
• Lieven Tomme
• Lorenzo Valdettaro
• Marek Grac
• Matt Womer
• Matt X. Hunter
• Michael G Schwern
• Michael J. Suzio
• Michaely Yeung
• Michelangelo Grigni
• Mike Brodhead
• Niklas Skoglund
• Randal L. Schwartz
• Reuven M. Lerner
• Robert M. Ioffe
• Ron Pero
• San Deng
• Sean Roehnelt
• Sergey Myasnikov
• Shabbir J. Safdar
• Shad Todd
• Steve Palincsar
• Tim Bunce
• Todd A. Green
• Tom Brown
• Tom Henry
• Tom Snee
• Trip Lilley
• Uwe Schneider
• Val Luck
• Yannis Livassof
• Yonat Sharon
• Zac Hansen
• gary at dls.net
Special thanks to:
Jonathan Roy
for telling me how to do the "Safe" support (I spent two years worrying about it, and then Jonathan
pointed out that it was trivial.)
Ranjit Bhatnagar
for demanding less verbose fragments like they have in ASP, for helping me figure out the Right Thing,
and, especially, for talking me out of adding any new syntax. These discussions resulted in the $OUT
feature.
Bugs and Caveats
"my" variables in "fill_in" are still susceptible to being clobbered by template evaluation. They all
begin with "fi_", so avoid those names in your templates.
The line number information will be wrong if the template's lines are not terminated by "\n". You should
let me know if this is a problem. If you do, I will fix it.
The $OUT variable has a special meaning in templates, so you cannot use it as if it were a regular
variable.
There are not quite enough tests in the test suite.
SOURCE
The development version is on github at <https://https://github.com/mschout/perl-text-template> and may
be cloned from <git://https://github.com/mschout/perl-text-template.git>
BUGS
Please report any bugs or feature requests on the bugtracker website
<https://github.com/mschout/perl-text-template/issues>
When submitting a bug or request, please include a test-file or a patch to an existing test-file that
illustrates the bug or desired feature.
AUTHOR
Michael Schout <mschout@cpan.org>
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
This software is copyright (c) 2013 by Mark Jason Dominus <mjd@cpan.org>.
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5
programming language system itself.