Provided by: wireless-tools_30~pre9-16.1ubuntu2_amd64 
NAME
iwconfig - configure a wireless network interface
SYNOPSIS
iwconfig [interface]
iwconfig interface [essid X] [nwid N] [mode M] [freq F]
[channel C][sens S ][ap A ][nick NN ]
[rate R] [rts RT] [frag FT] [txpower T]
[enc E] [key K] [power P] [retry R]
[modu M] [commit]
iwconfig --help
iwconfig --version
DESCRIPTION
Iwconfig is similar to ifconfig(8), but is dedicated to the wireless interfaces. It is used to set the
parameters of the network interface which are specific to the wireless operation (for example : the
frequency). Iwconfig may also be used to display those parameters, and the wireless statistics
(extracted from /proc/net/wireless).
All these parameters and statistics are device dependent. Each driver will provide only some of them
depending on hardware support, and the range of values may change. Please refer to the man page of each
device for details.
PARAMETERS
essid Set the ESSID (or Network Name - in some products it may also be called Domain ID). The ESSID is
used to identify cells which are part of the same virtual network.
As opposed to the AP Address or NWID which define a single cell, the ESSID defines a group of
cells connected via repeaters or infrastructure, where the user may roam transparently.
With some cards, you may disable the ESSID checking (ESSID promiscuous) with off or any (and on to
reenable it).
If the ESSID of your network is one of the special keywords (off, on or any), you should use -- to
escape it.
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 essid any
iwconfig eth0 essid "My Network"
iwconfig eth0 essid -- "ANY"
nwid Set the Network ID. As all adjacent wireless networks share the same medium, this parameter is
used to differentiate them (create logical colocated networks) and identify nodes belonging to the
same cell.
This parameter is only used for pre-802.11 hardware, the 802.11 protocol uses the ESSID and AP
Address for this function.
With some cards, you may disable the Network ID checking (NWID promiscuous) with off (and on to
reenable it).
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 nwid AB34
iwconfig eth0 nwid off
nick[name]
Set the nickname, or the station name. Some 802.11 products do define it, but this is not used as
far as the protocols (MAC, IP, TCP) are concerned and completely useless as far as configuration
goes. Only some wireless diagnostic tools may use it.
Example :
iwconfig eth0 nickname "My Linux Node"
mode Set the operating mode of the device, which depends on the network topology. The mode can be Ad-
Hoc (network composed of only one cell and without Access Point), Managed (node connects to a
network composed of many Access Points, with roaming), Master (the node is the synchronisation
master or acts as an Access Point), Repeater (the node forwards packets between other wireless
nodes), Secondary (the node acts as a backup master/repeater), Monitor (the node is not associated
with any cell and passively monitor all packets on the frequency) or Auto.
Example :
iwconfig eth0 mode Managed
iwconfig eth0 mode Ad-Hoc
freq/channel
Set the operating frequency or channel in the device. A value below 1000 indicates a channel
number, a value greater than 1000 is a frequency in Hz. You may append the suffix k, M or G to the
value (for example, "2.46G" for 2.46 GHz frequency), or add enough '0'.
Channels are usually numbered starting at 1, and you may use iwlist(8) to get the total number of
channels, list the available frequencies, and display the current frequency as a channel.
Depending on regulations, some frequencies/channels may not be available.
When using Managed mode, most often the Access Point dictates the channel and the driver may
refuse the setting of the frequency. In Ad-Hoc mode, the frequency setting may only be used at
initial cell creation, and may be ignored when joining an existing cell.
You may also use off or auto to let the card pick up the best channel (when supported).
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 freq 2422000000
iwconfig eth0 freq 2.422G
iwconfig eth0 channel 3
iwconfig eth0 channel auto
ap Force the card to register to the Access Point given by the address, if it is possible. This
address is the cell identity of the Access Point, as reported by wireless scanning, which may be
different from its network MAC address. If the wireless link is point to point, set the address of
the other end of the link. If the link is ad-hoc, set the cell identity of the ad-hoc network.
When the quality of the connection goes too low, the driver may revert back to automatic mode (the
card selects the best Access Point in range).
You may also use off to re-enable automatic mode without changing the current Access Point, or you
may use any or auto to force the card to reassociate with the currently best Access Point.
Example :
iwconfig eth0 ap 00:60:1D:01:23:45
iwconfig eth0 ap any
iwconfig eth0 ap off
rate/bit[rate]
For cards supporting multiple bit rates, set the bit-rate in b/s. The bit-rate is the speed at
which bits are transmitted over the medium, the user speed of the link is lower due to medium
sharing and various overhead.
You may append the suffix k, M or G to the value (decimal multiplier : 10^3, 10^6 and 10^9 b/s),
or add enough '0'. Values below 1000 are card specific, usually an index in the bit-rate list. Use
auto to select automatic bit-rate mode (fallback to lower rate on noisy channels), which is the
default for most cards, and fixed to revert back to fixed setting. If you specify a bit-rate value
and append auto, the driver will use all bit-rates lower and equal than this value.
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 rate 11M
iwconfig eth0 rate auto
iwconfig eth0 rate 5.5M auto
txpower
For cards supporting multiple transmit powers, sets the transmit power in dBm. If W is the power
in Watt, the power in dBm is P = 30 + 10.log(W). If the value is postfixed by mW, it will be
automatically converted to dBm.
In addition, on and off enable and disable the radio, and auto and fixed enable and disable power
control (if those features are available).
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 txpower 15
iwconfig eth0 txpower 30mW
iwconfig eth0 txpower auto
iwconfig eth0 txpower off
sens Set the sensitivity threshold. This define how sensitive is the card to poor operating conditions
(low signal, interference). Positive values are assumed to be the raw value used by the hardware
or a percentage, negative values are assumed to be dBm. Depending on the hardware implementation,
this parameter may control various functions.
On modern cards, this parameter usually control handover/roaming threshold, the lowest signal
level for which the hardware remains associated with the current Access Point. When the signal
level goes below this threshold the card starts looking for a new/better Access Point. Some cards
may use the number of missed beacons to trigger this. For high density of Access Points, a higher
threshold make sure the card is always associated with the best AP, for low density of APs, a
lower threshold minimise the number of failed handoffs.
On more ancient card this parameter usually controls the defer threshold, the lowest signal level
for which the hardware considers the channel busy. Signal levels above this threshold make the
hardware inhibits its own transmission whereas signals weaker than this are ignored and the
hardware is free to transmit. This is usually strongly linked to the receive threshold, the lowest
signal level for which the hardware attempts packet reception. Proper setting of these thresholds
prevent the card to waste time on background noise while still receiving weak transmissions.
Modern designs seems to control those thresholds automatically.
Example :
iwconfig eth0 sens -80
iwconfig eth0 sens 2
retry Most cards have MAC retransmissions, and some allow to set the behaviour of the retry mechanism.
To set the maximum number of retries, enter limit `value'. This is an absolute value (without
unit), and the default (when nothing is specified). To set the maximum length of time the MAC
should retry, enter lifetime `value'. By defaults, this value is in seconds, append the suffix m
or u to specify values in milliseconds or microseconds.
You can also add the short, long, min and max modifiers. If the card supports automatic mode, they
define the bounds of the limit or lifetime. Some other cards define different values depending on
packet size, for example in 802.11 min limit is the short retry limit (non RTS/CTS packets).
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 retry 16
iwconfig eth0 retry lifetime 300m
iwconfig eth0 retry short 12
iwconfig eth0 retry min limit 8
rts[_threshold]
RTS/CTS adds a handshake before each packet transmission to make sure that the channel is clear.
This adds overhead, but increases performance in case of hidden nodes or a large number of active
nodes. This parameter sets the size of the smallest packet for which the node sends RTS ; a value
equal to the maximum packet size disables the mechanism. You may also set this parameter to auto,
fixed or off.
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 rts 250
iwconfig eth0 rts off
frag[mentation_threshold]
Fragmentation allows to split an IP packet in a burst of smaller fragments transmitted on the
medium. In most cases this adds overhead, but in a very noisy environment this reduces the error
penalty and allow packets to get through interference bursts. This parameter sets the maximum
fragment size which is always lower than the maximum packet size.
This parameter may also control Frame Bursting available on some cards, the ability to send
multiple IP packets together. This mechanism would be enabled if the fragment size is larger than
the maximum packet size.
You may also set this parameter to auto, fixed or off.
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 frag 512
iwconfig eth0 frag off
key/enc[ryption]
Used to manipulate encryption or scrambling keys and security mode.
To set the current encryption key, just enter the key in hex digits as XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX or
XXXXXXXX. To set a key other than the current key, prepend or append [index] to the key itself
(this won't change which is the active key). You can also enter the key as an ASCII string by
using the s: prefix. Passphrase is currently not supported.
To change which key is the currently active key, just enter [index] (without entering any key
value).
off and on disable and reenable encryption.
The security mode may be open or restricted, and its meaning depends on the card used. With most
cards, in open mode no authentication is used and the card may also accept non-encrypted sessions,
whereas in restricted mode only encrypted sessions are accepted and the card will use
authentication if available.
If you need to set multiple keys, or set a key and change the active key, you need to use multiple
key directives. Arguments can be put in any order, the last one will take precedence.
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 key 0123-4567-89
iwconfig eth0 key [3] 0123-4567-89
iwconfig eth0 key s:password [2]
iwconfig eth0 key [2]
iwconfig eth0 key open
iwconfig eth0 key off
iwconfig eth0 key restricted [3] 0123456789
iwconfig eth0 key 01-23 key 45-67 [4] key [4]
power Used to manipulate power management scheme parameters and mode.
To set the period between wake ups, enter period `value'. To set the timeout before going back to
sleep, enter timeout `value'. To set the generic level of power saving, enter saving `value'.
You can also add the min and max modifiers. By default, those values are in seconds, append the
suffix m or u to specify values in milliseconds or microseconds. Sometimes, those values are
without units (number of beacon periods, dwell, percentage or similar).
off and on disable and reenable power management. Finally, you may set the power management mode
to all (receive all packets), unicast (receive unicast packets only, discard multicast and
broadcast) and multicast (receive multicast and broadcast only, discard unicast packets).
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 power period 2
iwconfig eth0 power 500m unicast
iwconfig eth0 power timeout 300u all
iwconfig eth0 power saving 3
iwconfig eth0 power off
iwconfig eth0 power min period 2 power max period 4
modu[lation]
Force the card to use a specific set of modulations. Modern cards support various modulations,
some which are standard, such as 802.11b or 802.11g, and some proprietary. This command force the
card to only use the specific set of modulations listed on the command line. This can be used to
fix interoperability issues.
The list of available modulations depend on the card/driver and can be displayed using iwlist
modulation. Note that some card/driver may not be able to select each modulation listed
independently, some may come as a group. You may also set this parameter to auto let the
card/driver do its best.
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 modu 11g
iwconfig eth0 modu CCK OFDMa
iwconfig eth0 modu auto
commit Some cards may not apply changes done through Wireless Extensions immediately (they may wait to
aggregate the changes or apply it only when the card is brought up via ifconfig). This command
(when available) forces the card to apply all pending changes.
This is normally not needed, because the card will eventually apply the changes, but can be useful
for debugging.
DISPLAY
For each device which supports wireless extensions, iwconfig will display the name of the MAC protocol
used (name of device for proprietary protocols), the ESSID (Network Name), the NWID, the frequency (or
channel), the sensitivity, the mode of operation, the Access Point address, the bit-rate, the RTS
threshold, the fragmentation threshold, the encryption key and the power management settings (depending
on availability).
The parameters displayed have the same meaning and values as the parameters you can set, please refer to
the previous part for a detailed explanation of them.
Some parameters are only displayed in short/abbreviated form (such as encryption). You may use iwlist(8)
to get all the details.
Some parameters have two modes (such as bitrate). If the value is prefixed by `=', it means that the
parameter is fixed and forced to that value, if it is prefixed by `:', the parameter is in automatic mode
and the current value is shown (and may change).
Access Point/Cell
An address equal to 00:00:00:00:00:00 means that the card failed to associate with an Access Point
(most likely a configuration issue). The Access Point parameter will be shown as Cell in ad-hoc
mode (for obvious reasons), but otherwise works the same.
If /proc/net/wireless exists, iwconfig will also display its content. Note that those values will depend
on the driver and the hardware specifics, so you need to refer to your driver documentation for proper
interpretation of those values.
Link quality
Overall quality of the link. May be based on the level of contention or interference, the bit or
frame error rate, how good the received signal is, some timing synchronisation, or other hardware
metric. This is an aggregate value, and depends totally on the driver and hardware.
Signal level
Received signal strength (RSSI - how strong the received signal is). May be arbitrary units or
dBm, iwconfig uses driver meta information to interpret the raw value given by /proc/net/wireless
and display the proper unit or maximum value (using 8 bit arithmetic). In Ad-Hoc mode, this may be
undefined and you should use iwspy.
Noise level
Background noise level (when no packet is transmitted). Similar comments as for Signal level.
Rx invalid nwid
Number of packets received with a different NWID or ESSID. Used to detect configuration problems
or adjacent network existence (on the same frequency).
Rx invalid crypt
Number of packets that the hardware was unable to decrypt. This can be used to detect invalid
encryption settings.
Rx invalid frag
Number of packets for which the hardware was not able to properly re-assemble the link layer
fragments (most likely one was missing).
Tx excessive retries
Number of packets that the hardware failed to deliver. Most MAC protocols will retry the packet a
number of times before giving up.
Invalid misc
Other packets lost in relation with specific wireless operations.
Missed beacon
Number of periodic beacons from the Cell or the Access Point we have missed. Beacons are sent at
regular intervals to maintain the cell coordination, failure to receive them usually indicates
that the card is out of range.
AUTHOR
Jean Tourrilhes - jt@hpl.hp.com
FILES
/proc/net/wireless
SEE ALSO
ifconfig(8), iwspy(8), iwlist(8), iwevent(8), iwpriv(8), wireless(7).