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PROLOG
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux implementation of this interface
may differ (consult the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface
may not be implemented on Linux.
NAME
math.h — mathematical declarations
SYNOPSIS
#include <math.h>
DESCRIPTION
Some of the functionality described on this reference page extends the ISO C standard. Applications shall
define the appropriate feature test macro (see the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 2.2,
The Compilation Environment) to enable the visibility of these symbols in this header.
The <math.h> header shall define at least the following types:
float_t A real-floating type at least as wide as float.
double_t A real-floating type at least as wide as double, and at least as wide as float_t.
If FLT_EVAL_METHOD equals 0, float_t and double_t shall be float and double, respectively; if
FLT_EVAL_METHOD equals 1, they shall both be double; if FLT_EVAL_METHOD equals 2, they shall both be long
double; for other values of FLT_EVAL_METHOD, they are otherwise implementation-defined.
The <math.h> header shall define the following macros, where real-floating indicates that the argument
shall be an expression of real-floating type:
int fpclassify(real-floating x);
int isfinite(real-floating x);
int isgreater(real-floating x, real-floating y);
int isgreaterequal(real-floating x, real-floating y);
int isinf(real-floating x);
int isless(real-floating x, real-floating y);
int islessequal(real-floating x, real-floating y);
int islessgreater(real-floating x, real-floating y);
int isnan(real-floating x);
int isnormal(real-floating x);
int isunordered(real-floating x, real-floating y);
int signbit(real-floating x);
The <math.h> header shall define the following symbolic constants. The values shall have type double and
shall be accurate to at least the precision of the double type.
M_E Value of e
M_LOG2E Value of log_2 e
M_LOG10E Value of log_10 e
M_LN2 Value of log_e 2
M_LN10 Value of log_e 10
M_PI Value of π
M_PI_2 Value of π/2
M_PI_4 Value of π/4
M_1_PI Value of 1/π
M_2_PI Value of 2/π
M_2_SQRTPI Value of 2/√π
M_SQRT2 Value of √2
M_SQRT1_2 Value of 1/√2
The <math.h> header shall define the following symbolic constant:
MAXFLOAT Same value as FLT_MAX in <float.h>.
The <math.h> header shall define the following macros:
HUGE_VAL A positive double constant expression, not necessarily representable as a float. Used as an
error value returned by the mathematics library. HUGE_VAL evaluates to +infinity on systems
supporting IEEE Std 754‐1985.
HUGE_VALF A positive float constant expression. Used as an error value returned by the mathematics
library. HUGE_VALF evaluates to +infinity on systems supporting IEEE Std 754‐1985.
HUGE_VALL A positive long double constant expression. Used as an error value returned by the
mathematics library. HUGE_VALL evaluates to +infinity on systems supporting
IEEE Std 754‐1985.
INFINITY A constant expression of type float representing positive or unsigned infinity, if available;
else a positive constant of type float that overflows at translation time.
NAN A constant expression of type float representing a quiet NaN. This macro is only defined if
the implementation supports quiet NaNs for the float type.
The following macros shall be defined for number classification. They represent the mutually-exclusive
kinds of floating-point values. They expand to integer constant expressions with distinct values.
Additional implementation-defined floating-point classifications, with macro definitions beginning with
FP_ and an uppercase letter, may also be specified by the implementation.
FP_INFINITE FP_NAN FP_NORMAL FP_SUBNORMAL FP_ZERO
The following optional macros indicate whether the fma() family of functions are fast compared with
direct code:
FP_FAST_FMA FP_FAST_FMAF FP_FAST_FMAL
If defined, the FP_FAST_FMA macro shall expand to the integer constant 1 and shall indicate that the
fma() function generally executes about as fast as, or faster than, a multiply and an add of double
operands. If undefined, the speed of execution is unspecified. The other macros have the equivalent
meaning for the float and long double versions.
The following macros shall expand to integer constant expressions whose values are returned by ilogb(x)
if x is zero or NaN, respectively. The value of FP_ILOGB0 shall be either {INT_MIN} or -{INT_MAX}. The
value of FP_ILOGBNAN shall be either {INT_MAX} or {INT_MIN}.
FP_ILOGB0 FP_ILOGBNAN
The following macros shall expand to the integer constants 1 and 2, respectively;
MATH_ERRNO MATH_ERREXCEPT
The following macro shall expand to an expression that has type int and the value MATH_ERRNO,
MATH_ERREXCEPT, or the bitwise-inclusive OR of both:
math_errhandling
The value of math_errhandling is constant for the duration of the program. It is unspecified whether
math_errhandling is a macro or an identifier with external linkage. If a macro definition is suppressed
or a program defines an identifier with the name math_errhandling , the behavior is undefined. If the
expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) can be non-zero, the implementation shall define the
macros FE_DIVBYZERO, FE_INVALID, and FE_OVERFLOW in <fenv.h>.
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function prototypes shall
be provided.
double acos(double);
float acosf(float);
double acosh(double);
float acoshf(float);
long double acoshl(long double);
long double acosl(long double);
double asin(double);
float asinf(float);
double asinh(double);
float asinhf(float);
long double asinhl(long double);
long double asinl(long double);
double atan(double);
double atan2(double, double);
float atan2f(float, float);
long double atan2l(long double, long double);
float atanf(float);
double atanh(double);
float atanhf(float);
long double atanhl(long double);
long double atanl(long double);
double cbrt(double);
float cbrtf(float);
long double cbrtl(long double);
double ceil(double);
float ceilf(float);
long double ceill(long double);
double copysign(double, double);
float copysignf(float, float);
long double copysignl(long double, long double);
double cos(double);
float cosf(float);
double cosh(double);
float coshf(float);
long double coshl(long double);
long double cosl(long double);
double erf(double);
double erfc(double);
float erfcf(float);
long double erfcl(long double);
float erff(float);
long double erfl(long double);
double exp(double);
double exp2(double);
float exp2f(float);
long double exp2l(long double);
float expf(float);
long double expl(long double);
double expm1(double);
float expm1f(float);
long double expm1l(long double);
double fabs(double);
float fabsf(float);
long double fabsl(long double);
double fdim(double, double);
float fdimf(float, float);
long double fdiml(long double, long double);
double floor(double);
float floorf(float);
long double floorl(long double);
double fma(double, double, double);
float fmaf(float, float, float);
long double fmal(long double, long double, long double);
double fmax(double, double);
float fmaxf(float, float);
long double fmaxl(long double, long double);
double fmin(double, double);
float fminf(float, float);
long double fminl(long double, long double);
double fmod(double, double);
float fmodf(float, float);
long double fmodl(long double, long double);
double frexp(double, int *);
float frexpf(float, int *);
long double frexpl(long double, int *);
double hypot(double, double);
float hypotf(float, float);
long double hypotl(long double, long double);
int ilogb(double);
int ilogbf(float);
int ilogbl(long double);
double j0(double);
double j1(double);
double jn(int, double);
double ldexp(double, int);
float ldexpf(float, int);
long double ldexpl(long double, int);
double lgamma(double);
float lgammaf(float);
long double lgammal(long double);
long long llrint(double);
long long llrintf(float);
long long llrintl(long double);
long long llround(double);
long long llroundf(float);
long long llroundl(long double);
double log(double);
double log10(double);
float log10f(float);
long double log10l(long double);
double log1p(double);
float log1pf(float);
long double log1pl(long double);
double log2(double);
float log2f(float);
long double log2l(long double);
double logb(double);
float logbf(float);
long double logbl(long double);
float logf(float);
long double logl(long double);
long lrint(double);
long lrintf(float);
long lrintl(long double);
long lround(double);
long lroundf(float);
long lroundl(long double);
double modf(double, double *);
float modff(float, float *);
long double modfl(long double, long double *);
double nan(const char *);
float nanf(const char *);
long double nanl(const char *);
double nearbyint(double);
float nearbyintf(float);
long double nearbyintl(long double);
double nextafter(double, double);
float nextafterf(float, float);
long double nextafterl(long double, long double);
double nexttoward(double, long double);
float nexttowardf(float, long double);
long double nexttowardl(long double, long double);
double pow(double, double);
float powf(float, float);
long double powl(long double, long double);
double remainder(double, double);
float remainderf(float, float);
long double remainderl(long double, long double);
double remquo(double, double, int *);
float remquof(float, float, int *);
long double remquol(long double, long double, int *);
double rint(double);
float rintf(float);
long double rintl(long double);
double round(double);
float roundf(float);
long double roundl(long double);
double scalbln(double, long);
float scalblnf(float, long);
long double scalblnl(long double, long);
double scalbn(double, int);
float scalbnf(float, int);
long double scalbnl(long double, int);
double sin(double);
float sinf(float);
double sinh(double);
float sinhf(float);
long double sinhl(long double);
long double sinl(long double);
double sqrt(double);
float sqrtf(float);
long double sqrtl(long double);
double tan(double);
float tanf(float);
double tanh(double);
float tanhf(float);
long double tanhl(long double);
long double tanl(long double);
double tgamma(double);
float tgammaf(float);
long double tgammal(long double);
double trunc(double);
float truncf(float);
long double truncl(long double);
double y0(double);
double y1(double);
double yn(int, double);
The following external variable shall be defined:
extern int signgam;
The behavior of each of the functions defined in <math.h> is specified in the System Interfaces volume of
POSIX.1‐2017 for all representable values of its input arguments, except where stated otherwise. Each
function shall execute as if it were a single operation without generating any externally visible
exceptional conditions.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
The FP_CONTRACT pragma can be used to allow (if the state is on) or disallow (if the state is off) the
implementation to contract expressions. Each pragma can occur either outside external declarations or
preceding all explicit declarations and statements inside a compound statement. When outside external
declarations, the pragma takes effect from its occurrence until another FP_CONTRACT pragma is
encountered, or until the end of the translation unit. When inside a compound statement, the pragma takes
effect from its occurrence until another FP_CONTRACT pragma is encountered (including within a nested
compound statement), or until the end of the compound statement; at the end of a compound statement the
state for the pragma is restored to its condition just before the compound statement. If this pragma is
used in any other context, the behavior is undefined. The default state (on or off) for the pragma is
implementation-defined.
Applications should use FLT_MAX as described in the <float.h> header instead of the obsolescent MAXFLOAT.
Note that if FLT_EVAL_METHOD is neither 0 nor 1, then some constants might not compare equal as expected;
for example, (double)M_PI == M_PI can fail.
RATIONALE
Before the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard, the math library was defined only for the floating type double.
All the names formed by appending 'f' or 'l' to a name in <math.h> were reserved to allow for the
definition of float and long double libraries; and the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard provides for all three
versions of math functions.
The functions ecvt(), fcvt(), and gcvt() have been dropped from the ISO C standard since their capability
is available through sprintf().
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
<float.h>, <stddef.h>, <sys_types.h>
The System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 2.2, The Compilation Environment, acos(), acosh(),
asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(), cbrt(), ceil(), copysign(), cos(), cosh(), erf(), erfc(),
exp(), exp2(), expm1(), fabs(), fdim(), floor(), fma(), fmax(), fmin(), fmod(), fpclassify(), frexp(),
hypot(), ilogb(), isfinite(), isgreater(), isgreaterequal(), isinf(), isless(), islessequal(),
islessgreater(), isnan(), isnormal(), isunordered(), j0(), ldexp(), lgamma(), llrint(), llround(), log(),
log10(), log1p(), log2(), logb(), lrint(), lround(), modf(), nan(), nearbyint(), nextafter(), pow(),
remainder(), remquo(), rint(), round(), scalbln(), signbit(), sin(), sinh(), sqrt(), tan(), tanh(),
tgamma(), trunc(), y0()
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, Standard
for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 7, 2018 Edition, Copyright (C) 2018 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original
IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document.
The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have been introduced
during the conversion of the source files to man page format. To report such errors, see
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .