Provided by: avr-libc_2.0.0+Atmel3.7.0-1_all 
NAME
avr_pgmspace - <avr/pgmspace.h>: Program Space Utilities
SYNOPSIS
Macros
#define PROGMEM __ATTR_PROGMEM__
#define PGM_P const char *
#define PGM_VOID_P const void *
#define PSTR(s) ((const PROGMEM char *)(s))
#define pgm_read_byte_near(address_short) __LPM((uint16_t)(address_short))
#define pgm_read_word_near(address_short) __LPM_word((uint16_t)(address_short))
#define pgm_read_dword_near(address_short) __LPM_dword((uint16_t)(address_short))
#define pgm_read_float_near(address_short) __LPM_float((uint16_t)(address_short))
#define pgm_read_ptr_near(address_short)
(void*)__LPM_word((uint16_t)(address_short))
#define pgm_read_byte_far(address_long) __ELPM((uint32_t)(address_long))
#define pgm_read_word_far(address_long) __ELPM_word((uint32_t)(address_long))
#define pgm_read_dword_far(address_long) __ELPM_dword((uint32_t)(address_long))
#define pgm_read_float_far(address_long) __ELPM_float((uint32_t)(address_long))
#define pgm_read_ptr_far(address_long) (void*)__ELPM_word((uint32_t)(address_long))
#define pgm_read_byte(address_short) pgm_read_byte_near(address_short)
#define pgm_read_word(address_short) pgm_read_word_near(address_short)
#define pgm_read_dword(address_short) pgm_read_dword_near(address_short)
#define pgm_read_float(address_short) pgm_read_float_near(address_short)
#define pgm_read_ptr(address_short) pgm_read_ptr_near(address_short)
#define pgm_get_far_address(var)
Detailed Description
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/pgmspace.h>
The functions in this module provide interfaces for a program to access data stored in
program space (flash memory) of the device. In order to use these functions, the target
device must support either the LPM or ELPM instructions.
Note
These functions are an attempt to provide some compatibility with header files that
come with IAR C, to make porting applications between different compilers easier. This
is not 100% compatibility though (GCC does not have full support for multiple address
spaces yet).
If you are working with strings which are completely based in ram, use the standard
string functions described in <string.h>: Strings.
If possible, put your constant tables in the lower 64 KB and use pgm_read_byte_near()
or pgm_read_word_near() instead of pgm_read_byte_far() or pgm_read_word_far() since it
is more efficient that way, and you can still use the upper 64K for executable code.
All functions that are suffixed with a _P require their arguments to be in the lower
64 KB of the flash ROM, as they do not use ELPM instructions. This is normally not a
big concern as the linker setup arranges any program space constants declared using
the macros from this header file so they are placed right after the interrupt vectors,
and in front of any executable code. However, it can become a problem if there are too
many of these constants, or for bootloaders on devices with more than 64 KB of ROM.
All these functions will not work in that situation.
For Xmega devices, make sure the NVM controller command register (NVM.CMD or NVM_CMD)
is set to 0x00 (NOP) before using any of these functions.
Macro Definition Documentation
#define pgm_get_far_address(var)
Value:.PP
({ \
uint_farptr_t tmp; \
\
__asm__ __volatile__( \
\
"ldi %A0, lo8(%1)" "\n\t" \
"ldi %B0, hi8(%1)" "\n\t" \
"ldi %C0, hh8(%1)" "\n\t" \
"clr %D0" "\n\t" \
: \
"=d" (tmp) \
: \
"p" (&(var)) \
); \
tmp; \
})
This macro facilitates the obtention of a 32 bit 'far' pointer (only 24 bits used) to data
even passed the 64KB limit for the 16 bit ordinary pointer. It is similar to the '&'
operator, with some limitations.
Comments:
• The overhead is minimal and it's mainly due to the 32 bit size operation.
• 24 bit sizes guarantees the code compatibility for use in future devices.
• hh8() is an undocumented feature but seems to give the third significant byte of a 32
bit data and accepts symbols, complementing the functionality of hi8() and lo8(). There
is not an equivalent assembler function to get the high significant byte.
•
• The returned value is the identifier's VMA (virtual memory address) determined by the
linker and falls in the corresponding memory region. The AVR Harvard architecture
requires non overlapping VMA areas for the multiple address spaces in the processor:
Flash ROM, RAM, and EEPROM. Typical offset for this are 0x00000000, 0x00800xx0, and
0x00810000 respectively, derived from the linker script used and linker options. The
value returned can be seen then as a universal pointer.
#define PGM_P const char *
Used to declare a variable that is a pointer to a string in program space.
#define pgm_read_byte(address_short) pgm_read_byte_near(address_short)
Read a byte from the program space with a 16-bit (near) address.
Note
The address is a byte address. The address is in the program space.
#define pgm_read_byte_far(address_long) __ELPM((uint32_t)(address_long))
Read a byte from the program space with a 32-bit (far) address.
Note
The address is a byte address. The address is in the program space.
#define pgm_read_byte_near(address_short) __LPM((uint16_t)(address_short))
Read a byte from the program space with a 16-bit (near) address.
Note
The address is a byte address. The address is in the program space.
#define pgm_read_dword(address_short) pgm_read_dword_near(address_short)
Read a double word from the program space with a 16-bit (near) address.
Note
The address is a byte address. The address is in the program space.
#define pgm_read_dword_far(address_long) __ELPM_dword((uint32_t)(address_long))
Read a double word from the program space with a 32-bit (far) address.
Note
The address is a byte address. The address is in the program space.
#define pgm_read_dword_near(address_short) __LPM_dword((uint16_t)(address_short))
Read a double word from the program space with a 16-bit (near) address.
Note
The address is a byte address. The address is in the program space.
#define pgm_read_float(address_short) pgm_read_float_near(address_short)
Read a float from the program space with a 16-bit (near) address.
Note
The address is a byte address. The address is in the program space.
#define pgm_read_float_far(address_long) __ELPM_float((uint32_t)(address_long))
Read a float from the program space with a 32-bit (far) address.
Note
The address is a byte address. The address is in the program space.
#define pgm_read_float_near(address_short) __LPM_float((uint16_t)(address_short))
Read a float from the program space with a 16-bit (near) address.
Note
The address is a byte address. The address is in the program space.
#define pgm_read_ptr(address_short) pgm_read_ptr_near(address_short)
Read a pointer from the program space with a 16-bit (near) address.
Note
The address is a byte address. The address is in the program space.
#define pgm_read_ptr_far(address_long) (void*)__ELPM_word((uint32_t)(address_long))
Read a pointer from the program space with a 32-bit (far) address.
Note
The address is a byte address. The address is in the program space.
#define pgm_read_ptr_near(address_short) (void*)__LPM_word((uint16_t)(address_short))
Read a pointer from the program space with a 16-bit (near) address.
Note
The address is a byte address. The address is in the program space.
#define pgm_read_word(address_short) pgm_read_word_near(address_short)
Read a word from the program space with a 16-bit (near) address.
Note
The address is a byte address. The address is in the program space.
#define pgm_read_word_far(address_long) __ELPM_word((uint32_t)(address_long))
Read a word from the program space with a 32-bit (far) address.
Note
The address is a byte address. The address is in the program space.
#define pgm_read_word_near(address_short) __LPM_word((uint16_t)(address_short))
Read a word from the program space with a 16-bit (near) address.
Note
The address is a byte address. The address is in the program space.
#define PGM_VOID_P const void *
Used to declare a generic pointer to an object in program space.
#define PROGMEM __ATTR_PROGMEM__
Attribute to use in order to declare an object being located in flash ROM.
#define PSTR(s) ((const PROGMEM char *)(s))
Used to declare a static pointer to a string in program space.
Author
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