Provided by: postgresql-client-16_16.6-0ubuntu0.24.04.1_amd64 
NAME
COPY - copy data between a file and a table
SYNOPSIS
COPY table_name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ]
FROM { 'filename' | PROGRAM 'command' | STDIN }
[ [ WITH ] ( option [, ...] ) ]
[ WHERE condition ]
COPY { table_name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] | ( query ) }
TO { 'filename' | PROGRAM 'command' | STDOUT }
[ [ WITH ] ( option [, ...] ) ]
where option can be one of:
FORMAT format_name
FREEZE [ boolean ]
DELIMITER 'delimiter_character'
NULL 'null_string'
DEFAULT 'default_string'
HEADER [ boolean | MATCH ]
QUOTE 'quote_character'
ESCAPE 'escape_character'
FORCE_QUOTE { ( column_name [, ...] ) | * }
FORCE_NOT_NULL ( column_name [, ...] )
FORCE_NULL ( column_name [, ...] )
ENCODING 'encoding_name'
DESCRIPTION
COPY moves data between PostgreSQL tables and standard file-system files. COPY TO copies
the contents of a table to a file, while COPY FROM copies data from a file to a table
(appending the data to whatever is in the table already). COPY TO can also copy the
results of a SELECT query.
If a column list is specified, COPY TO copies only the data in the specified columns to
the file. For COPY FROM, each field in the file is inserted, in order, into the specified
column. Table columns not specified in the COPY FROM column list will receive their
default values.
COPY with a file name instructs the PostgreSQL server to directly read from or write to a
file. The file must be accessible by the PostgreSQL user (the user ID the server runs as)
and the name must be specified from the viewpoint of the server. When PROGRAM is
specified, the server executes the given command and reads from the standard output of the
program, or writes to the standard input of the program. The command must be specified
from the viewpoint of the server, and be executable by the PostgreSQL user. When STDIN or
STDOUT is specified, data is transmitted via the connection between the client and the
server.
Each backend running COPY will report its progress in the pg_stat_progress_copy view. See
Section 28.4.3 for details.
PARAMETERS
table_name
The name (optionally schema-qualified) of an existing table.
column_name
An optional list of columns to be copied. If no column list is specified, all columns
of the table except generated columns will be copied.
query
A SELECT, VALUES, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE command whose results are to be copied.
Note that parentheses are required around the query.
For INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE queries a RETURNING clause must be provided, and the
target relation must not have a conditional rule, nor an ALSO rule, nor an INSTEAD
rule that expands to multiple statements.
filename
The path name of the input or output file. An input file name can be an absolute or
relative path, but an output file name must be an absolute path. Windows users might
need to use an E'' string and double any backslashes used in the path name.
PROGRAM
A command to execute. In COPY FROM, the input is read from standard output of the
command, and in COPY TO, the output is written to the standard input of the command.
Note that the command is invoked by the shell, so if you need to pass any arguments
that come from an untrusted source, you must be careful to strip or escape any special
characters that might have a special meaning for the shell. For security reasons, it
is best to use a fixed command string, or at least avoid including any user input in
it.
STDIN
Specifies that input comes from the client application.
STDOUT
Specifies that output goes to the client application.
boolean
Specifies whether the selected option should be turned on or off. You can write TRUE,
ON, or 1 to enable the option, and FALSE, OFF, or 0 to disable it. The boolean value
can also be omitted, in which case TRUE is assumed.
FORMAT
Selects the data format to be read or written: text, csv (Comma Separated Values), or
binary. The default is text.
FREEZE
Requests copying the data with rows already frozen, just as they would be after
running the VACUUM FREEZE command. This is intended as a performance option for
initial data loading. Rows will be frozen only if the table being loaded has been
created or truncated in the current subtransaction, there are no cursors open and
there are no older snapshots held by this transaction. It is currently not possible to
perform a COPY FREEZE on a partitioned table.
Note that all other sessions will immediately be able to see the data once it has been
successfully loaded. This violates the normal rules of MVCC visibility and users
should be aware of the potential problems this might cause.
DELIMITER
Specifies the character that separates columns within each row (line) of the file. The
default is a tab character in text format, a comma in CSV format. This must be a
single one-byte character. This option is not allowed when using binary format.
NULL
Specifies the string that represents a null value. The default is \N (backslash-N) in
text format, and an unquoted empty string in CSV format. You might prefer an empty
string even in text format for cases where you don't want to distinguish nulls from
empty strings. This option is not allowed when using binary format.
Note
When using COPY FROM, any data item that matches this string will be stored as a
null value, so you should make sure that you use the same string as you used with
COPY TO.
DEFAULT
Specifies the string that represents a default value. Each time the string is found in
the input file, the default value of the corresponding column will be used. This
option is allowed only in COPY FROM, and only when not using binary format.
HEADER
Specifies that the file contains a header line with the names of each column in the
file. On output, the first line contains the column names from the table. On input,
the first line is discarded when this option is set to true (or equivalent Boolean
value). If this option is set to MATCH, the number and names of the columns in the
header line must match the actual column names of the table, in order; otherwise an
error is raised. This option is not allowed when using binary format. The MATCH option
is only valid for COPY FROM commands.
QUOTE
Specifies the quoting character to be used when a data value is quoted. The default is
double-quote. This must be a single one-byte character. This option is allowed only
when using CSV format.
ESCAPE
Specifies the character that should appear before a data character that matches the
QUOTE value. The default is the same as the QUOTE value (so that the quoting character
is doubled if it appears in the data). This must be a single one-byte character. This
option is allowed only when using CSV format.
FORCE_QUOTE
Forces quoting to be used for all non-NULL values in each specified column. NULL
output is never quoted. If * is specified, non-NULL values will be quoted in all
columns. This option is allowed only in COPY TO, and only when using CSV format.
FORCE_NOT_NULL
Do not match the specified columns' values against the null string. In the default
case where the null string is empty, this means that empty values will be read as
zero-length strings rather than nulls, even when they are not quoted. This option is
allowed only in COPY FROM, and only when using CSV format.
FORCE_NULL
Match the specified columns' values against the null string, even if it has been
quoted, and if a match is found set the value to NULL. In the default case where the
null string is empty, this converts a quoted empty string into NULL. This option is
allowed only in COPY FROM, and only when using CSV format.
ENCODING
Specifies that the file is encoded in the encoding_name. If this option is omitted,
the current client encoding is used. See the Notes below for more details.
WHERE
The optional WHERE clause has the general form
WHERE condition
where condition is any expression that evaluates to a result of type boolean. Any row
that does not satisfy this condition will not be inserted to the table. A row
satisfies the condition if it returns true when the actual row values are substituted
for any variable references.
Currently, subqueries are not allowed in WHERE expressions, and the evaluation does
not see any changes made by the COPY itself (this matters when the expression contains
calls to VOLATILE functions).
OUTPUTS
On successful completion, a COPY command returns a command tag of the form
COPY count
The count is the number of rows copied.
Note
psql will print this command tag only if the command was not COPY ... TO STDOUT, or
the equivalent psql meta-command \copy ... to stdout. This is to prevent confusing the
command tag with the data that was just printed.
NOTES
COPY TO can be used only with plain tables, not views, and does not copy rows from child
tables or child partitions. For example, COPY table TO copies the same rows as SELECT *
FROM ONLY table. The syntax COPY (SELECT * FROM table) TO ... can be used to dump all of
the rows in an inheritance hierarchy, partitioned table, or view.
COPY FROM can be used with plain, foreign, or partitioned tables or with views that have
INSTEAD OF INSERT triggers.
You must have select privilege on the table whose values are read by COPY TO, and insert
privilege on the table into which values are inserted by COPY FROM. It is sufficient to
have column privileges on the column(s) listed in the command.
If row-level security is enabled for the table, the relevant SELECT policies will apply to
COPY table TO statements. Currently, COPY FROM is not supported for tables with row-level
security. Use equivalent INSERT statements instead.
Files named in a COPY command are read or written directly by the server, not by the
client application. Therefore, they must reside on or be accessible to the database server
machine, not the client. They must be accessible to and readable or writable by the
PostgreSQL user (the user ID the server runs as), not the client. Similarly, the command
specified with PROGRAM is executed directly by the server, not by the client application,
must be executable by the PostgreSQL user. COPY naming a file or command is only allowed
to database superusers or users who are granted one of the roles pg_read_server_files,
pg_write_server_files, or pg_execute_server_program, since it allows reading or writing
any file or running a program that the server has privileges to access.
Do not confuse COPY with the psql instruction \copy. \copy invokes COPY FROM STDIN or
COPY TO STDOUT, and then fetches/stores the data in a file accessible to the psql client.
Thus, file accessibility and access rights depend on the client rather than the server
when \copy is used.
It is recommended that the file name used in COPY always be specified as an absolute path.
This is enforced by the server in the case of COPY TO, but for COPY FROM you do have the
option of reading from a file specified by a relative path. The path will be interpreted
relative to the working directory of the server process (normally the cluster's data
directory), not the client's working directory.
Executing a command with PROGRAM might be restricted by the operating system's access
control mechanisms, such as SELinux.
COPY FROM will invoke any triggers and check constraints on the destination table.
However, it will not invoke rules.
For identity columns, the COPY FROM command will always write the column values provided
in the input data, like the INSERT option OVERRIDING SYSTEM VALUE.
COPY input and output is affected by DateStyle. To ensure portability to other PostgreSQL
installations that might use non-default DateStyle settings, DateStyle should be set to
ISO before using COPY TO. It is also a good idea to avoid dumping data with IntervalStyle
set to sql_standard, because negative interval values might be misinterpreted by a server
that has a different setting for IntervalStyle.
Input data is interpreted according to ENCODING option or the current client encoding, and
output data is encoded in ENCODING or the current client encoding, even if the data does
not pass through the client but is read from or written to a file directly by the server.
COPY stops operation at the first error. This should not lead to problems in the event of
a COPY TO, but the target table will already have received earlier rows in a COPY FROM.
These rows will not be visible or accessible, but they still occupy disk space. This might
amount to a considerable amount of wasted disk space if the failure happened well into a
large copy operation. You might wish to invoke VACUUM to recover the wasted space.
FORCE_NULL and FORCE_NOT_NULL can be used simultaneously on the same column. This results
in converting quoted null strings to null values and unquoted null strings to empty
strings.
FILE FORMATS
Text Format
When the text format is used, the data read or written is a text file with one line per
table row. Columns in a row are separated by the delimiter character. The column values
themselves are strings generated by the output function, or acceptable to the input
function, of each attribute's data type. The specified null string is used in place of
columns that are null. COPY FROM will raise an error if any line of the input file
contains more or fewer columns than are expected.
End of data can be represented by a single line containing just backslash-period (\.). An
end-of-data marker is not necessary when reading from a file, since the end of file serves
perfectly well; it is needed only when copying data to or from client applications using
pre-3.0 client protocol.
Backslash characters (\) can be used in the COPY data to quote data characters that might
otherwise be taken as row or column delimiters. In particular, the following characters
must be preceded by a backslash if they appear as part of a column value: backslash
itself, newline, carriage return, and the current delimiter character.
The specified null string is sent by COPY TO without adding any backslashes; conversely,
COPY FROM matches the input against the null string before removing backslashes.
Therefore, a null string such as \N cannot be confused with the actual data value \N
(which would be represented as \\N).
The following special backslash sequences are recognized by COPY FROM:
┌─────────┬────────────────────────────────┐
│Sequence │ Represents │
├─────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\b │ Backspace (ASCII 8) │
├─────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\f │ Form feed (ASCII 12) │
├─────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\n │ Newline (ASCII 10) │
├─────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\r │ Carriage return (ASCII 13) │
├─────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\t │ Tab (ASCII 9) │
├─────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\v │ Vertical tab (ASCII 11) │
├─────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\digits │ Backslash followed by one to │
│ │ three octal digits specifies │
│ │ the byte with that │
│ │ numeric code │
├─────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\xdigits │ Backslash x followed by one or │
│ │ two hex digits specifies │
│ │ the byte with that │
│ │ numeric code │
└─────────┴────────────────────────────────┘
Presently, COPY TO will never emit an octal or hex-digits backslash sequence, but it does
use the other sequences listed above for those control characters.
Any other backslashed character that is not mentioned in the above table will be taken to
represent itself. However, beware of adding backslashes unnecessarily, since that might
accidentally produce a string matching the end-of-data marker (\.) or the null string (\N
by default). These strings will be recognized before any other backslash processing is
done.
It is strongly recommended that applications generating COPY data convert data newlines
and carriage returns to the \n and \r sequences respectively. At present it is possible to
represent a data carriage return by a backslash and carriage return, and to represent a
data newline by a backslash and newline. However, these representations might not be
accepted in future releases. They are also highly vulnerable to corruption if the COPY
file is transferred across different machines (for example, from Unix to Windows or vice
versa).
All backslash sequences are interpreted after encoding conversion. The bytes specified
with the octal and hex-digit backslash sequences must form valid characters in the
database encoding.
COPY TO will terminate each row with a Unix-style newline (“\n”). Servers running on
Microsoft Windows instead output carriage return/newline (“\r\n”), but only for COPY to a
server file; for consistency across platforms, COPY TO STDOUT always sends “\n” regardless
of server platform. COPY FROM can handle lines ending with newlines, carriage returns, or
carriage return/newlines. To reduce the risk of error due to un-backslashed newlines or
carriage returns that were meant as data, COPY FROM will complain if the line endings in
the input are not all alike.
CSV Format
This format option is used for importing and exporting the Comma Separated Value (CSV)
file format used by many other programs, such as spreadsheets. Instead of the escaping
rules used by PostgreSQL's standard text format, it produces and recognizes the common CSV
escaping mechanism.
The values in each record are separated by the DELIMITER character. If the value contains
the delimiter character, the QUOTE character, the NULL string, a carriage return, or line
feed character, then the whole value is prefixed and suffixed by the QUOTE character, and
any occurrence within the value of a QUOTE character or the ESCAPE character is preceded
by the escape character. You can also use FORCE_QUOTE to force quotes when outputting
non-NULL values in specific columns.
The CSV format has no standard way to distinguish a NULL value from an empty string.
PostgreSQL's COPY handles this by quoting. A NULL is output as the NULL parameter string
and is not quoted, while a non-NULL value matching the NULL parameter string is quoted.
For example, with the default settings, a NULL is written as an unquoted empty string,
while an empty string data value is written with double quotes (""). Reading values
follows similar rules. You can use FORCE_NOT_NULL to prevent NULL input comparisons for
specific columns. You can also use FORCE_NULL to convert quoted null string data values to
NULL.
Because backslash is not a special character in the CSV format, \., the end-of-data
marker, could also appear as a data value. To avoid any misinterpretation, a \. data
value appearing as a lone entry on a line is automatically quoted on output, and on input,
if quoted, is not interpreted as the end-of-data marker. If you are loading a file created
by another application that has a single unquoted column and might have a value of \., you
might need to quote that value in the input file.
Note
In CSV format, all characters are significant. A quoted value surrounded by white
space, or any characters other than DELIMITER, will include those characters. This can
cause errors if you import data from a system that pads CSV lines with white space out
to some fixed width. If such a situation arises you might need to preprocess the CSV
file to remove the trailing white space, before importing the data into PostgreSQL.
Note
CSV format will both recognize and produce CSV files with quoted values containing
embedded carriage returns and line feeds. Thus the files are not strictly one line per
table row like text-format files.
Note
Many programs produce strange and occasionally perverse CSV files, so the file format
is more a convention than a standard. Thus you might encounter some files that cannot
be imported using this mechanism, and COPY might produce files that other programs
cannot process.
Binary Format
The binary format option causes all data to be stored/read as binary format rather than as
text. It is somewhat faster than the text and CSV formats, but a binary-format file is
less portable across machine architectures and PostgreSQL versions. Also, the binary
format is very data type specific; for example it will not work to output binary data from
a smallint column and read it into an integer column, even though that would work fine in
text format.
The binary file format consists of a file header, zero or more tuples containing the row
data, and a file trailer. Headers and data are in network byte order.
Note
PostgreSQL releases before 7.4 used a different binary file format.
File Header
The file header consists of 15 bytes of fixed fields, followed by a variable-length
header extension area. The fixed fields are:
Signature
11-byte sequence PGCOPY\n\377\r\n\0 — note that the zero byte is a required part
of the signature. (The signature is designed to allow easy identification of files
that have been munged by a non-8-bit-clean transfer. This signature will be
changed by end-of-line-translation filters, dropped zero bytes, dropped high bits,
or parity changes.)
Flags field
32-bit integer bit mask to denote important aspects of the file format. Bits are
numbered from 0 (LSB) to 31 (MSB). Note that this field is stored in network byte
order (most significant byte first), as are all the integer fields used in the
file format. Bits 16–31 are reserved to denote critical file format issues; a
reader should abort if it finds an unexpected bit set in this range. Bits 0–15 are
reserved to signal backwards-compatible format issues; a reader should simply
ignore any unexpected bits set in this range. Currently only one flag bit is
defined, and the rest must be zero:
Bit 16
If 1, OIDs are included in the data; if 0, not. Oid system columns are not
supported in PostgreSQL anymore, but the format still contains the indicator.
Header extension area length
32-bit integer, length in bytes of remainder of header, not including self.
Currently, this is zero, and the first tuple follows immediately. Future changes
to the format might allow additional data to be present in the header. A reader
should silently skip over any header extension data it does not know what to do
with.
The header extension area is envisioned to contain a sequence of self-identifying
chunks. The flags field is not intended to tell readers what is in the extension area.
Specific design of header extension contents is left for a later release.
This design allows for both backwards-compatible header additions (add header
extension chunks, or set low-order flag bits) and non-backwards-compatible changes
(set high-order flag bits to signal such changes, and add supporting data to the
extension area if needed).
Tuples
Each tuple begins with a 16-bit integer count of the number of fields in the tuple.
(Presently, all tuples in a table will have the same count, but that might not always
be true.) Then, repeated for each field in the tuple, there is a 32-bit length word
followed by that many bytes of field data. (The length word does not include itself,
and can be zero.) As a special case, -1 indicates a NULL field value. No value bytes
follow in the NULL case.
There is no alignment padding or any other extra data between fields.
Presently, all data values in a binary-format file are assumed to be in binary format
(format code one). It is anticipated that a future extension might add a header field
that allows per-column format codes to be specified.
To determine the appropriate binary format for the actual tuple data you should
consult the PostgreSQL source, in particular the *send and *recv functions for each
column's data type (typically these functions are found in the src/backend/utils/adt/
directory of the source distribution).
If OIDs are included in the file, the OID field immediately follows the field-count
word. It is a normal field except that it's not included in the field-count. Note that
oid system columns are not supported in current versions of PostgreSQL.
File Trailer
The file trailer consists of a 16-bit integer word containing -1. This is easily
distinguished from a tuple's field-count word.
A reader should report an error if a field-count word is neither -1 nor the expected
number of columns. This provides an extra check against somehow getting out of sync
with the data.
EXAMPLES
The following example copies a table to the client using the vertical bar (|) as the field
delimiter:
COPY country TO STDOUT (DELIMITER '|');
To copy data from a file into the country table:
COPY country FROM '/usr1/proj/bray/sql/country_data';
To copy into a file just the countries whose names start with 'A':
COPY (SELECT * FROM country WHERE country_name LIKE 'A%') TO '/usr1/proj/bray/sql/a_list_countries.copy';
To copy into a compressed file, you can pipe the output through an external compression
program:
COPY country TO PROGRAM 'gzip > /usr1/proj/bray/sql/country_data.gz';
Here is a sample of data suitable for copying into a table from STDIN:
AF AFGHANISTAN
AL ALBANIA
DZ ALGERIA
ZM ZAMBIA
ZW ZIMBABWE
Note that the white space on each line is actually a tab character.
The following is the same data, output in binary format. The data is shown after filtering
through the Unix utility od -c. The table has three columns; the first has type char(2),
the second has type text, and the third has type integer. All the rows have a null value
in the third column.
0000000 P G C O P Y \n 377 \r \n \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0
0000020 \0 \0 \0 \0 003 \0 \0 \0 002 A F \0 \0 \0 013 A
0000040 F G H A N I S T A N 377 377 377 377 \0 003
0000060 \0 \0 \0 002 A L \0 \0 \0 007 A L B A N I
0000100 A 377 377 377 377 \0 003 \0 \0 \0 002 D Z \0 \0 \0
0000120 007 A L G E R I A 377 377 377 377 \0 003 \0 \0
0000140 \0 002 Z M \0 \0 \0 006 Z A M B I A 377 377
0000160 377 377 \0 003 \0 \0 \0 002 Z W \0 \0 \0 \b Z I
0000200 M B A B W E 377 377 377 377 377 377
COMPATIBILITY
There is no COPY statement in the SQL standard.
The following syntax was used before PostgreSQL version 9.0 and is still supported:
COPY table_name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ]
FROM { 'filename' | STDIN }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter_character' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null_string' ]
[ CSV [ HEADER ]
[ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote_character' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape_character' ]
[ FORCE NOT NULL column_name [, ...] ] ] ]
COPY { table_name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] | ( query ) }
TO { 'filename' | STDOUT }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter_character' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null_string' ]
[ CSV [ HEADER ]
[ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote_character' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape_character' ]
[ FORCE QUOTE { column_name [, ...] | * } ] ] ]
Note that in this syntax, BINARY and CSV are treated as independent keywords, not as
arguments of a FORMAT option.
The following syntax was used before PostgreSQL version 7.3 and is still supported:
COPY [ BINARY ] table_name
FROM { 'filename' | STDIN }
[ [USING] DELIMITERS 'delimiter_character' ]
[ WITH NULL AS 'null_string' ]
COPY [ BINARY ] table_name
TO { 'filename' | STDOUT }
[ [USING] DELIMITERS 'delimiter_character' ]
[ WITH NULL AS 'null_string' ]
SEE ALSO
Section 28.4.3